Final Flashcards
What type of joint is the stifle?
Complex condylar synovial joint
Name the three joints in the stifle.
- Femorotibial
- Femoropatellar
- Proximal tibiofibular
Name the three synovial joint capsules in the stifle. Which is the largest?
- Lateral Femorotibial
- Medial femorotibial
- Femoropatellar (LARGEST)
What are the menisci made of and which one is thicker?
Fibrocartilage
Lateral menisci
Name the three meniscal ligaments of the stifle.
- Meniscotibial ligaments (cranial and caudal)
- Transverse (intermeniscal) ligament
- Meniscofemoral ligament
Where is the meniscofemoral ligament?
Courses between the caudal part of the lateral meniscus and the medial femoral condyle near the intercondylar fossa.
What fibrocartilages prevent luxation of the patella?
Medial and lateral parapatellar ligaments
Name all the femorotibial ligaments.
- Cranial cruciate ligament
- Caudal cruciate ligament
- Medial collateral ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
Which femorotibial ligaments are considers intra-articular and extra-articular?
Intra-articular: Medial/Lateral collateral ligaments
Extra-articular: Cranial/caudal cruciate ligaments
How would you test the collateral ligaments of the stifle?
Lateral: Varus stress test
Medial: Valgus stress test
How are the cruciate femorotibial ligaments named?
For their attachment to the tibia.
What are the functions of the cranial cruciate ligament?
- Prevent tibia from sliding cranially
- Prevent hyperextension
- Limit internal rotation of tibia mainly during flexion
- Prevent excessive varus and valgus movement of tibia during flexion
What are the functions of the caudal cruciate ligament?
- Prevents tibia from moving caudally during weight bearing
- Limit internal rotation of tibia mainly during flexion
- Secondary help for preventing excessive varus and valgus movement of tibia during flexion
What are the function of the collateral ligaments of the stifle?
- Prevent internal rotation of tibia mainly during extension
- Prevent external rotation of tibia in flexion and extension
How could you test a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament?
Cranial drawer test Tibial compression test Radiographs Synovial fluid analysis MRI Arthroscopy
What are the three most common treatments used for a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament?
- TPLO (Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy)
- Extracapsular reconstruction with a lateral suture or TIGHTROPE
- Tibial tuberosity advancement
How does a extracapsular reconstruction with a lateral suture work?
Make a hole in the lateral aspect of tibial crest and then wrap other end of suture around the fascia of the lateral fabella.
Which structures run through the interosseous membrane of the crus?
Cranial tibial artery and vein
Name the ligaments of the tarsus.
- Lateral and medial collateral ligaments
2. Dorsal and plantar tarsal ligaments
Where are the parts of the lateral collateral ligament of the tarsus?
Long part: Lateral malleolus of fibula to base of metatarsal V
Short part: Lateral malleolus of fibula to the tuber calcanei
Name the ligaments of the digits.
- Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joint and proximal/distal interphalangeal joints
- Collateral sesamoidean ligaments
- Dorsal elastic ligaments
Which spinal nerves make up the lumbosacral plexus?
L3-L7; S1-S3
Where does the spinal cord end in the dog and cat?
Dog; L6 vertebra
Cat: L7 vertebra
Which nerves come off the lumbosacral trunk?
Cranial gluteal
Caudal gluteal
Sciatic
Which spinal nerve does the femoral nerve originate from and what nerve does it give rise to?
L5
Saphenous
If the femoral nerve is damage, what will we see?
- Loss of ability to bear weight when stifle extended
- Loss of patellar reflex
- Loss of sensation on medial aspect of limb
Which spinal nerve does the obturator nerve originate from?
L6
If there is a lesion on the obturator nerve, what will we see?
- Inability to adduct the hip and thigh
2. Splits on slick surfaces
Which nerve arises from the S1-S3 spinal nerves and is located in the groove between the biceps femoris and semitendinosus m.?
Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
What is the function of the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve?
Cutaneous innervation of caudolateral surface of thigh
What muscles are innervated by the deep fibular nerve?
Cranial tibial m.
Long Digital extensor m.
What muscles does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
Long digital extensor m.
Fibularis brevis m.
Which nerve splits into the common fibular nerve and the tibial nerve?
Sciatic nerve
Which nerve innervates the flexors of the hock and extensors of the digits?
Common fibular nerve
Which nerve innervates the extensors of the hock and flexors of the digits?
Tibial nerve
Which nerve supplies cutaneous innervation to the lateral surface of the crus?
Lateral cutaneous sural nerve that arises from the common fibular nerve
What are the three locations blood can be drawn from a bird?
- Right Jugular vein
- Cutaneous ulnar vein
- Medial plantar metatarsal vein
What is a the cranial non-paired part of the bird hyoid apparatus called that is not located in mammals?
Entoglossal process
Which bones in bird form the foramen triosseum?
Scapula
Coracoid
Clavicle
Which side of the neck does the esophagus travel in the bird?
Right
How many oviducts are in the bird and where are they?
Only one on the left side
