Final Exam- Quizzes Flashcards
A function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice during protein digestion is to:
denature the quaternary, tertiary, and secondary structures of protein
Choose the correct order of enzyme activities in protein digestion.
pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
In general, most amino acids are absorbed from the:
duodenum and jejunum
The term for an amino acid that carries both a positive and negative charge (dipolar) which then makes a net charge of 0 (neutral) is:
Zwitterion
Enzymes
catalysts that change the rate of reactions occurring in the body
Hormones
chemical messengers secreted by endocrine tissue and transported to target organs where they regulate metabolic processes
Structural proteins
fibrous and contractile proteins found in bone, teeth, skin, muscles, blood vessels and hair
Immunoproteins
bind to antigens and inactivates them or causes them to be destroyed
Transport proteins
combine with nutrients and regulate their circulation and their flow into and out of cells
T/F: Dietary proteins must be completely hydrolyzed to free amino acids, because only free amino acids are absorbed by the enterocyte.
False
T/F: Cardiovascular disease risk is not impacted by replacing fat in the diet with refined carbohydrates (according to the study presented in class).
False
T/F: Urinary ketosis is a good method of measuring compliance to a ketogenic diet (according to the study presented in class).
True
What is the primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein, providing about 50% of the liver energy needs after a meal?
Oxidation
Which organ serves as the primary site of amino acid metabolism?
Liver
The branched-chain amino acids found in the systemic circulation include:
valine, leucine, isoleucine
Amino acids that are metabolized mostly in skeletal muscles are those with side chains ____.
that are branched
When the amino group has been removed from an amino acid, the carbon skeleton or α-keto acid may be used in many different ways. Which of the following is NOT a possible fate for the carbon skeleton?
synthesis of creatine
An intracellular deficiency of protease will interfere with ____.
Protein degradation
Which two substances promote amino acid degradation?
glucocorticoids and glucagon
T/F: mTOR is a large protein kinase that opposes the effects of insulin (i.e. down-regulates protein synthesis).
False
T/F: Skeletal muscle cells can breakdown glycogen to glucose for fuel AND release glucose into the bloodstream.
False
T/F: Both methods of protein degradation require energy (ATP).
False
Calculate the protein needs for a non-vegetarian strength athlete (male) who is 6’2, 210 lbs. (show your calculations).
1.2-1.7g/kg = 114.5-162 grams of protein.
Which has the fastest absorption rate?
Beef protein
Why is it important to incorporate both slow and fast proteins in your diet?
Amino acids released following ingestion and digestion of fast proteins appear to be utilized differently in the body when compared with amino acids released following ingestion and digestion of slow proteins. Ingestion of fast proteins better stimulates muscle protein and whole-body protein synthesis than slow proteins both at rest and following resistance exercise. Ingestion of foods providing slow proteins is important as the lower and more prolonged plasma amino acid concentrations that result from ingestion of these proteins help reduce protein breakdown.
_____ is the protein quality measurement that is used for calculating the % Daily Value on Nutrition Facts Labels.
PDCAAS
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
T/F: Kwashiorkor results from a deficiency in protein and total energy.
False
Which substance can improve calcium absorption?
Lactose
Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?
PTH
The active form of vitamin D in the body is:
Calcitriol
T/F: Meats and grains are poor sources of calcium.
True
T/F: Regardless of age, the level of calcium absorption is the same.
False
Calculate the protein needs for a non-vegetarian strength athlete (male) who is 6’2, 210 lbs. (show your calculations).
1.2-1.7g/kg = 114.5-162 grams of protein.
Which has the fastest absorption rate?
Beef protein
Why is it important to incorporate both slow and fast proteins in your diet?
Ingestion of fast proteins better stimulates muscle protein and whole-body protein synthesis than slow proteins both at rest and following resistance exercise. Ingestion of foods providing slow proteins is important as the lower and more prolonged plasma amino acid concentrations that result from ingestion of these proteins help reduce protein breakdown.
_____ is the protein quality measurement that is used for calculating the % Daily Value on Nutrition Facts Labels.
PDCAAS
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
T/F: Kwashiorkor results from a deficiency in protein and total energy.
False
Which substance can improve calcium absorption?
Lactose
Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?
PTH
The active form of vitamin D in the body is:
Calcitriol
T/F: Meats and grains are poor sources of calcium.
True
T/F: Regardless of age, the level of calcium absorption is the same.
False
Which of the following are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume?
Hypothalamus and kidney
The most abundant cation in blood plasma is ____.
Sodium
What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?
Hyperkalemia
Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to:
Large protein molecules
What is a major function of chloride?
Maintenance of gastric acidity
Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for guarding against fluctuation in pH?
Temperature variation
_______________ (body water reservoir) is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid.
Extracellular fluid
Not including physically active adults, the recommended fluid intake for the average adult is approximately _____
mL per kg of body weight. For a 150 pound female, this is equivalent to
____
cups of fluid.
25-40
7-11
Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: Ascorbic Acid
Promotes
Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: low body stores
Promotes
Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: Tea
Inhibits
Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: Calcium
Inhibits
Indicate how the following dietary substances impacts uptake of nonheme iron: MFP
Promotes
