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T4- Nutrition > Midterm II > Flashcards

Midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest form of carb, not usually found in nature
Cant be further hydrolyzed
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

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2
Q

Disaccharide

A

made up of 2 monosaccharide chain units

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3
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose+fructose (table sugar)

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4
Q

lactose

A

galactose+glucose (dairy)

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5
Q

maltose

A

glucose dimer (molasses)

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6
Q

Isomaltose

A

glucose dimer (amylopectin and glycogen)

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7
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

multiple monosaccharide units

Ex. Rafinnose->Trisaccharide

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8
Q

Polyshaccharide

A

10+ monosaccharide units
Ex. starch in grains and cereals
such as amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

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9
Q

Dietary fiber

A 
undigestible polysaccharides and non carb compounds
PEctin- fruit
lignin-veggie
mucilage-grains/cereal
glycoprotein-legumes
physic acid-nuts
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10
Q

Alpha amylase

A

digests starch and glycogen into glucose, maltose, isomaltose
Produced by salivary glands and pancreas

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11
Q

SGLT-1

A

Active Na transport (Na-K pump)

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12
Q

Glut-1

A

passive-brain kidney, placenta, colon, RBCs

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13
Q

Glut-2

A

Passive- rapid intestine to blood transport (falconi bickel syndrome)

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14
Q

Glut-3

A

Passive- brain, kidney, placenta

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15
Q

SGLT-1 and Glut-4

A

Both active

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16
Q

Glut-1 and Glut 3

A

both for brain, kidney, placenta

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17
Q

Michaelis Menton Equation (Km)

A

Km=substrate producing velocity at 1/2 max
-how strong affinity enzyme has for substrate
Low km=high affinity

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18
Q

whole foods diet

A

decreases pace of glucose absorption

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19
Q

galactokinase

A

activates galactose to Gal-1-P

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20
Q

Galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase

A

transfers galactose from gal-1-p to UDP-glucose forming UDP-GAC

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21
Q

Cooking

A

increases glycemic index (GI)

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22
Q

increase fiber intake

A

decreases GI

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23
Q

increase fructose intake in fruit

A

decreases GI

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24
Q

Increased GI

A

Increase risk for DM type II

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25
Q

decrease GI

A

Decreases cholesterol, LDL, and increase HDL

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26
Q

Evidence to support low GI as primary diet

A

Little exists

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27
Q

Sweetness of sugars

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Sucrose
  3. glucose
  4. galactose
  5. lactose
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28
Q

protein tyrosine kinase

A

used by insulin, GH, IGF-1, IGF-11

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29
Q

DM blood levels

A

Random glucose= >140mg/dl
Fasting glucose= >126mg/dl
HbA1c= >8%

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30
Q

Insulins effects on body

A 
Increase glycolysis
Decrease gluconeogenesis
Increase glycogenesis
decrease glycogenolysis
increase lipogenesis
decrease lipolysis
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31
Q

Adenylate Cyclase

A

used by epinephrine, calcitonin, and ADH

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32
Q

Epinephrines effects on body

A 
Decrease glycolysis
Increase gluconeogenesis
increase glycogenolysis
decrease glycogenesis
decrease lipogenesis
Increase lipolysis
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33
Q

Guanylate Cyclase

A

Used by NO

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34
Q

Hormone Response element

A

Used by androgens, estrogens

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35
Q

Phosphoglucomutase (glycogenesis)

A

G-6-P to G-1-P

36
Q

Gycogen Synthase(glycogenesis)

A

UDP-GLc

37
Q

Branching enzyme(glycogenesis)

A

Removes 6 glucose chain and attaches alpha 1-6

38
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)

A

breaks alpha 1-4 bond to make G-1-P

39
Q

Glucan transferase (glycogenolysis)

A

remaining glucose transfer alpha 1-4

40
Q

debranching enzyme (glycogenolysis)

A

removes final alpha 1-6 to release glucose

41
Q

glycogen synthase phosphorylation-active or inactive

A

inactive

42
Q

glycogen phosphorylase phosphorylation-active or inactive

A

active

43
Q

1carb= ?kcal

A

4kcal

44
Q

DM risk factors

A 
BMI >25
family Hx
Ethnic group
gestational diabetes
hypertension
fat and cholesterol
45
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of AA’s as complete or incomplete

46
Q

Complete proteins

A

Most animal proteins are complete except collagen (Met, trp)

47
Q

Incomplete proteins

A

Most plant proteins are incomplete except soybean

48
Q

Essential AA’s

A 
Phenylalinine
valine
threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
alanine
leucine
lysine
49
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme hydrolyzing proteins
Ex: pepsin-stomach
trypsin and chymotrypsinogen-pancreas(zymogen)

50
Q

peptidase

A

further digests small peptides in intestine wall

51
Q

AA’s are water soluble T/F

A

true

52
Q

AA storage is limited T/F

A

true

53
Q

Protein function

A

enzyme, hormone, contractile protein, transporter, structural protein

54
Q

non glycogenic proteins

A

leucine, lysine

55
Q

glucose alanine cycle

A

minor source of energy

56
Q

Phe forms

A

tyrosine

57
Q

tryptophan forms

A

serotonin

58
Q

tyrosine forms

A

melanin

59
Q

heme synthesis uses what protein

A

glycine

60
Q

biosynthesis of sphingolipids

A

serine

61
Q

glutamate->

A

proline

62
Q

methionine+serine->

A

cysteine

63
Q

aspartate/glutamate+glutamine->

A

asparagine/glutamine

64
Q

phenylalinine->

A

tyrosine

65
Q

serine->

A

glycine

66
Q

Branch chain AA’s

A

leucine, isoleucine, valine-all for muscle growth

67
Q

process that occurs when AA’s are needed to make glycogen

A

deamination

68
Q

Daily protein req for children up to 7mos

A

2.0g/kg body weight

69
Q

daily protein req for children over 7 mos

A

0.8g/kg body weight

70
Q

children 1-3

A

5-20% kcal

71
Q

children 4-18

A

10-30%kcal

72
Q

adult

A

10-25% kcal

73
Q

kwashiokor

A

chronic protein deficiency with edema, poor appetite, dermatosis, and hair changes

74
Q

marasmus

A

severe protein deficiency with wasting away of mass. no edema, good appetite

75
Q

protein excess

A

leads to Ca loss and osteoporosis
BUN used to test
Normal=10-14mg/dL

76
Q

Diet with increased protein, decreased kcal and fat

A

Ketogenic diet

Leads to ketosis and kidney problems

77
Q

Protein supplies what element for tissue repair and growth

A

nitrogen

aging and illness=decreased nitrogen

78
Q

biologic value

A

measures protein retention only

79
Q

net protein utilization

A

measures protein retention assuming all proteins are absorbed and digested

80
Q

animal protein

A

increased BV, PER, NPU

Increased CAD risk

81
Q

plant protein

A

Soy is complete protein, decreased CAD risk

82
Q

endurance athlete protein needs

A

1.2-1.4g/kg body weight

83
Q

body builder protein req

A

1.6-1.7g/kg body weight

84
Q

homocysteinemia

A

increased risk for CAD

85
Q

Methionine to homocysteine requires

A

methionine synthase

86
Q

homocysteine to cysteine requires

A

vit B6

87
Q

homocysteine to methionine requires

A

folate and B12

T4- Nutrition (7 decks)

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