Midterm II Flashcards
Trace the sensory innervation of the eye (choroid, cornea, bulbar conjunctiva, iris) from the eye to the brain.
Long ciliary nerve-nasociliary nerve-ophthalmic branch of trigeminal-orbital fissure- trigeminal nerve-trigeminal ganglion in trigeminal canal-petrous temporal bone
Which motor nerve innervates the rostral belly of the digastricus and which innervates the caudal belly?
Rostral: Mylohyoid nerve (from the mandibular branch of trigeminal)
Caudal: Digastric branch of the facial nerve
Which muscle use the sacrotuberous ligament as an attachment?
Biceps femoris m.
Superficial gluteal m.
Piriformis m.
Caudal crural abductor m.
Which muscles are innervated by the sciatic nerve?
Biceps femoris m.
Semitendinosus m.
Semimembranosus m.
Caudal crural abductor m.
If the cranial gluteal nerve was damaged, what clinical signs would we see? Why?
The patient would have reduced ability to extend the hip and rotate the thigh medially. because the middle gluteal, piriformis, deep gluteal, and tensor fasciae latae muscles are innervated by this nerve.
What nerve innervates the superficial gluteal muscle?
Caudal gluteal nerve
Which muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve?
Quadriceps femoris ( vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis) mm.
Sartorius m.
Articularis coxae m.
Name four ossification centers that should be fused to the diaphysis by the time a dog is 6 months of age.
- Acetabular bone of the os coxae
- Femoral head, major trochanter, and distal epiphysis of the femur
- Proximal and distal epiphysis of the tibia
- Proximal and distal epiphysis of the fibula
- Tuber calcanei of calcaneus of tarsus
- Distal epiphysis of the metatarsus
- Proximal epiphysis of the proximal and middle phalanges
- Patella
Name four ossification center that should not be fused to the diaphysis by the time a dog is 6 months of age.
- Crest of the ilium
- Tuber ischiadicum
- Pelvic symphysis
- Minor trochanter of the femur
- Tibial tuberosity
Name the five nerve blocks that can be used in the head.
- Infraorbital
- Opthalmic
- Maxillary
- Inferior alveolar
- Mental
Which facial nerves innervate the lacrimal gland?
Facial nerve-major petrosal nerve- nerve of the pterygoid canal-pterygopalatine ganglion
What type of fibers innervate the lacrimal gland and glands of the nasal cavity?
Postganglionic parasympathetic
Which nerve innervates the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands?
Chordae Tympani nerve from the facial nerve
Which nerve innervates the parotid and zygomatic salivary glands?
Parasympathetic branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Where is the carotid sinus, what is it’s purpose, and which nerve innervates it?
Located at the origin of the internal carotid artery, contains baroreceptors for detection of change in blood pressure, and innervated by the carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Where is the carotid body, what is it’s purpose, and which nerve innervates it?
Located at the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries. contains chemoreceptors, and innervated by the carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Which arteries supply blood to the arterial circle in the brain of the dog?
Basilar artery
Internal carotid which bifurcates into the middle and rostral cerebral arteries, and the caudal communicating artery.
Why in the cat does part of the internal carotid artery not supply blood to the brain? What artery does?
It becomes ligamentous during postnatal development, but the intracranial part of the internal carotid remains patent and receives blood from the maxillary rete mirabile and ascending pharyngeal artery.
If there is something wrong with the general visceral efferent fibers of the vagus nerve, what will we observe?
Tachycardia and decreased peristalsis
If a cat is exhibiting dysphagia and dysphonia, which nerve(s) may have a lesion? What is there is just dysphagia?
Vagus nerve (Only) Glossopharyngeal nerve (Only
How is the pharyngeal plexus formed?
The vagus (pharyngeal branch) and the glossopharyngeal nerves (pharyngeal branch) come together
At the caudal 1/3 of the tongue, which nerve(s) are responsible for the taste and touch?
Lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Which metatarsals are weight bearing in the dog/cat?
III and IV
Look at the fovea capitus and extensor fossa of the femur on radiographs!
DO IT
What is Osteochondritis dissecans and where does it normally occur?
Dead bone underneath cartilage due to lack of blood flow..bone can break off and cause pain.
Lateral and medial femoral condyles
Femoral trochlea
Medial ridge of the talus
Where are common places for osteosarcomas?
Distal femur
Proximal tibia
Where is the fibula located in relation to the tibia?
The shaft of the fibulia is located lateral to the shaft of the tibia.
What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?
Dorsal: sacral promontory
Lateral:arcuate lines
Ventral: pecten
What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?
Dorsal: Ca I vertebra
Lateral: superficial gluteal mm. and sacrotuberous ligament
Ventral: ischiatic arch
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, and bulbar conjunctiva?
The long ciliary nerve from the nasociliary nerve which is a branch off the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal nerve.
Which nerve runs with the long ciliary nerve and optic nerve?
The parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve
Name all the nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.
Preganglionic parasympathetic major petrosal nerve of the facial nerve synapses on the pterygopalatine ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then course to the lacrimal gland via the zygomaticotemporal nerve of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. The lacrimal nerve of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve also innervate the lacrimal gland.
Which nerve relays sensory information from the superior palpebra and forehead?
Frontal nerve of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal
What does the ethmoidal nerve of the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate?
Sensory to the nasal mucosa and skin of the vestibule
Which nerve provides sensory information to the medial canthus?
Infratrochlear nerve which is a branch off the nasociliary nerve which is a branch off the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve.
When does the maxillary nerve become the infraorbital nerve?
Once the pterygopalatine nerve branches off.
What are the three branches off the infraorbital nerve called and what do they innervate?
The infraorbital nerve was the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. It branches into the caudal, middle and rostral superior alveolar nerves which provide sensory innervation to the teeth.
If you pulled out a dog’s tooth, and it is P3, P4, or M1 on the upper arcade, which nerve is providing sensory information?
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Which teeth receive sensory information from the rostral superior alveolar nerve?
Upper canines and incisors
If you pulled out a dog’s tooth and it M1-M2, which nerve is providing sensory information?
Caudal superior alveolar nerve
The lacrimal gland receives parasympathetic motor information from major petrosal nerve of the facial nerve, but what nerve do these fibers piggyback on that is not the facial nerve?
The zygomaticotemporal nerve of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve.
What fibers does the caudal nasal nerve of the trigeminal nerve carry to the glands of the nasal cavity?
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the major petrosal nerve of the facial nerve.
Which two nerve blocks would be most effective when performing oral surgery and want every single tooth numb?
Maxillary nerve block
Inferior alveolar nerve block
True or false: Dogs have a sacrotuberous ligament and a caudal crural abductor, but no cranial crural abductor.
True
Where does the patellar ligament attach?
The crest of the tibial tuberosity on the cranial aspect of the tibia.
What does the head of the fibular attach to?
Lateral condyle of the tibia
Which muscles originate at the iliac crest?
Sartorius and middle gluteal mm.
Which muscle inserts on the tibial tuberosity?
Quadratus femoris m.
Which muscles insert on the lesser trochanter?
Superficial gluteal m.
Iliopsoas m.
Which muscle tendon passes through the extensor groove of the tibia?
Long digital extensor m.
Where does the internal obturator m. originate?
Ischiatic table
What provides the gliding surface for the patella?
Femoral trochlea
Which muscles insert in the trochanteric fossa of the femur?
External and internal obturator
Gemelli
Which muscle extends and abducts the 5th digit?
Lateral digital extensor m.
What are the actions of the internal and external obturator mm.?
Rotate the limb laterally at the hip
Which muscles originated from the pelvic symphysis?
Gracilis and adductor mm.
Which part of the sartorius is responsible from flexing the stifle? What about extending the stifel?
Caudal belly
Cranial belly
Name all the quadriceps muscles and tell me which one can flex the hip and why? Where do these muscles originate and insert?
Rectus femoris (this one)- because it originates cranial to acetabulum on the ilium
Vastus lateralis- proximal craniolateral femur
Vastus medialis- proximal medial femur
Vastus intermedias- proximal lateral femur
All insert on the tibial tuberosity of the tibia
Which three muscles make up the sublumbar muscles and what are their actions?
Psoas Minor
Psoas Major and iliacus that make up the iliopsoas
Quadratus lumborum
Flexors of hip and fix or flex the lumbar vertabrae
The sublumbar muscles are innervated by the ________ and _________ nerves.
Femoral
Lumbar spinal
The sublumbar muscles are innervated by the ________ and _________ nerves.
Femoral
Lumbar
Where does the cranial tibial m. insert? What is it’s action?
Proximal plantar surface of metatarsals I and II
Flex tarsus
Where does the fibularis longus m. insert? What is it’s action?
Base of metatarsals on plantar surface
Flex tarsus
Pronation
What structures course through the flexor canal?
The lateral head of the deep digital flexor Tibial nerve Saphenous artery Medial saphenous vein Lymphatics
What covers the flexor canal?
Flexor retinaculum
What nerves does the sciatic nerve branch into?
Common fibular and tibial nerves
Which nerve do that superficial and deep fibular nerves come from? What do they innervated?
Common fibular nerve
Flexors of hock and extensors of digits
Where does the caudal nasal nerve originate from and where does it excite the body?
The pterygopalatine nerve from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. Exits at the sphenopalatine foramen with the sphenopalatine artery from the descending palatine artery.
What goes through the foramen magnum?
Basilar artery
Accessory nerve and spinal cord
What passes through the tympano occipital fissure?
Internal carotid artery
CN iX, X, and XI
Sympathetic nerves from cranial cervical ganglion
What passes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, and XI
What passes through the oval foramen?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Middle meningeal artery
