Final

Question 1

Ability

Answer 1

Stable enduring trait (primarily genetically determined) underlying skilled behavior, largely unmodified by practice.

Question 2

Skill

Answer 2

capability developed as a result of practice (proficiency in performing a given task)

Question 3

General Motor Ability Theory (McCloy, Brace)

Answer 3

o A single, inherited motor ability is responsible for all skill performance

Question 4

The Specificity Hypothesis (Henry)

Answer 4

There are many specific independent motor abilities that underlie motor performance, performance on any given task are different from nearly every other task, abilities needed for one task are different from nearly every other task

Question 5

Grouping of Abilities

Answer 5

Abilities are independent, but the performance of different has may share common underlying abilities

Question 6

Motor learning

Answer 6

A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent gains in the capability for skilled performance

Question 7

Learning….

Answer 7

affects capability, results from practice, is not directly observable, requires relatively permanent changes

Question 8

Limitations of performance curves

Answer 8

Measure performance not learning, don’t necessarily characterize progress in ‘relatively permanent changes in capability’, mask between-subject effects, mask between within-subject effects (variability within one individual), when performance approaches the best possible then performance curves are no longer sensitive to learning

Question 9

Transfer of learning

Answer 9

Performance in one task contributes to performance in some other task

Question 10

Specific transfer

Answer 10

Learning for a very specific task, most useful for closed skills (ex. Free throw)

Question 11

General transfer

Answer 11

learning for a task where the skill can be executed in different settings, most useful for open skills (ex. Basketball jump shot)

Question 12

Near transfer

Answer 12

goal skill is similar to training task (free throw to jump shot)

Question 13

Far transfer

Answer 13

goal skill is quite different from the original practice setting (learning to run, jump throw in school, and applying these to high school track and field)

Question 14

What are the principles of practice?

Answer 14

repetition is not practce, specificity of practice, learning vs performance

Question 15

What are benefits of practice

Answer 15

Perceptual skills, attention, motor programs

Question 16

Fitts stages

Answer 16

cognitive, fixation, autonomous (perceptual)

Question 17

Bernsteins stages

Answer 17

reduce DF, release DF, passive dynamics (motor control/biomechanics)

Question 18

Warm up decrement

Answer 18

Brought on by the passage of time away from a task and is eliminated with the performance of a few trials, retention interval leads to loss of the set

Question 19

Similarity (skill transfer)

Answer 19

The idea that the more similar two skills are, the more transfer (or generalization) will occur from learnig one to performing another

Question 20

Part practice

Answer 20

effective for serial skills with low part to part interaction

Question 21

Whole practice

Answer 21

effective for discrete skills, high part to part interaction

Question 22

Progressive part practice

Answer 22

parts of a skill are gradually integrated into larger units during practice

Question 23

Massed practice

Answer 23

practice schedule with short rest periods between practice trials

Question 24

Distributed practice

Answer 24

a practice schedule with long rest periods between practice

Question 25

Schema theory

Answer 25

Suggests how we learn general motor programs by learning sets of rules (schema) relating surface features to parameters (trial and error) ** solves novelty and storage problem

Question 26

Constant practice

Answer 26

practicing only a single member of a class of movement single member of a class of movements

Question 27

Variable practice

Answer 27

practicing several members of a class of movements

Question 28

Blocked practice

Answer 28

many trials of one task practiced consecutively before moving to another task

Question 29

Random practice

Answer 29

practice trials from several different tasks are completed in a random (mixed) order

Question 30

Forgetting hypothesis

Answer 30

frequent task changes causes new motor solutions to be generated each time a task is newly encountered, resolving the motor problem means performance is low during learning, but learning the solution means it is retained better

Question 31

Elaboration hypothesis

Answer 31

frequent task changes forces the learner to make the tasks more distinct, making them more meaningful and better remembered