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I. Pathophysiology > Midterm II > Flashcards

Midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system for the GI tract?

A

Enteric System

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2
Q

What is tissue innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems called?

A

reciprocal innervation

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3
Q

What does innervation of the sympathetic system in the eye do for infants?

A

Develop iris colors

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4
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system exit the CNS?

A

Brain stem or saccral spine

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5
Q

What affect on vision does multiple sclerosis have if it is located on the optic nerve?

A

Decreased acuity with washed up colors (like looking through shower curtain)

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6
Q

What are the neurodegenerative diseases from most common to least common?

A
  1. Alzheimer’s Disease
  2. Parkinson’s Disease
  3. Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/Lou Gehrig’s Disease
  4. Huntington’s Disease
  5. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
  6. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
  7. Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
  8. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
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7
Q

What is Tau normally associated with?

A

microtubules

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8
Q

What are the layers of blood vessels from internal to external?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Internal elastic membrane
  3. Tunica media
  4. External elastic membrane
  5. Tunica adventitia
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9
Q

What is the order of the anterior blood supply to the Circle of Willis?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Aorta
  3. Brachiocephalic
  4. Common carotid artery
  5. Internal carotid artery
  6. Circle of Willis
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10
Q

What is the order of the posterior blood supply to the Circle of Willis?

A
  1. Heart
  2. Aorta
  3. Brachiocephalic
  4. Subclavian artery
  5. Vertebral artery
  6. Basilar artery
  7. Circle of Willis
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11
Q

What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?

A
  1. internal carotid
  2. middle cerebral artery
  3. anterior cerebral artery
  4. anterior communicating artery
  5. posterior cerebral artery
  6. posterior communicating arteries
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12
Q

What artery connects the anterior part of the Circle of Willis to the posterior part?

A

Posterior communicating arteries

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13
Q

What are the branches off of the Circle of Willis?

A
  1. Ophthalmic artery
  2. Anterior cerebral artery
  3. Middle cerebral artery
  4. Posterior cerebral artery
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14
Q

What does disruption to the internal carotid artery affect?

A
  1. Ophthalmic artery
  2. MCA
  3. ACA
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15
Q

What does disruption to the vertebral artery affect?

A
  1. cerebellum
  2. cranial nerves
  3. brain stem
  4. PCA
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16
Q

What percentage of all strokes are preventable?

A

80%

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17
Q

What is the leading cause of adult disability in the US?

A

cerebrovascular disease

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18
Q

What vascular disease damages the endothelium by shearing forces?

A

hypertension

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19
Q

What vascular disease damages the endothelium and cause hypercoagulation?

A

homocysteine

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20
Q

What is the protein biomarker that is always present after a stroke?

A

SB100

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21
Q

What are crystals on top of an atheroma called?

A

Dystropic calcification

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22
Q

What is a TIA of the retina due to carotid artery disease called?

A

Amaurosis Fugax

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23
Q

Where is the only place you can see an emboli?

A

the retina

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24
Q

What is the most common occluded BV for ischemic strokes?

A

middle cerebral artery

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25
Q

What are the following percentages for people with subarachnoid hemorrhages:

  1. Die before hospital
  2. Die in hospital
  3. Recover with significant disability
  4. Recover without significant disability
A
  1. 33%
  2. 20%
  3. 17%
  4. 30%
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26
Q

What is the name of the following gliomas?

  1. Meninges
  2. Ventricles
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Schwann cells
A
  1. Meningioma
  2. Ependymoma
  3. Oligodendroglioma
  4. Schwannoma
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27
Q

What is maximum contraction of skeletal muscle called?

A

tetany

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28
Q

What is it called when have several individual contractions that are timed up to have each subsequent contraction have a larger amplitude?

A

Treppe or Staircase effect

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29
Q

What type of contraction is tension without decreased muscle length?

A

Isometric contraction

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30
Q

What type of contraction is tension with decreased muscle length?

A

Isotonic contraction

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31
Q

What is the pathology to skeletal muscle that has antibodies that attach to voltage-gated Ca2+ on alpha motor neurons?

A

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

32
Q

What is the pathology to skeletal muscle that has antibodies that attach to nAChR?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

33
Q

What is the pathology to skeletal muscle that inhibits SNAREs in alpha motor neurons so that no ACh is released?

A

Botulism

34
Q

What are the functions of the heart?

A
  1. Pumps blood
  2. Provides hydrostatic pressure
  3. Endorcrine organ
35
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A
  1. Forms one-way valves

2. Slows electrical conduction allowing more than one contraction

36
Q

What are the three histological sections of the heart?

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Pericardium
37
Q

What is the pericardium of the heart on the inside that has the coronary arteries and veins? 1. What is the pericardium on the outside? 2

A
  1. Visceral pericardium

2. Parietal pericardium

38
Q

What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Late diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumetric contraction
  4. Ejection
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation
39
Q

What is each of the phases that are described below:

  1. passive filling
  2. atria contract
  3. ventricle isometric contraction
  4. ventricle isotonic contraction
  5. ventricle relaxation
A
  1. Late diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumetric contraction
  4. Ejection
  5. Isovolumetric relaxation
40
Q

What are the major determinants of the cardiac output?

A
  1. Heart rate or chronotropy

2. stoke volume

41
Q

What is the volume ejected per heart beat called?

A

stroke volume

42
Q

What is the blood volume in the heart before contraction called?

A

preload

43
Q

What is the contraction strength called?

A

inotropy (contractility)

44
Q

What is the volume in heart after relaxation called?

A

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

45
Q

What is the volume in heart before it is pumped called?

A

Venous Return (VR)

46
Q

What is the resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood?

A

Afterload

47
Q

If the afterload is high does the stroke volume increase or decrease?

A

decrease

48
Q

What is the most important driver of stroke volume?

A

preload (venous return = EDV)

49
Q

What part of an EKG reading is the atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

50
Q

What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular filling (atrial systole)?

A

PR interval

51
Q

What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular depolarization?

A

QRS wave

52
Q

What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular contraction?

A

QT wave

53
Q

What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular repolarization?

A

T wave

54
Q

What are the functions of blood vessels?

A
  1. Deliver blood based on need

2. Regulate BP for proper perfusion of vital organs

55
Q

What is the smooth muscle at the beginning of capillaries that can open and close called?

A

Precapillary sphincters

56
Q

What is a connection between an artery and a vein without capillaries in between?

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis

57
Q

Where is the total cross-sectional area the greatest in blood vessels? 1. The smallest? 2

A
  1. capillaries

2. arteries

58
Q

What is the kinetic energy of the blood provided by the heart called?

A

hydrostatic pressure

59
Q

What type of blood flow is in the aorta?

A

pulsitile

60
Q

What is the mean arteriole pressure an average of?

A

systole and diastole

61
Q

What controls the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries?

A

arterioles

62
Q

If arterioles vasoconstrict what happens to the hydrostatic capillary pressure?

A

decreases

63
Q

What is the relationship between capillaries, interstitium, and lymph vessels called?

A

microcirculation

64
Q

What is the flow pattern from capillaries to interstitium called?

A

filtration

65
Q

What is the flow pattern from interstitium to capillaries called?

A

absorption

66
Q

Does a positive Jv (flow of fluid) in the Starling forces equation mean more or less filtration?

A

more

67
Q

Where does blood end up in lymphedema?

A

right atrium

68
Q

What Starling force increases in lymphedema?

A

P(ISF)

69
Q

What is the term that means to faint?

A

syncope

70
Q

What is the side effect of Cialis and Viagra that kills the optic nerve head through lack of perfusion to retina?

A

Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAAION)

71
Q

What is the strongest vasoconstrictor in the body?

A

endothelin

72
Q

What are the functions of Angiotensin II?

A
  1. Increases CO with increased SNS
  2. Vasoconstrictor
  3. Decreases urine production (decrease filtration and stimulates aldosterone)
  4. Stimulates ADH secretion
73
Q

What is the main way the body controls BP?

A

Baroreflex

74
Q

What is a normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

100 mmHg

75
Q

Where are afferent baroreceptors located?

A

carotid and aorta

76
Q

Where do afferent baroreceptors send their information to?

A

medullary cardiovascular control center

77
Q

What is the reaction called that is due to massaging the carotid or touching eye and body thinks high BP so decrease systemic BP?

A

vasovagal reflex

I. Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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