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Therio > midterm - horse > Flashcards

midterm - horse Flashcards

0
Q

estrus is how many days in the mare

A

4 - 7 days

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1
Q

factors that affect pregnancy rates

A
  • stallion fertility
  • reproductive health of mare
  • breeding close to ovulation
  • early pregnancy detection
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2
Q

diestrus is how many days in the mare

A

14 days

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3
Q

mare is under what hormone during estrus?

A

estrogen

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4
Q

mare is under what hormone during diestrus

A

progesterone

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5
Q

characteristics of mare in estrus

A
  • teasing = receptive
  • follicle > 30mm
  • absence of CL
  • uterine edema
  • uterus feels “doughy”
  • relaxed cervix
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6
Q

characteristics of mare in diestrus

A
  • teasing = out
  • follicles of any size
  • CL present
  • no edema
  • uterus is firm
  • cervix closed
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7
Q

what size is an ovulatory follicle usually?

A

> 35mm

average = 40 - 45mm

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8
Q

what ovulatory agents do you give to induce ovulation

A

deslorelin acetate (which is like GnRH)

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (which is like LH)

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9
Q

deslorelin acetate:

  • what characteristics must be present to give it
  • what does it act like
  • what does it do
A

must have > 30mm follicle, estrus edema and relaxed cervis

it acts like GnRH

will cause ovulation in 40 - 48 hours post-administration

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10
Q

hCG: what characteristics must be present to give it, what does it act like, what does it do?

A
  • must have at least a >35mm follicle (larger than deslorelin acetate)
  • it acts like LH
  • will cause ovulation in 24 - 48 hours post administration
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11
Q

what happens if mare ovulates early?

A

you “short cycle” her

  • you administer PGF2alpha 5 days post-ovulation. it causes luteolysis
  • CL regresses and mare comes back into estrus within 5 - 7 days
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12
Q

what is the goal when breeding a mare?

A

inseminate mare as CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to ovulation

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13
Q

oocyte lifespan

A

~1 day

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14
Q

lifespan of:
fresh semen
chilled semen
frozen semen

A 
fresh = 48+
chilled = 24 - 48 hours
frozen = 12 hours post-thaw
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15
Q

when inseminating with fresh semen

A
  • breed every other day
  • need at least 500 million progressively motile sperm
  • stop breeding when mare ovulates
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16
Q

breeding with fresh cooled semen

A
  • *if an ovulation induction agent is given at the time semen is ordered the mare will ovulate about 12 hours after the semen arrives and is deposited in the mare**
  • 1 billion sperm
  • semen has a 24 hour lag bc its being shipped
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17
Q

AI with frozen-thawed semen

A

limited sperm due to sperm capacitation that occurs with freezing/thawing process.
goal: semen should be placed in uterus within:
</= 8 hours AFTER ovulation

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18
Q

Post breeding management

A
  • monitor for ouvlation on daily/every other day basis
  • onitor for anovulatory hemorrhagic follicles and increased uterine fluid
  • all mares experience physiologic endometritis after breeding - it should resolve itself in 12 - 24 hours
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19
Q

pregnancy detection

A

1st exam: 14 - 16 days post-ovulation

look for twins! monitor pregnancy (early embryonic death)

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20
Q

day 13 - 18 after ovulation

A

tubular tract is toned, distinct bifurcation
cervix is tightly closed, narrow and elongated
active ovaries
false diagnosis of pregnancy can occur due to embryonic death or persistent luteal activity

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21
Q

when can twins be diagnosed?

A

day 13 - 15

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22
Q

day 13 - 15

A

twins diagnosed

23
Q

when is manual embryo crush best performed?

A

day 16 - 17

24
Q

day 20 - 25

A
  • guitar pick shape
  • rarely detectable with palpation
  • day 24 = embryonic heartbeat
25
Q

embryonic heartbeat starts when?

A

day 24

26
Q

day 30 - 35

A

can palpate
size of egg
at base of uterine horn

27
Q

35 - 40

A

tennis ball

28
Q

45 - 50

A

softball

  • if fetal twins at greater than day 40, you form endometrial cups at day 36. they secrete eCG which will persist after fetal death
  • descent to ventral wall complete by day 48
29
Q

how do you manage fetal twins after day 40 of gestation?

A
  1. transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration 30%
  2. cranio-cervical dislocation - 60%
  3. cardiac puncture - 60 - 65%
30
Q

day 60

A

football sized
- vesicle expands into uterine body
less tone in gravid horn, non-gravid horn = toned

31
Q

day 59 - 68 (day 65)

A

fetal sex is determined by locating genital tubercle
rear of legs = female
near umbilicus = male

32
Q

day 75 - 120

A

basketball sized

uterus pulled ventrally

33
Q

day 100

A

another time to ID the gender

- can see udders

34
Q

day 150 - 200

A

uterine descent complete

fetal ballottment consistent

35
Q

paraphimosis

A

inability to retract penis back into prepuce

it causes inflammatino that can eventually compress vasculature and cause necrosis

36
Q

paraphimosis
causes
treatment

A

causes: trauma, inflammation, phenothiazine tranquilizers

its an emergency

tx: replace penis into preputial cavity, system and local abx, hydrotherapy, massage, NSAIDS

37
Q

swabs for bacterial culture

A

prewash: prepuce, body of penis, fossa glandis
then do scrotal wash
postwash: urethra
post-ejaculation: urethra and semen

38
Q

bacteria we are concerned about:

A
  1. pseudomonas aeruginosa
    - can be transferred to mare
    - “civilized water”
    - serotypes 2, 3, 5

klebsiella pneumonia

  • wood
  • transferred to mare
  • capsule types 1, 2, 5

taylrella equigenitalis - reportable disease, not seen in US

39
Q

how do you treat pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella pneumonia

A

local treatment ONLY
NO SYSTEMIC ABX! - just need to change pH of penis

pseudomonas - dilute HCl
Klebsiella - dilute bleach

40
Q

what motility and morphology are we looking for

A

60% for both

41
Q

total sperm number formula

A

total sperm number (billions) = volume (ml) x concentration (millions)

42
Q

how do we measure scrotum in stallions?

A

width

NOT circumference like in cows!!

43
Q

is sperm production correlated with scrotal width the same way sperm production is correlated with scrotum circumference in cows?

A

NO!

44
Q

Hernia
what is it
predisposing factors
clinical signs

A
  • emergency: intestines entered the vaginal cavity thru the vaginal ring

predisposing factors: enlarged vaginal ring, bleeding, exercise, transport, infestations of vaginal cavity

clinical signs: enlarged scrotum, pain, crepitus, systemic signs if intestines strangulated

45
Q

hernia
dx
tx

A

dx = rectal palpation, ultrasound

tx = surgical, castration recommended

46
Q

hydrocele

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the vaginal cavity

predisposing factors: high temperatures, communication between vaginal and peritoneal cavities, exercise

rarely important, usually painless, no effect on fertility

no tx necessary - can treat symptomatically with ice packs, hydrotherapy, NSAIDS, aspiration of fluid

47
Q

severe hydrocele

A

severe hydrocele may affect testicular perfusion and semen quality via thermoregulation

48
Q

torsion of the spermatic cord < 180 degrees

A

does not cause problems

49
Q

torsion of spermatic cord > 180 degrees

A 
emergency
- severe colic
testicular ischemia
neative effects on contralateral testis
tx - surgical
50
Q

etiology of occluded ampullae

A

individual predisposition = “sperm accumulators”
low frequency ejaculators
physical causes - cystic abnormalities

51
Q

occluded ampullae
clinical signs
dx
tx

A 
clinical signs:
- azoospermia (no sperm in ejaculate)
- large number of tailess sperm heads 
dx:
- rectal palpation
- ultrasound evaluation 
tx:
- manual massage per rectum
- administration of oxytocin before ejaculation
- frequent ejaculation
52
Q

seminal vesiculitis

etiology

A

bacterial infection:
klebsiella eruginosa
pseudomonas pneumonia
streptococcus zooepidemicus

53
Q

seminal vesiculitis

clinical signs

A 
clinical signs: 
infertility
poor semen quality
pyospermia = WBCs in semen
hemospermia
54
Q

seminal vesiculitis

dx and tx

A

dx:
clinical signs
inflammatory cells in semen
positive culture results

tx:
lavage
infusion of abx

55
Q

equine viral arteritis

A
  1. serum neutralization or complement fixation - blood serum

2. virus isolation or detection of viral nucleic acid - semen

56
Q

satisfactory

A

free of veneral pathogens
>60% progressively motile sperm
>60% morphologically normal sperm
>1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm

  • satisfactory means stallion can breed 40 mares or AI 120 mares in 1 season

Therio (3 decks)

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