Midterm II Flashcards
What is the autonomic nervous system for the GI tract?
Enteric System
What is tissue innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems called?
reciprocal innervation
What does innervation of the sympathetic system in the eye do for infants?
Develop iris colors
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system exit the CNS?
Brain stem or saccral spine
What affect on vision does multiple sclerosis have if it is located on the optic nerve?
Decreased acuity with washed up colors (like looking through shower curtain)
What are the neurodegenerative diseases from most common to least common?
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)/Lou Gehrig’s Disease
- Huntington’s Disease
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
- Post-traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD)
- Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
What is Tau normally associated with?
microtubules
What are the layers of blood vessels from internal to external?
- Tunica intima
- Internal elastic membrane
- Tunica media
- External elastic membrane
- Tunica adventitia
What is the order of the anterior blood supply to the Circle of Willis?
- Heart
- Aorta
- Brachiocephalic
- Common carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- Circle of Willis
What is the order of the posterior blood supply to the Circle of Willis?
- Heart
- Aorta
- Brachiocephalic
- Subclavian artery
- Vertebral artery
- Basilar artery
- Circle of Willis
What arteries make up the Circle of Willis?
- internal carotid
- middle cerebral artery
- anterior cerebral artery
- anterior communicating artery
- posterior cerebral artery
- posterior communicating arteries
What artery connects the anterior part of the Circle of Willis to the posterior part?
Posterior communicating arteries
What are the branches off of the Circle of Willis?
- Ophthalmic artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Middle cerebral artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
What does disruption to the internal carotid artery affect?
- Ophthalmic artery
- MCA
- ACA
What does disruption to the vertebral artery affect?
- cerebellum
- cranial nerves
- brain stem
- PCA
What percentage of all strokes are preventable?
80%
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the US?
cerebrovascular disease
What vascular disease damages the endothelium by shearing forces?
hypertension
What vascular disease damages the endothelium and cause hypercoagulation?
homocysteine
What is the protein biomarker that is always present after a stroke?
SB100
What are crystals on top of an atheroma called?
Dystropic calcification
What is a TIA of the retina due to carotid artery disease called?
Amaurosis Fugax
Where is the only place you can see an emboli?
the retina
What is the most common occluded BV for ischemic strokes?
middle cerebral artery
What are the following percentages for people with subarachnoid hemorrhages:
- Die before hospital
- Die in hospital
- Recover with significant disability
- Recover without significant disability
- 33%
- 20%
- 17%
- 30%
What is the name of the following gliomas?
- Meninges
- Ventricles
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells
- Meningioma
- Ependymoma
- Oligodendroglioma
- Schwannoma
What is maximum contraction of skeletal muscle called?
tetany
What is it called when have several individual contractions that are timed up to have each subsequent contraction have a larger amplitude?
Treppe or Staircase effect
What type of contraction is tension without decreased muscle length?
Isometric contraction
What type of contraction is tension with decreased muscle length?
Isotonic contraction
What is the pathology to skeletal muscle that has antibodies that attach to voltage-gated Ca2+ on alpha motor neurons?
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
What is the pathology to skeletal muscle that has antibodies that attach to nAChR?
Myasthenia Gravis
What is the pathology to skeletal muscle that inhibits SNAREs in alpha motor neurons so that no ACh is released?
Botulism
What are the functions of the heart?
- Pumps blood
- Provides hydrostatic pressure
- Endorcrine organ
What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
- Forms one-way valves
2. Slows electrical conduction allowing more than one contraction
What are the three histological sections of the heart?
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Pericardium
What is the pericardium of the heart on the inside that has the coronary arteries and veins? 1. What is the pericardium on the outside? 2
- Visceral pericardium
2. Parietal pericardium
What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle?
- Late diastole
- Atrial systole
- Isovolumetric contraction
- Ejection
- Isovolumetric relaxation
What is each of the phases that are described below:
- passive filling
- atria contract
- ventricle isometric contraction
- ventricle isotonic contraction
- ventricle relaxation
- Late diastole
- Atrial systole
- Isovolumetric contraction
- Ejection
- Isovolumetric relaxation
What are the major determinants of the cardiac output?
- Heart rate or chronotropy
2. stoke volume
What is the volume ejected per heart beat called?
stroke volume
What is the blood volume in the heart before contraction called?
preload
What is the contraction strength called?
inotropy (contractility)
What is the volume in heart after relaxation called?
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
What is the volume in heart before it is pumped called?
Venous Return (VR)
What is the resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood?
Afterload
If the afterload is high does the stroke volume increase or decrease?
decrease
What is the most important driver of stroke volume?
preload (venous return = EDV)
What part of an EKG reading is the atrial depolarization?
P wave
What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular filling (atrial systole)?
PR interval
What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular depolarization?
QRS wave
What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular contraction?
QT wave
What part of an EKG reading is the ventricular repolarization?
T wave
What are the functions of blood vessels?
- Deliver blood based on need
2. Regulate BP for proper perfusion of vital organs
What is the smooth muscle at the beginning of capillaries that can open and close called?
Precapillary sphincters
What is a connection between an artery and a vein without capillaries in between?
Arteriovenous anastomosis
Where is the total cross-sectional area the greatest in blood vessels? 1. The smallest? 2
- capillaries
2. arteries
What is the kinetic energy of the blood provided by the heart called?
hydrostatic pressure
What type of blood flow is in the aorta?
pulsitile
What is the mean arteriole pressure an average of?
systole and diastole
What controls the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries?
arterioles
If arterioles vasoconstrict what happens to the hydrostatic capillary pressure?
decreases
What is the relationship between capillaries, interstitium, and lymph vessels called?
microcirculation
What is the flow pattern from capillaries to interstitium called?
filtration
What is the flow pattern from interstitium to capillaries called?
absorption
Does a positive Jv (flow of fluid) in the Starling forces equation mean more or less filtration?
more
Where does blood end up in lymphedema?
right atrium
What Starling force increases in lymphedema?
P(ISF)
What is the term that means to faint?
syncope
What is the side effect of Cialis and Viagra that kills the optic nerve head through lack of perfusion to retina?
Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAAION)
What is the strongest vasoconstrictor in the body?
endothelin
What are the functions of Angiotensin II?
- Increases CO with increased SNS
- Vasoconstrictor
- Decreases urine production (decrease filtration and stimulates aldosterone)
- Stimulates ADH secretion
What is the main way the body controls BP?
Baroreflex
What is a normal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
100 mmHg
Where are afferent baroreceptors located?
carotid and aorta
Where do afferent baroreceptors send their information to?
medullary cardiovascular control center
What is the reaction called that is due to massaging the carotid or touching eye and body thinks high BP so decrease systemic BP?
vasovagal reflex
