Midterm II Flashcards
Monosaccharides
Simplest form of carb, not usually found in nature
Cant be further hydrolyzed
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide
made up of 2 monosaccharide chain units
Sucrose
glucose+fructose (table sugar)
lactose
galactose+glucose (dairy)
maltose
glucose dimer (molasses)
Isomaltose
glucose dimer (amylopectin and glycogen)
Oligosaccharide
multiple monosaccharide units
Ex. Rafinnose->Trisaccharide
Polyshaccharide
10+ monosaccharide units
Ex. starch in grains and cereals
such as amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
Dietary fiber
undigestible polysaccharides and non carb compounds PEctin- fruit lignin-veggie mucilage-grains/cereal glycoprotein-legumes physic acid-nuts
Alpha amylase
digests starch and glycogen into glucose, maltose, isomaltose
Produced by salivary glands and pancreas
SGLT-1
Active Na transport (Na-K pump)
Glut-1
passive-brain kidney, placenta, colon, RBCs
Glut-2
Passive- rapid intestine to blood transport (falconi bickel syndrome)
Glut-3
Passive- brain, kidney, placenta
SGLT-1 and Glut-4
Both active
Glut-1 and Glut 3
both for brain, kidney, placenta
Michaelis Menton Equation (Km)
Km=substrate producing velocity at 1/2 max
-how strong affinity enzyme has for substrate
Low km=high affinity
whole foods diet
decreases pace of glucose absorption
galactokinase
activates galactose to Gal-1-P
Galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase
transfers galactose from gal-1-p to UDP-glucose forming UDP-GAC
Cooking
increases glycemic index (GI)
increase fiber intake
decreases GI
increase fructose intake in fruit
decreases GI
Increased GI
Increase risk for DM type II
decrease GI
Decreases cholesterol, LDL, and increase HDL
Evidence to support low GI as primary diet
Little exists
Sweetness of sugars
- Fructose
- Sucrose
- glucose
- galactose
- lactose
protein tyrosine kinase
used by insulin, GH, IGF-1, IGF-11
DM blood levels
Random glucose= >140mg/dl
Fasting glucose= >126mg/dl
HbA1c= >8%
Insulins effects on body
Increase glycolysis Decrease gluconeogenesis Increase glycogenesis decrease glycogenolysis increase lipogenesis decrease lipolysis
Adenylate Cyclase
used by epinephrine, calcitonin, and ADH
Epinephrines effects on body
Decrease glycolysis Increase gluconeogenesis increase glycogenolysis decrease glycogenesis decrease lipogenesis Increase lipolysis
Guanylate Cyclase
Used by NO
Hormone Response element
Used by androgens, estrogens
Phosphoglucomutase (glycogenesis)
G-6-P to G-1-P
Gycogen Synthase(glycogenesis)
UDP-GLc
Branching enzyme(glycogenesis)
Removes 6 glucose chain and attaches alpha 1-6
Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)
breaks alpha 1-4 bond to make G-1-P
Glucan transferase (glycogenolysis)
remaining glucose transfer alpha 1-4
debranching enzyme (glycogenolysis)
removes final alpha 1-6 to release glucose
glycogen synthase phosphorylation-active or inactive
inactive
glycogen phosphorylase phosphorylation-active or inactive
active
1carb= ?kcal
4kcal
DM risk factors
BMI >25 family Hx Ethnic group gestational diabetes hypertension fat and cholesterol
Proteins
Polymers of AA’s as complete or incomplete
Complete proteins
Most animal proteins are complete except collagen (Met, trp)
Incomplete proteins
Most plant proteins are incomplete except soybean
Essential AA’s
Phenylalinine valine threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine alanine leucine lysine
Protease
Enzyme hydrolyzing proteins
Ex: pepsin-stomach
trypsin and chymotrypsinogen-pancreas(zymogen)
peptidase
further digests small peptides in intestine wall
AA’s are water soluble T/F
true
AA storage is limited T/F
true
Protein function
enzyme, hormone, contractile protein, transporter, structural protein
non glycogenic proteins
leucine, lysine
glucose alanine cycle
minor source of energy
Phe forms
tyrosine
tryptophan forms
serotonin
tyrosine forms
melanin
heme synthesis uses what protein
glycine
biosynthesis of sphingolipids
serine
glutamate->
proline
methionine+serine->
cysteine
aspartate/glutamate+glutamine->
asparagine/glutamine
phenylalinine->
tyrosine
serine->
glycine
Branch chain AA’s
leucine, isoleucine, valine-all for muscle growth
process that occurs when AA’s are needed to make glycogen
deamination
Daily protein req for children up to 7mos
2.0g/kg body weight
daily protein req for children over 7 mos
0.8g/kg body weight
children 1-3
5-20% kcal
children 4-18
10-30%kcal
adult
10-25% kcal
kwashiokor
chronic protein deficiency with edema, poor appetite, dermatosis, and hair changes
marasmus
severe protein deficiency with wasting away of mass. no edema, good appetite
protein excess
leads to Ca loss and osteoporosis
BUN used to test
Normal=10-14mg/dL
Diet with increased protein, decreased kcal and fat
Ketogenic diet
Leads to ketosis and kidney problems
Protein supplies what element for tissue repair and growth
nitrogen
aging and illness=decreased nitrogen
biologic value
measures protein retention only
net protein utilization
measures protein retention assuming all proteins are absorbed and digested
animal protein
increased BV, PER, NPU
Increased CAD risk
plant protein
Soy is complete protein, decreased CAD risk
endurance athlete protein needs
1.2-1.4g/kg body weight
body builder protein req
1.6-1.7g/kg body weight
homocysteinemia
increased risk for CAD
Methionine to homocysteine requires
methionine synthase
homocysteine to cysteine requires
vit B6
homocysteine to methionine requires
folate and B12
