Midterm Lesson 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The most important consideration in selecting screen film is ———?
A
• Spectral Matching
2
Q
For the screen to work at maximum efficiency, the ——— of the film must match to the light from the screen
A
the light absorption characteristic
3
Q
screen that emits blue and blue-violet light
A
a) Calcium Tungstate Screen
4
Q
screen that emits ultraviolet, blue, green, and red light
A
b) Rare-Earth Elements
5
Q
What are the three RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
A
Ytrrium, Gadolinium, Lanthanum
6
Q
All silver halide film responds to
A
violet and blue
7
Q
All silver halide film does not respond to ——— unless they are spectrally sensitized
A
GREEN, YELLOW, AND RED
8
Q
3 Types of Film according to its Sensitivity
A
- Orthochromatic Film
- Monochromatic Film
- Panchromatic Film
9
Q
sensitive to the entire visible light spectrum
A
Panchromatic Film
10
Q
blue and green sensitive film
A
Monochromatic Film
11
Q
green sensitive film
A
Orthochromatic Film
12
Q
Filter used for blue sensitive film and its wavelength
A
Amber Filter (550 nm wavelength)
13
Q
Filter used for green and blue sensitive film and its wavelength
A
Red Filter (600 nm wavelength)
14
Q
Ideal film humidity
A
50%
15
Q
Film humidity greater than 60% results in?
A
Increased fog
16
Q
Film humidity lesser than 40% results in?
A
Static Artifacts on the Film
17
Q
- serves as a water jacket to hold insert tanks
- usually, large enough to provide space between insert tanks for rinsing and washing of films
A
Master Tanks
18
Q
- Removable containers for the individual processing solutions (developer nd dixer)
- Are spaced in master tanks
A
Insert Tanks
19
Q
- prevents stagnant water
A
Overflow Valve
20
Q
- The term applied to chemical reactions that transform the latent image into a manifest image
A
Film Processing
21
Q
Film Processing Steps
A
Development
Rinsing
Fixing
Washing
Drying
22
Q
During ———, it penetrates the gelatin of the emulsion, causing it to swell.
A
wetting
23
Q
In automatic processor, the wetting agent is in the ———.
A
developer
24
Q
• The primary function of ——— is to convert the latent image into a visible image.
• A very short and critical stage where the latent image is converted to manifest image
A
development
25
Principal action of the ——— is to change the silver ions of exposed crystals into metallic silver.
developer
26
The step when development is complete and then the film must be treated so that the image will not fade.
The image is said to be ——— on the film, and this produces film of archival quality.
Fixing, Fixed
27
This stage in processing is to remove any residual chemicals remaining in the emulsion, particularly hypo that clings to the surface of the film.
Washing
28
Wash water should be maintained at approximately ——— below the developer temperature.
3°C (5°F)
29
serves to stabilize developer temperature
Wash bath
30
Inadequate washing leads to ——— and the production of an image that will fade will turn ——— over time and be of ———
Inadequate washing leads to excessive **hypo-retention** and the production of an image that will fade will turn **brown** over time and be of generally **poor archival quality**
31
Final step of film processing
Drying
32
Time of Drying for Manual and Automatic Processing
• Manual Processing – takes longer than 1 hour to be completed.
• Automatic Processing - the dry-to-drop time is 90 seconds
33
refers to the permanence of the radiograph
Archival Quality
34
Developer Chemical that acts as a Reducing agent; produces shades of gray rapidly
Phenidone & Metol
35
Developer Chemical that acts as Reducing agent; produces shades of black slowly
Hydroquinone
36
Developer Chemical that Helps well gelatin; produces alkalinity; controls pH
Sodium Carbonate
37
Developer Chemical that Helps well gelatin; produces alkalinity; controls pH
Sodium Carbonate
38
Developer chemical that acts as a Antifog agent; protects unexposed crystals from chemical “attack”
Potassium Bromide
39
Developer chemical that Controls oxidation and maintains balance among developer components
Sodium Sulfite
40
Developer chemical that Controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality
Glutaraldehyde
41
Developer chemical that Removes metallic impurities; stabilizes developing agent
Chelates
42
Developer chemical that Dissolves chemicals for use
Water
43
The Developer contains alkali components or buffering agents, what are they?
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Hydroxide
44
aka lye, strongest alkali
Sodium Hydroxide
45
Purpose is to **enhance the action of the developing agent and controlling the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH)**
alkali components or buffering agents
46
neutralize positive ion
Reduction
47
opposite of reduction; reaction that produces electron
Oxidation
48
reduction and oxidation work simultaneously
Redox reaction
49
EUR / OPE
Elextrons Used Reduction
Oxidation Produces Electrons
50
Fixer component and chemical that: Neutralizes developer to stop its action
Activator - Acetic Acid
51
Fixer component and chemical that: Removes undeveloped silver bromine from the emulsion
Fixing Agent - Ammonium Thiosulfate
52
Fixer component and chemical that: Stiffens and shrinks emulsion
Hardener - Potassium Alum
53
Fixer component and chemical that: Maintains chemical balance
Preservative - Sodium Sulfite
54
Fixer component and chemical that: Maintains proper pH
Buffering Agent - Acetate
55
Fixer component and chemical that: Removes aluminum ions
Sequestering Agent - Boric Acids/Salts
56
Fixer component and chemical that: Disolves other components
Solvent - Water
57
term used to describe the undesirable retention of the fixer in the emulsion
Hyporentention
58
——— slowly oxidizes and causes the image to discolor to brown over a long time.
Excess hypo
59
Principal Components Of Automatic Processor
A. Transport System
B. Temperature System
C. Circulation System
D.Replenishment System
E. Dryer System
60
Transports film throughout various stages at precise intervals
Transport System
61
Three Systems of Transport System
i. Feed Tray
ii. Entrance Rollers
iii. Microswitch
62
where film to be processed in inserted into the processor
Feed Tray
63
grips the film to begin its trip through the processor
Entrance Rollers
64
is engaged to control the replenishment rate of the processing chemicals.
Microswitch
65
Three Principal Transport Subsystems
1. Rollers
2. Transport Racks
3. Drive Motor
66
- With a 1 diameter of 1 inch, convey the film along its path.
- They are positioned opposite one another in pairs or are often offset from one another
Transport Rollers
67
- Smaller rack assembly that is composed of rollers and guide shoes.
- Guide to transport the film to the next assembly
Crossover racks
68
diameter of 3 inches, is used in when the film makes a turn in the processor.
Master Rollers
69
1 inch in diameter (25mm) that supports the master rollers
Planetary Rollers
70
curved metal lip, smoothly guides the film around the bend
Guide Shoe
71
provides the fractional horsepower
Drive Motor
72
- Developer temperature is most critical and it is usually maintained at ———
35°C or 95°F
73
Wash water is maintained at ——— lower.
3°C or 5°F
74
monitors the temperature
Thermocouple/thermistor
75
Agitation is necessary to …? (3)
✓ continually mix the processing chemicals,
✓ maintain a constant temperature throughout the processing tank, and:
✓ aid exposure of the emulsion to the chemicals.
76
In automatic processing, —— continuously pumps the developer and the fixer, thus maintaining a constant agitation within each tank
the circulation system
77
meters the proper quantities of chemicals into each tank to maintain volume and chemical activity
Replenishment System
78
Replenishment Rate of Developer and Fixer
• Developer – 60-70 ml
• Fixer – 100-110 ml (for every 35 cm or 14 inch of film)
79
extracts all residual moisture from the processed radiograph, so it drops into the receiving bin dry
The dryer system
80
The Dryer System consists of
a. blower
b. ventilation ducts
c. drying tubes, and;
d. exhaust system.
