Final Exam 5145

Question 1

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources):
α-keto acid

Answer 1

a. Role: organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group; once an amino group has been removed from an amino acid; this skeleton can be utilized to produce energy, glucose, ketone bodies, cholesterol, and fatty acids

Question 2

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Branched chain amino acids

Answer 2

a. Role: isoleucine, leucine, and valine

i. Taken up and transaminated primarily in skeletal muscle, not much in liver

Question 3

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Complementary proteins

Answer 3

a. Role: combining plant proteins to compensate for limiting amino acids to make complete proteins

Question 4

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Complete protein

Answer 4

a. Role: adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids

b. Food sources: animal proteins, except gelatin

Question 5

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Deamination

Answer 5

a. Role: removal of amino group; no transfer

Question 6

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Endogenous amino acids

Answer 6

a. Role: desquamated mucosal cells

b. Food sources: digestive enzymes and glycoproteins

Question 7

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Exogenous amino acids

Answer 7

a. Role: the breakdown of food proteins which do not exist in the body
b. Food sources: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy; grains/grain products, legumes, nut, seeds, and vegetables

Question 8

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Fast protein

Answer 8

a. Role: rapidly absorbed proteins which stimulate proteins synthesis by 68% and moderately prevent protein breakdown
b. Food sources: whey, soy, AA mixtures, and PRO hydrolysates

Question 9

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Incomplete protein

Answer 9

a. Role: inadequate amounts of 1 or more of the essential AA
b. Food sources: plant proteins, except soybeans and quinoa

Question 10

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Ketogenic amino acids

Answer 10

a. Role: an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA; lysine and leucine
b. Food sources: peas, lentils, beans, fish, peanuts, salmon, beef, soybeans

Question 11

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Kwashiorkor

Answer 11

a. Role: protein deficiency, adequate energy with insufficient protein, and edema owing to loss of blood proteins

Question 12

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Limiting amino acid(s)

Answer 12

a. Role: when essential amino acids aren’t provided in adequate amounts, protein synthesis is limited;
b. Sources: lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan

Question 13

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Marasmus

Answer 13

a. Role: attributed to energy deficiency, wasting, emaciation, and chronic insufficiency of energy and protein.

Question 14

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): PDCAAS

Answer 14

a. Role: protein values on Food Labels based on PDCAAs
i. Digestibility and Composition of AAs
1. Milk and Egg= 1
2. Soybeans= 0.99
3. Beef= 0.92
4. Kidney beans= 0.68

Question 15

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Slow protein

Answer 15

a. Role: lower and more prolonged AA concentrations help reduce protein breakdown
b. Food sources: casein (milk/dairy products), steak, pork, chicken, nut butters

Question 16

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Transamination

Answer 16

a. Role: transfer of amino group from one amino acid to an alpha keto acid; catalyzed by aminotranferases

Question 17

Define (including the role and, if appropriate, food sources): Zwitterion

Answer 17

a. Role: dipolar, no charge; no carboxy or amino groups in side chain