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I. Pathophysiology > Midterm III > Flashcards

Midterm III Flashcards

1
Q

What is high BP for pregnant women called?

A

Eclampsia

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2
Q

What is vasculitis at the capillary level?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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3
Q

What type of vascular disease is associated with Lupus?

A

vasculitis

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4
Q

What is the tube in which the urine drains from the nephron?

A

calyx

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5
Q

Where do the renal calyces drain?

A

renal pelvis

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6
Q

What are the six major functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Keep stuff in body
  2. Get rid of unwanted stuff from body
  3. Control BP
  4. Control plasma osmolarity
  5. Control pH
  6. Endocrine
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7
Q

What are the endocrine responsibilities of the kidney?

A
  1. Renin secretion (inc BP)
  2. Production of Angiotensin II
  3. Activates vitamin D
  4. EPO (RBC production)
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8
Q

What is the type of nephron for the short loop of Henle?

A

Cortical nephron

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9
Q

What is the type of nephron for the long loop of Henle?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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10
Q

What arteries/capillaries control the blood flow to the kidney?

A
  1. Afferent arteriole

2. Peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

What are the peritubular capillaries of the juxtamedullary nephrons called?

A

vasa recta

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12
Q

What is the amount of a substance removed by the kidneys per unit time called?

A

clearance

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13
Q

What are the reasons that finding the clearance of the kidney is useful?

A
  1. Determine how a substance is handled
  2. Renal function (if damaged)
  3. Pharmacokinetics
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14
Q

Does glucose exhibit a net reabsorption or secretion?

A

resabsorption

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15
Q

Does tetracycline exhibit a net reabsorption or secretion?

A

secretion

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16
Q

What goes into the blood from the kidney and has a large number of phosphates? 1. When is this a problem? 2

A
  1. creatinine

2. diabetes

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17
Q

When does the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) increase?

A

when filtration decreases because it is not being cleared

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18
Q

What is the ratio of BUN a indicator of?

A

disease

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19
Q

What tells the corpuscle how much to filtrate? 1. What is this process called? 2. What are the mechanisms for doing this? 3

A
  1. macula densa
  2. tubuloglomerulo feedback (TGF)
  3. myogenic stretch and TGF
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20
Q

What does constriction of the afferent arteriole do to the GFR?

A

decrease

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21
Q

An increase in GFR causes an increase in 1 in the DCT. The macula densa senses this and secretes 2 which causes 3 of the afferent arteriole smooth muscle.

A
  1. Cl-
  2. adenosine
  3. vasoconstriction
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22
Q

When is cNOS present?

A
  1. shear stress
  2. adenosine
  3. Bradykinin, Substance P
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23
Q

When is iNOS present?

A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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24
Q

When is there low NO?

A

damaged endothelium caused by age, smoking, aging, or cholesterol

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25
Q

An decrease in GFR causes an increase in 1 in the DCT. The macula densa senses this and secretes 2 which causes 3 of the afferent arteriole smooth muscle.

A
  1. Cl-
  2. PGE2
  3. vasodilation
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26
Q

What drives Ca2+ reabsorption in the DCT?

A

repulsion from positive lumen due to K+

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27
Q

What if the function of the potassium balance in the kidney?

A

Affects resting membrane potentials of all excitable cells

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28
Q

What are the drugs and pathologies that cause hyperkalemia?

A
  1. Necrosis
  2. Type 1 DM
  3. Beta 2 Antagonists
  4. Acidemia
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29
Q

What are the usual concentrations in the following locations:

  1. Cortical ISF
  2. Medulla ISF
  3. Plasma
  4. PCT
  5. Tip of Loop of Henle
  6. DCT
  7. Urine
A
  1. 300 mOsm/L
  2. 300-600 mOsm/L
  3. 300 mOsm/L
  4. 300 mOsm/L
  5. 600 mOsm/L
  6. 100 mOsm/L
  7. 50-100 mOsm/L
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30
Q

What are the hypotensive/high plasma osmolarity concentrations in the following locations:

  1. Cortical ISF
  2. Medulla ISF
  3. Plasma
  4. PCT
  5. Tip of Loop of Henle
  6. DCT
  7. Urine
A
  1. 300 mOsm/L
  2. 300-1200 mOsm/L
  3. 300 mOsm/L
  4. 300 mOsm/L
  5. 1200 mOsm/L
  6. 100 mOsm/L
  7. 1150-1200 mOsm/L
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31
Q

If hypo-osmolarity in the kidneys what is increased (with result)? 1. Decreased (with result)? 2

A
  1. aldosterone (reabsorb sodium)

2. ADH/AVP (excrete water)

32
Q

If hyper-osmolarity in the kidneys what is increased (with result)? 1. Decreased (with result)? 2

A
  1. ADH/AVP (reabsorb water)

2. Aldosterone (excrete sodium)

33
Q

What is the normal pH range in the kidney?

A

7.37-7.43

34
Q

What stimulates the production of aqueous?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

35
Q

What term is used for pathology of the kidney before the nephron?

A

prerenal

36
Q

What term is used for pathology of the kidney in the afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, glomerulus, and nephron?

A

intrarenal

37
Q

What term is used for pathology of the kidney from the calyx through the urethra?

A

postrenal

38
Q

What are the common effects of renal disease?

A
  1. hypertension
  2. edema
  3. hyperkalemia
  4. metabolic acidosis
  5. osteomalacia (Ca2+)
  6. anemia
39
Q

What causes acute prerenal diseases?

A

circulatory failure

40
Q

What stimulates renin release in the kidney?

A
  1. Chronic sympathetic stimulation (Beta 1 agonist)
  2. Chronically low BP (JGA)
  3. Low filtration
  4. Low Na+ in DCT
  5. Macula densa senses low Na+
41
Q

What usually accompanies End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?

A
  1. Azotemia (High Cr and BUN)
  2. Nephrotic syndrome
  3. HTN/Edema (inc hydrostatic, dec osmotic)
  4. Hyperkalemia
  5. Metabolic acidosis
  6. Osteomalacia (No Vit D)
  7. Anemia
42
Q

What are the treatments for ESRD?

A
  1. Hemodialysis
  2. Peritoneal Dialysis
  3. Transplant
43
Q

What six major disease are related to Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Circulatory Failure
  2. Renal Stenosis
  3. Acute Tubular Necrosis
  4. Diabetic Nephropathy
  5. Pyelonephritis
  6. Prostate cancer
44
Q

Where is pressure in the vessels sensed? 1. What does is affect? 2

A
  1. Baroreceptors

2. SNS and PNS

45
Q

Where is pressure in the kidney sensed? 1. What does it affect? 2

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

2. Renin and Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

46
Q

Where is pressure in the heart sensed? 1. What does it affect? 2

A
  1. Right atrium

2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

47
Q

What regulates Antidiuretic Hormone/Arginine Vasopressin?

A
  1. SNS
  2. Angiotensin II
  3. Osmolarity
48
Q

What is the term for uncontrolled cell division?

A

neoplasia

49
Q

What is a solid neoplasia called?

A

tumor

50
Q

What is an invasive tumor called? 1. Is it metastatic? 2

A
  1. Caner/malignant tumor

2. it can be but not always

51
Q

What is cancer of skeletal muscle called?

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

52
Q

What is normal growth rate of smooth muscle cancer called?

A

leiomyoma

53
Q

What is high growth rate of smooth muscle cancer along with strange mitosis called?

A

leiomyosarcoma

54
Q

What is a benign thyroid cancer called?

A

Encapsulated Follicular Adenoma

55
Q

What is the development of secondary tumor at a distant site called?

A

metastasis

56
Q

What is the lymph node that is “standing guard” and is tested to see if it is clear?

A

Sentinal Lymph Node

57
Q

What is the tumor that can have hair and teeth called? 1. Where does this grow? 2. Is it benign or malignant? 3

A
  1. Teratoma (totipotent cell)
  2. scrotum or ovaries
  3. benign
58
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumor on the surface with frond-like extensions called?

A

Papilloma

59
Q

What is a epithelial mass projecting above the mucosa?

A

polyp

60
Q

What is a mass of disorganized blood vessels full of blood that is not cancer called?

A

Hamartoma

61
Q

Whats the probability of men developing cancer throughout their lifetime?

A

1 in 2

62
Q

Whats the probability of women developing cancer throughout their lifetime?

A

1 in 3

63
Q

What is the type of oncogenesis where the cells have the some thing wrong with them?

A

monoclonal

64
Q

What is the type of oncogenesis where there are multiple different types of mutations?

A

polyclonal

65
Q

When is angiogenesis required for tumor growth?

A

When tumor is greater than 1-2 mm

66
Q

What angiogenic factor do tumors secrete?

A

VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

67
Q

What are superficial epithelial vessels from angiogenesis called?

A

Telangiectasia

68
Q

What is bleeding in the lungs called?

A

hemoptysis

69
Q

What is the term for a certain type of cancer liking to go to certain places in the body?

A

tropism

70
Q

What is the name for the clinical presentation of cancer?

A

paraneoplastic effects

71
Q

What are the paraneoplastic effects of cancer?

A
  1. Fever with night sweats (IFNγ)
  2. Skin lesions (aconthosis nigricans)
  3. Bleeding (telandiectasia)
  4. Emboli
  5. Hyper calcemia (PTH)
  6. Cushing’s Syndrome (ACTH)
  7. Cachexia
72
Q

What are the skin lesions that occur along the neck during cancer called?

A

aconthosis nigricans

73
Q

What is the term for the presentation of a cancer patient “wasting away”, developing anorexia, and losing muscle and fat?

A

cachexia

74
Q

What is the term for the presentation of a cancer patient “wasting away”, developing anorexia, and losing muscle and fat?

A

cachexia

75
Q

What happens to the GFR during hypotension in the body?

A

decrease

76
Q

What happens to the GFR during hypotension in the body?

A

decrease

77
Q

What starling force is directly affected by kidney stones?

A

P(BS)

I. Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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