Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 351 > MIDTERM I - CHAPTER 3 > Flashcards

MIDTERM I - CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Vul’Fson and Snarskii discover?

A

They were the first to conduct systematic studies of classical conditioning in Pavlov’s laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the first major theoretical perspective of how learning occurred

A

Behaviourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two theories of learning ?

A

1) Classical Conditioning
2) Operant Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is associative learning?

A

When we encounter something in the environment, we can use that to predict something else.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is predictability?

A

When we learn about association in order to make the natural world more predictable, make the world make more sense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define object learning

A

The association of one feature of an object with another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of stimuli combines texture and visual features of the stimuli to elicit a response (ex; salivation)?

A

Orosensory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T or F:

Pavlov’s used procedures where the stimuli to be associated came from different sources, leading to the experimental methods used today.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In Pavlov’s conditioning study, the tone or light that does not elicit salivation prior to the experiment is what kind of stimulus ?

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)
or
Neutral stimulus (NS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In Pavlov’s conditioning study, the food or taste that does elicit salivation prior to the experiment is what kind of stimulus ?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In Pavlov’s conditioning study, the salivation represent what kind of stimulus?

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who won the 1904 Nobel Prize given for role of insulin in digestion

A

Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Pavlov educational trajectory

A

His theories of digestion ended up being wrong (digestion research shifted to hormones), and he had to take a new path so he chose to measure salivation in dogs.

Pavlov took a new perspective on research: associative learning, where new reflexes to stimuli can be acquired through learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What else do we call Classical Conditioning?

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define a conditioned stimulus (CS)

You can use Pavlov’s work to refer to

A

The effectiveness of this conditioned (neutral) stimulus (tone) in eliciting an unconditioned response (salivation), depended on pairing it several times with the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (food).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define a unconditioned stimulus (US)

You can use Pavlov’s work to refer to

A

The effectiveness of the unconditioned stimulus US (food) in eliciting an unconditioned response - UR (salivation) did not depend on any prior training.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define the conditional response (CR)

You can use Pavlov’s work to refer to

A

The salivation that came to be elicited when presented with the conditional stimulus (tone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define the unconditional response (UR)

You can use Pavlov’s work to refer to

A

The salivation that was always by the unconditional stimulus (food).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define “unconditional”

A

stimuli and responses whose properties did not depend on prior training.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define “conditional”

A

stimuli and responses whose properties emerged only after training.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert Experiment?

A

Watson & Rayner (1920)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did the Little Albert experiment do?

A

Conditioned a fear response to the presence of a docile white laboratory rat in 9-month old Albert by banging a hammer on the wall with the presentation of white rat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who believed that infants are first limited in their emotional reactivity, and wanted to uncover a way that the range of stimuli can call out these emotions and increase their compounds?

A

Watson and Rayner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the unconditioned response in the Little Albert experiment (UR) ?

A

The alarming noise caused by hammer banging the wall behind Albert.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do we test fear conditioning in rats?

A

A brief electric shock delivered through a metal grid floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the Little Albert study and be sure to name the stimuli.

A

Unconditioned Stimuli (US) = banging
Paired with
Conditioned/Neutral Stimulus (CS) = white fluffy objects (rat before generalization)

Conditioned response (CR) = fear from the white rat, which generalized.

Unconditioned response (UR) = fear from the loud noise

White fluffy objects developed meaning and was then predicted of the loud noise. This generalized to anything that held to properties of the rat, in Albert’s case, white and fluffy. (Ex: fear induced by Santa Mask, white bunnies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do humans show fear?

A

crying - screaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do rats show fear ?

A

Freezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is defined as an immobility of the body that is a common defence response that occurs in anticipations of aversive stimulation?

A

Freezing

30
Q

Whats the US in eyeblink conditioning?

A

Airpuff

31
Q

Whats the UR in an eyeblink conditioning?

A

Blink

32
Q

Whats the CS in eyeblink conditioning?

A

Tone

33
Q

Whats the CR is eyeblink conditioning

A

Blink

34
Q

Freezing is what type of behaviour?

A

Suppressed Behaviour which is the absence of typical behaviours.

35
Q

Describe the acquisition of freezing response during noise-shock by Reger et al. (2012).

A

Little freezing in the first trial when rats were presented with the CS (white noise)

Once the CS was paired with the US (shock), the rats were freezing 70% of the time.

36
Q

What is another study demonstrating fear conditioning in rats, other than the noise-shock?

A

Lick-suppression procedure, where rats stop licking the spout of water despite being deprived of water once a fear CS is presented (example: tone).

37
Q

Describe conditioning in animals with one experiment.

(Rats + Lever)

A

In phase 1: train rats to press a lever for food.
US: food
UR: press lever for food

In phase 2 : pairing
Trained to associate CS (light) with US (shock).
CS = light
US = shock
UR = fear caused by shock
CR = fear caused by light, even without shock.

In phase 3, CS (tone) is presented during lever pressing.

Researchers Dv = they were measuring the suppression ratio or direct freezing.
As learning occurs, you see suppression of the typical behaviour so much that they rarely press the lever when the CS is presented (the light turns on).

Fear has been conditioned. Light has become predictive of shock.

38
Q

Explain Eyeblink experiment in rats.

A

Context: Rabbits blink readily to the puff of air (innate)

US : puff of air to eye
UR : eye blink

Hundreds of trials

CS : tone or light (rabbits dont care)
CR : gradual eye closure (blink)

This shows us :

1) Learning has occurred because the
CR PREPARES US TO AVOID THE US (puff to eye)

2) the effectiveness of the CS builds over many pairings with the US, gradual conditioned response.

39
Q

T or F

In most cases, classical conditioning builds very quickly.

A

False. It builds over time.

40
Q

In eye-blink conditioning in rabbits what is different with the CR (eye-blink in response to light)?

A

This learned eye blink is a reflex (CR), but its demonstration is different because it is anticipatory. This doesn’t need to take the same form as a reactionary US (eyeblink to puff of air)

41
Q

What kind of reflex is the Eyeblink UR in the rabbit that occurs in response to the Airpuff US?

A

Reactionary Reflex

42
Q

What kind of reflex is the Eyeblink CR that occurs in the rabbit in response to the tone CS?

A

Anticipatory reflex after conditioned

(Predictive)

43
Q
A
44
Q

the eye blink conditioning test was performed on

A) rabbits
B) rats
C) 5-month old infants
D) all of the above

A

D

45
Q

In the eye blink conditioning experiment in 5- month old infants, identify the stimulus

A

CS: Tone present for 750 milisec
US: gentle puff of air

Group 1
CS always ended with US (puff of air) 12 seconds apart

Group 2

CS always ended with US (puff of air) 4-8 seconds apart in an unpaired fashion.

2 training sessions each

Group 1 (paired) responded to CS at a higher ate from beginning of second session

46
Q

What did the eye blink experiment in five month old infants illustrate?

A

1) Classical conditioning requires the pairing of a CS and US

2) Learning was not observeable at first. Only showed increase in paired group (1) when they were returned to the experiment situation

3) learning vs performance : babies learnt that CS was related to the US in session one but didn’t show it until session 2

47
Q

Why are domesticated rabbits ideal for eye blink conditioning studies?

A

They are sedentary and rarely blink in the absence of an air puff or irritation.

Conditioned increases in responding can be readily detected

48
Q

What encouraged the belief that classical conditioning occurs only in reflexive response systems?

A

Pavlov’s research on salivation and highly reflexive responses

49
Q

What is sign tracking? (Autoshaping)

A

Movement toward and possibly contact with a stimulus that signs the availability of a positive reinforcer, such as food.

50
Q

Give an example of sign tracking.

A

Brown & Jenkisn (1968)

Pigeons placed in an experimental chamber that had a small key that would light up 8 seconds before birds were given access to food (last 4 seconds)

Instead of using the key light to tell them when they should walk over to the food bowl and peck , they pecked directly at the key light

51
Q

What was concluded from Brown and Jenkins 1968 pigeon key light study?

A

For conditioned pecking to occur, the key light has to be paired with the food

52
Q

When sign tracking for good dramatically increased?

A

When the signal is located far from the food source

53
Q

Burns & Domjan extended a long box procedure in what study?

A

Test of sign tracking in sexual conditioning of male domesticated quail

54
Q

Describe the study of sign tracking in sexual conditioning in male quails

A

CS : wood block lowered from ceiling 30 sec before female partner was introduced
Despite long distance , males approached CS instead of doors where the female is introduced.

Pairing CS with sexual reinforcement made the CS such an attractive stimulus that birds were drawn nearly 8 feet away.

55
Q

What made sign tracking a valuable model model system for studying learning processes and neural mechanisms in dev of drug addiction?

A

Individual differences in sign tracking are correlated with individual differences in impulsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse

56
Q

How do we typically examine individual differences in sign tracking ?

A

Laboratory Rats

57
Q

Describe the test for individual differences in sign tracking done on rats.

A

Rats placed in experimental chamber with food cup in middle of one of the walls.
CS : Slot with lever
US: food pellet delivered to food cup

Conditioning trial: insert one lever for 8 sec. Lever is withdrawn and food pellet given.

Results :
1/3 rats conditioned to sign track the slot w lever.
1/3 rats ignore lever but approach and poke heads into the food cup when CS present
(Goal tracking)

58
Q

What is goal tracking and in what experiment is it shown?

A

Goal tracking is a conditioned behaviour that tracks the goal object (food)

This was seen in the study of rats in a chamber w slots for levers and food pellet presentation after lever was withdrawn

59
Q

T or F

Individual differences are genetically based and sign and goal tracking help with understanding susceptibility to drug abuse.

A

True

60
Q

Rats selectively bred for high locomotor responsivity in a novel environment show ___________________ .

A

Sign Tracking

61
Q

Rats selectively bred for low locomotor responsivity in a novel environment show ___________________ .

A

Goal Tracking

62
Q

Do we want goal tracking or sign tracking in our results for an experiment, especially in learning?

A

Goal tracking. This means an animal focuses on the actual reward.

63
Q

When an animal pays attention to a “sign” or cue that predicts the reward, that is clear _______________________.

A

sign tracking

64
Q

T or F

A taste aversion is learned if a flavour is paired with nutritional repletion or other positive consequences

A

No this is taste preference

65
Q

What is the typical food aversion learning experience?

A

Eating a distinctively flavoured food and then getting sick.

66
Q

What is an example of an expirement that conducted taste aversion test?

A

Aversion to food eaten before chemotherapy treatment (because this causes nausea, which can cause a taste aversion)

67
Q

Describe a typical food aversion test done with animals in labs

A

Saccharin aversion in rats

68
Q

Describe the Conditioned Taste Aversion test of Saccharin in rats

A

Use notes

69
Q

What are two special features of the taste-illness pairing?

A

1) Strong taste aversions can be learned with just one pairing of the flavour and illness.

2) taste aversion learning occurs even if the illness does not occur until several hours after exposure to the novel taste

70
Q
A

PSYC 351 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions