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I. Pathophysiology > Midterm I > Flashcards

Midterm I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system that is covered by meninges? 1. What are the structures that make up this system? 2

A
  1. Central nervous system

2. brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve

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2
Q

What is the general term for cells of the nervous system?

A

glial cells

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3
Q

What are the locations of the choroid plexus that consists of ependymal cells?

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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4
Q

How many layers of gray matter are there? 1. Which layer is closest to the skull? 2. Which layer is involved in afferent info? 3. Efferent info? 4

A
  1. 6 layers
  2. layer I
  3. layer IV
  4. layer V
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5
Q

Around what age do men fully develop their frontal lobe? 1.

Women? 2

A
  1. 23-24

2. 18-20

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6
Q

What area of the brain is associated with emotions?

A

limbic

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7
Q

What cortices fall under the umbrella of association cortices?

A
  1. parieto-occipitotemporal cortex

2. prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

What is a pathology to somatosensory cortex that results in no sensation?

A

anaesthesia

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9
Q

What is a pathology to somatosensory cortex that results in reduced sensation?

A

paresthesia

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10
Q

What is a pathology to somatosensory cortex that results from amputation where brain still thinks the limb is attached?

A

phantom limb

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11
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

Which projection of the spinal nerve is responsible for afferent info? 1. Efferent? 2

A
  1. Dorsal Root Ganglia

2. Ventral Roots

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13
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of most cells?

A

-71.6 mV

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14
Q

What is the equation used to find the resting membrane potential?

A

Hodgkin-Huxley

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15
Q

How many K+ channels are there for every 1.5 Na+ channel generally?

A

10

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16
Q

What is defined as the amount of change that will develop across a membrane when there is no net movement of ion?

A

Nernst Potential

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17
Q

What is the Nernst Potential equation?

A

(RT)/(zF) x log ([iono]/[ioni])

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18
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for K+?

A

-91.6 mV

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19
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for Na+?

A

+62 mV

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20
Q

If a diabetic takes too much insulin will the cell be hyperpolarized or depolarized?

A

hyperpolarized

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21
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for Ca+2?

A

+133.3 mV

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22
Q

What is it called when a series of impulses from one excitatory fiber together produce a suprathreshold depolarization to trigger an AP?

A

Temporal Excitatory Summation

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23
Q

What is it called when two excitatory fibers cause two synaptic depolarizations that together reach firing threshold and trigger an AP?

A

Spatial Excitatory Summation

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24
Q

What is it called when impulses from an excitatory neuron reach a motor neuron but impulses from an inhibitory fiber prevents depolarization from reaching threshold?

A

Cancellation

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25
Q

What is necessary for saltatory propagation?

A

myelinated cells

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26
Q

For myelinated neurons, what are areas that are not myelinated called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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27
Q

What is it called when a neuron cannot get another AP?

A

absolute refractory period

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28
Q

What is it called when a neuron can get a weak AP if stimulus is strong enough?

A

relative refractory period

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29
Q

What are the three states that Na+ voltage-gated channels can be in (and what are the membrane potentials for each)?

A
  1. closed but able to open (-70 mV)
  2. open/activated (-50 to +30 mV)
  3. inactivated/closed but not able to open (+30 to -70 mV)
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30
Q

What are the ways to alter APs?

A
  1. change resting membrane potentials
  2. inhibit Na+ v-g channels
  3. demyelinate
31
Q

What are examples of demyelinating diseases?

A
  1. multiple sclerosis

2. Gullain Barre

32
Q

Are chemical or electrical synapses more common?

A

chemical

33
Q

What is it called when the membrane potential in the second cell can be the same as the first?

A

gain

34
Q

Which are faster: chemical or electrical synapses?

A

electrical

35
Q

Which have a loss of gain: chemical or electrical synapses?

A

electrical

36
Q

What enhance fusion of synaptic vesicles to membranes?

A

SNAREs

37
Q

What are methods to decrease chemical synapse transmission?

A
  1. Inhibit presynaptic depolarization
  2. Inhibit SNAREs
  3. Receptor antagonist
38
Q

What are methods to increase chemical synapse transmission?

A
  1. Stimulate presynaptic depolarization
  2. Receptor agonist
  3. Decrease removal of NT
39
Q

Which degradation protein is found on the mitochondria?

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

40
Q

What is the term for the sensation that is being experienced?

A

modality

41
Q

What are the ways to measure duration of sensation?

A

tonic receptors and phasic receptors

42
Q

What are the slow adapting receptors that last the duration of the stimulus?

A

Tonic receptors

43
Q

What are the fast adapting receptors that are only active at the beginning and end of a stimulus?

A

Phasic receptors

44
Q

What is the type of electrotonic potential you get with a sensory receptor?

A

generator potential

45
Q

What is the intensity of a stimulus determined by?

A
  1. sensory coding

2. population coding

46
Q

What is it called when an activated field inhibits surrounding fields?

A

lateral inhibition

47
Q

What is two point discrimination based on?

A
  1. size of receptive field

2. amount of neuron coverage

48
Q

What is pain that is visceral and referred to elsewhere on the body (eg heart attack)

A

Referred pain

49
Q

What is the pain that is a slightly painful stimulus but experience extreme pain?

A

Hyperalgesia

50
Q

What is the pain from innocuous stimulus so experience pain but not painful stimulus?

A

Allodynia

51
Q

What are the types of neuralgial pain?

A
  1. trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
  2. diabetic neuropathy
  3. postherpetic neuralgia
52
Q

Where is trigeminal neuralgia the worst? 1. What disease are these people 60x more likely to get? 2

A
  1. mandibular

2. Multiple sclerosis

53
Q

What is a neuralgial rash on the nose that is from nasociliary branch V associated with and what is this rash called?

A
  1. Postherpetic neuralgia

2. Hutchinson sign

54
Q

What membrane separates the middle ear from the external ear?

A

tympanic membrane

55
Q

The middle ear boundaries are from the 1 to the 2

A
  1. tympanic membrane

2. oval and round window

56
Q

What structures/materials are inside the inner ear?

A

Organ of Corti and Endolymph

57
Q

What causes hair cell depolarization?

A

Basal membrane vibration

58
Q

What are the three systems that contribute to equilibrium?

A
  1. proprioception
  2. visual system
  3. vestibular apparatus
59
Q

What is the term for lots of muscle tone?

A

Hypertonia

60
Q

What is the term for larger than normal reflexes? 1. No reflexes? 2

A
  1. Hyperreflexia

2. Areflexia

61
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tetanus?

A

Block GABA from neurons that control corticospinal tract

62
Q

What is a demyelinating disease only affecting Schwann cells?

A

Gullain Barre

63
Q

What are three names for lower than normal movement?

A
  1. hypokinetic
  2. bradykinesia
  3. akinesia
64
Q

What is the name for more movement than normal (too much movement)?

A

Hyperkinesia

65
Q

What is the part of the brain responsible for adjustment motor programs on-line with the aid of proprioceptive feedback and the storage of complex motor memories?

A

cerebellum

66
Q

What are the two names for the area of the cerebellum that maintains equilibrium during movement and controls eye movement?

A
  1. flocconodular node

2. vestibulocerebellum

67
Q

Where does info to the cerebellum decussate?

A

Does not decussate

68
Q

What are the two hemispheres in the cerebellum separated by?

A

Vermis

69
Q

What are the two names of area of the cerebellum responsible for motor memory storage and quality control?

A

Spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum

70
Q

What is the term for the ability to judge distance?

A

dysmetria

71
Q

What is the term for difficulty with speech when the cerebellum is injured?

A

dysarthia

72
Q

What is the term for difficulty making repetitive movements?

A

dysdiochokinesia

73
Q

What is the term for a slow pursuit then ciccade of the eyes?

A

nystagmus

74
Q

What postsynaptic potentials are most likely to synapse on the soma of the neuron? 1. Synapse on the dendrite? 2

A
  1. inhibitory (IPSP)

2. excitatory (EPSP)

I. Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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