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Advanced Nutrition > Midterm Lectures > Flashcards

Midterm Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structures of the digestive tract:

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. esophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small and large intestine
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2
Q

What are the layers of the lumen?

A
  1. Mucosa
    1. made of mucosal membrane, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
    1. Made of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, and submucosal plexus
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
    1. flat mesothelial cells
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3
Q

What are the important player in the oral cavity?

A
  1. Mouth and pharynx
    1. parotid
    2. submandibular
    3. sublingual
  2. enzymes in saliva
    1. salivary amylase
    2. water
    3. electrolytes
    4. mucus
    5. enzymes
    6. proteins
    7. solutes
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4
Q

What regions are found in the stomach?

A
  1. Four main regions
    1. cardia region
    2. fundus
    3. body
    4. distal pyloric region
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5
Q

Stomach muscles mix food with gastric juices to form ________.

A

Stomach muscles mix food with gastic juices to form chyme

  • gastric juices facilitate digestion
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6
Q

What are the three gastric glands?

A
  1. cardiac glands
  2. oxyntic glands
  3. pyloric glands
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7
Q

What are the cells found in the gastric oxyntic gland?

A
  1. Neck (mucus) cells
  2. Parietal (oxyntic) cells
  3. Chief (peptic or zymogenic) cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
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8
Q

Hydrochloric acid converts_______ to __________. It also __________ proteins, and releases nutrients from organic _________.

What enzymes are found in gastric juice?

Hydrochloric acid acts as a _______.

A

Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin, denatures proteins, and releases nutrients from organic complexes.

–Pepsin, amylase, and lipase–

Hydrochloric acid acts as a _bacteriocide__.

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9
Q
  1. __________ food reaches the stomach
    1. -_________________________
  2. _________ food is in the stomach
    1. _________________________
  3. _________ food has left the stomach
    1. ___________________________
A
  1. Before food reaches the stomach
    1. acetylcholine, gastrin
  2. Once food is in the stomach
    1. stomach distension enhances gastric secretions
  3. After food has left the stomach
    1. reduction in chyme volume and pH trigger release of somatostatin
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10
Q
  1. Gastric _______ is affected by factors in the stomach and duadenum
  2. Dietary fat intake has an _______ effect on gastric emptying.
A
  1. Gastric _emptying_ is affected by factors in the stomach and duadenum
  2. Dietary fat intake has an _inhibitory_ effect on gastric emptying.
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11
Q

What are some benefits of short chain fatty acid production?

A
  1. acidify the luminal environment
  2. serve as signaling molecules
  3. exhibit trophic effects
  4. improve colonic/splanchnic blood flow
  5. increase water and sodium absorption
  6. provide energy and serve as substrates for use within cells
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12
Q

What are the benefits of bacteria?

A
  • Enhance host’s immune system
  • Displace, exclude, or antagonize pathogenic bacteria from colonizing
  • Scavenge, sequester, transform, and/or promote excretion of harmful substances
  • Enhance fecal bulk and dilute fecal contents
  • Role in energy metabolism
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13
Q

What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics? What are the benefits?

A
  • Probiotics
    • Live microorganisms
  • Prebiotics
    • Act as substrates for healthy bacteria
  • Benefits
    • Improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and some types of diarrhea
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14
Q

Salivary α- amylase is secreted in the ________ and its primary site of action is__________.

A

Salivary α- amylase is secreted in the __mouth______ and its primary site of action is__mouth, stomach________.

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15
Q

Lingual lipase is secreted in the ________ and its primary site of action is__________.

A

Lingual lipase is secreted in the __mouth______ and its primary site of action is__mouth, stomach________.

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16
Q

Pepsinogen/pepsin is secreted in the ________ and its primary site of action is__________.

A

Pepsinogen/pepsin is secreted in the __mouth______ and its primary site of action is__stomach________.

17
Q

Gastric lipase is secreted in the ________ and its primary site of action is__________.

A

Gastric lipase is secreted in the __stomach______ and its primary site of action is__stomach________.

18
Q

Trypsinogen/trypsin is secreted in the ________ and its primary site of action is__________.

A

Trypsinogen/trypsin is secreted in the __stomach______ and its primary site of action is__small intestine________.

19
Q

What is the path of nutrient absorption and transport?

A

Capillaries –> venules –> portal vein –> liver –> systemic circulation

Lacteal –> lymphatic channels –> systemic circulation

20
Q

What does the mechanism of absorption depend on?

A
  1. solubility (fat vs. water)
  2. concentration or electrical gradient
  3. size of molecule
  4. unabsorbed materials continue to colon
21
Q

Gastrin is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Gastrin is produced mainly in the __stomach and small intestine__ and functions to __stimulate gastric acid secretion and stimulates pepsinogen secretion__.

22
Q

Cholecystokinin is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Cholecystokinin is produced mainly in the _small intestine and enteric nerves_ and functions to _stimulates gallbladder contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation, and pancreatic enzyme secretion_.

23
Q

Secretin is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Secretin is produced mainly in the _small intestine_ and functions to __stimulates pancreas juice secretion, while diminshing gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion_.

24
Q

Motilin is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Motilin is produced mainly in the _stomach and intestines_ and functions to _stimulates gastric and intestinal motility between meals_.

25
Q

Peptide YY is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Peptide YY is produced mainly in the _small and large intestines_ and functions to _diminishes gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying_.

26
Q

Somatostatin is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Somatostatin is produced mainly in the _pancreas stomach, and small intestine_ and functions to _diminishes gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion and INHIBITS gallbladder contraction__.

27
Q

Glucagon-like peptides is produced mainly in the ___________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Glucagon-like peptides is produced mainly in the _small and large intestines_ and functions to __stimulates insulin secretion, reduces digestive tract motility, and reduces gastric secretions__.

28
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide is produced mainly in the __________ and functions to ____________________________.

A

Pancreatic polypeptide is produced mainly in the _pancreas_ and functions to _decreases gastric emptying and reduces pancreatic exocrine secretions__.

29
Q

What are some absorption methods? What does absorption depend on?

A
  1. Methods
    1. diffusion
    2. facilitated diffusion
    3. active transport
    4. pinocytosis/endocytosis
  2. Process
    1. solubility
    2. concentration of electrical gradient
    3. size of molecule
30
Q

What happens if the small intestine is shortened? (adaptation)

A
  • Remaining tissue undergoes hyperplasia
    • villi become longer
    • total number of cells increases
    • production of mucosal cell enzymes increase
    • renewal rate of mucosal cells is accelerated
    • rate of absorption/unit area of mucosa is increased
31
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions and pathways that occur to maintain life

  • highly coordinated set of events
  • central theme: energy homeostasis
  • all cells use ATP
  • energy status of the cell determines direction in which molecules flow
32
Q

Energy status of the cell determines direction in which molecules flow. What if you need energy? What if you don’t need energy?

A
  • Need energy? —-> Catabolism (TCA cycle and ATP production)
  • No energy needed? —> Anabolic reactions (i.e. fatty acid synthesis)
33
Q

Describe glucogenic amino acids? Descibe ketogenic amino acids?

A
  • Glucogenic: a precursor for making more glucose
  • Ketogenic: can be converted to Acetyl-CoA
34
Q

In a low energy status, what will the metabolic response be?

A
  • increased glycolysis
  • increased TCA
  • decreased gluconeogenesis
  • increased fatty acid beta-oxidation
35
Q

In a high energy status, what will the metabolic response be?

A
  • decreased glycolysis
  • decreased TCA cycle
  • increased gluconeogenesis
  • increased fatty acid synthesis

Advanced Nutrition (4 decks)

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