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Therio > Midterm - Cow > Flashcards

Midterm - Cow Flashcards

0
Q

abnormalities of the penis and prepuce?

A
  1. neoplasia
  2. persistent frenulum
  3. prolpased prepuce
  4. hematoma
  5. skin separation
  6. laceration
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1
Q

seminal vesiculitis
what is it?
how is it dx?

A

the only frequently diagnosed disease of the bovine accessory sex glands

dx = palpation and by precipitate and cells in semen

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2
Q

fibropapilloma

A

most commonly seen in young bulls (though they are common among all ages)

  • mild cases clear after exicision
  • NOT considered a venereal disease
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3
Q

penile hematoma

A

caused by trauma during bleeding - usually a tear that causes significant bleeding and swelling

  • usually followed by a prolapsed prepuce
  • requires 3-4 months rest
  • sometimes can require surgical correction
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4
Q

prolapsed prepuce

  • breed predilection?
  • what is it?
A
  • most common problem of the prepuce
  • most common in Bos indicus breeds with pendulous prepuce
  • angus bulls can also be predisposed
  • injury to preputial tissue with edema
  • sequel to hematoma of the penis
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5
Q

scrotal circumference

A

most easily reproduceable measurement for testicular mass in the bull

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6
Q

what 3 things are highly correlated in bulls up to 3 years of age

A
  1. scrotal circumference
  2. testicular size
  3. sperm production
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7
Q

benefits of using bulls with large scrotal circumference

A
  1. earlier puberty for sons and daughters
  2. reduced testicular hypoplasia or degeneration mixed with breeding herd
  3. daughters have more active ovaries
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8
Q

what is the rule with age and scrotal circumference

A

15 - 18 months = 31 - 32cm

18 - 24 months = 32 - 34cm

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9
Q

what nerves are involved with erection?

A

a sacral parasympathetic nerve including the internal pudendal nerve

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10
Q

how is semen usually collected? what is usually used to cause ejaculation?
what alternative method can be used?

A
  1. electro-ejaculation

2. rectally massage the pampullae

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11
Q

in order for a bull to be reproductively sound, what percent of progressive motility is required?

A

30%

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12
Q

what is the minimum recommended threshold for sperm morphology?

A

70% normal spermatozoa

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13
Q

primary sperm abnormalities generally involve what?

A

the seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

secondary sperm abnormalities generally involve what?

A

epididymis or vas deferans

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15
Q

what is required to be classified as satisfactory breeding potential

A
  1. must pass minimum threshold of: scrotal circumference, % motility, % normal morphology
  2. does not show genetic, infectious or other problems
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16
Q

unsatisfactory

A
  • below one or more of the following thresholds: scrotal circumference, % motility or % normal morphology
    • and highly unlikely to ever improve
  • any genetic faults or irrevocable physical problems (including infectious diseases which could compromise breeding or fertility
17
Q

deferred

A
  • suggest re-examination date for bulls that do not fit in either satisfactory or unsatisfactory category
  • it is for bulls that are substandard but have the capability to improve
  • the most common reason for deferring a bull by far is HEAT STRESS: it will cause motility to decrease and will increase the number of abnormal sperm
18
Q

2 venereal diseases to worry about:

A
  1. protozoa: protozoal trichomonas fetus (most common)

2. bacteria: campylobacter venerealis fibriosis

19
Q

at the end of the day, what do we want to see in a BSE?

A

normal scrotal circumference:
15 - 18 months: 31 - 32cm
18 - 24 months: 32 - 34cm

30% sperm motility
70% normal sperm morphology

20
Q

VWP =

A

40 - 70 days

21
Q

dry off period

A

60 days

you want dry off period to occur at 7 months of gestation.

22
Q

4 reproductive indices of reproductive efficiency

A
  1. VWP
  2. estrous detection rate
  3. conception rate
  4. pregnancy loss
23
Q

pregnancy rate =

A

estrous detection rate x conception rate

24
Q

why do we have a VWP?

A

for uterine involution and early onset of ovarian cyclicity

25
Q

VWP depends on 4 things

A

ideal interval to pregnancy
pregnancy rate
repro program for first AI
fertility of first AI

26
Q

PGF2alpha causes

A

luteolysis

27
Q

GnRH causes

A

LH peak and ovulation as well as FSH and recruitment of new follicular pool

28
Q

in beef cattle we expect a pregnancy rate of about ___?

what is their formula?

A 
80%
# cows pregnant / # cows with bulls during breeding period
29
Q

pregnancy rate for dairy cattle is about ___?

what is their forumula

A

average 17%

of pregnant cows / # eligible cows to become pregnant

30
Q

what is the primary sign of estrus in a cow?

A

standing to be mounted

31
Q

what is the most common cause of failure to exhibit estrus?

A

ketosis - negative energy balance

32
Q

what 3 things happens when a cow is in negative energy balance?

A

low LH due to low glucose

low insulin growth factor

33
Q

what type of cysts are most common in cows

A

luteal cysts - wasn’t enough LH to complete ovulation but there was partial luenization

34
Q

dx a follicular cyst

A
  1. no CL

2. anovulatory follicle > 25mm checked 2x 10 days apart

35
Q

tx for follicular cyst

A

best treatment is ovsynch!!

36
Q

what type of tumor is most common

A

granulosa cell tumor

37
Q

pyometra

A
  1. purulent exudate in lumen of uterus

2. persistant CL so she is in anestrus

38
Q

two types of pyometra

A

post-partum - ovulates when there is infection and progesterone makes bacteria go crazy

post-coital - venereal disease

39
Q

tx of pyometra

A

PGF2alpha

40
Q

segmental aplasia

what is it and tx

A

ovary has a CL but is missing a uterine horn, so you have a persistant CL bc the horn is missing so you can’t release PGF2alpha

tx: unilateral ovariectomy

41
Q

infectious causes of infertility (5)

A
  1. bovine viral diarrhea
  2. herpes
  3. lepto
  4. clostridial disease
  5. e.coli

Therio (3 decks)

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