Midterm II

Question 1

Reflex

Answer 1

stereotyped, involuntary, automatic and usually rapid response to stimuli

Question 2

M1

Answer 2

monosynaptic stretch reflex contraction of stretched muscle within 30-50ms, important for posture, thousands can occur in parallel

Question 3

M2

Answer 3

polysynaptic functional stretch reflex: contraction of muscle within 50-80ms, has at least one synapse in brain, more flexible

Question 4

M3

Answer 4

RT response, all stages of IP, maximally flexible, triggered reaction, 150ms, non-voluntary, complex and coordinated

Question 5

Dorsal stream

Answer 5

Specialized for movement control, involves entire visual field, non conscious, where/how of object directed, damage; action task

Question 6

Optic flow

Answer 6

the movement/flow of patterns of light rays from the environment over a person’s retina, allowing person to detect motion, position and timing

Question 7

Ventral stream

Answer 7

specialized for conscious identification, involves center of visual field, conscious, what of objects, damage; perception task

Question 8

Which visual stream is crucial to movement planning

Answer 8

Ventral, integrating knowledge about objects with our current action goals

Question 9

Motor program

Answer 9

a set of motor commands that is pre-structured at the executive level and that defines the essentials of a skilled action

Question 10

Open loop

Answer 10

centrally determined, pre-structured commands sent to the effector system and executed without feedback

Question 11

Open loop functioning

Answer 11

preplanned instructions specifying function, sequence and timing, once the program starts the system continues to completion without modification, no ability to detect and correct errors (*reflexes)

Question 12

Open loop uses

Answer 12

For rapid discrete movements, in predictable and stable environments

Question 13

Polit and Bizzi

Answer 13

Monkey’s performance does not significantly deteriorate with deafferentation - gross motor not affected

Question 14

CPG

Answer 14

a centrally located control mechanism that produces mainly genetically defines, repetitive actions such as locomotion or chewing

Question 15

Reflex-reversal phenomenon

Answer 15

a special case of reflex activity involving different responses to the same stimulus

Question 16

GMP theory

Answer 16

A motor program that defines a pattern of movement rather than a specific movement; can change parameters to produce movement variations that meet different environmental demands

Question 17

Invariant features

Answer 17

the characteristics of a movement that stay the same when the surface features of the movement change

Question 18

Relative timing

Answer 18

a measure of the temporal structure of a movement, in which the ratios among the durations of various movement features are used to define the temporal pattern (fundamental timing structure)

Question 19

Fitts law variables

Answer 19

Independent variables: amplitude and width

Dependent variable: movement time

Question 20

Fitts law equation

Answer 20

MT ~ A/W and MT = a + b [Log2(2A/W)]

Question 21

Index of Difficulty

Answer 21

[Log2(2A/W)]

Question 22

Linear speed accuracy trade off variables

Answer 22

Independent variables: MT (reinforced FB) and A

Dependent variable: We = effective target width

Question 23

Linear speed accuracy trade off

Answer 23

As A increases We increases, We ~ A/MT

Question 24

Spatial accuracy

Answer 24

accuracy of rapid movements for which the spatial position of the movements endpoint is important to task performance

Question 25

Temporal accuracy

Answer 25

Timing accuracy: accuracy of rapid movements for which the accuracy of the movement time is important to task performance

Question 26

Kelso et al

Answer 26

evidence for single or coordinate movement plan

Question 27

Individual differences

Answer 27

Stable across many attempts of the same skill, endure across time, difficult to establish from only a single measurement

Question 28

Differential method

Answer 28

Examining the differences between and among people on some measure of motor behaviour

Question 29

Experimental method

Answer 29

Examining effects of certain variables on motor behaviour of people in general – differences between people are treated as a source of error

Question 30

Correlation

Answer 30

A statistic for measuring the strength of relationship between two or more tests