Midterm for CT&S Flashcards
Overview:
Full Synergy -> What’s “vertical integration”?
Control Production (Content)
- > Distribution (Channel)
- > Consumption (Reception)
Overview:
Marxist’s economic view of culture:
When you control the marterial interest (economy), then you are ableto control ideal interest (ideas & thoughts)
Overview:
Who invented “multimedia information packinging”?
William Randolph Hearst
Overview:
3 major transformations in mass media technologies in modern times:
1) Penny Press (and the emergence of reading public)
2) Over-the-air broadcasting Radio & TV
3) Computer-based production, storage, & distribution of info and entertainment
Overview:
Telecommunications Act of 1996:
“Free market” “open competition” in both info and transmission services: Marry media w/ telecommunications (e.g. phone company w/ cale TV, satellite);
To sacrifice public interests & increase big media company’s private interests
Overview:
Marshall McLuhan:
Technological determinism… technology teaches us how to think… vs. Cultural determinism: The other way around is true
Overview:
The characteristic of post-industrial society:
A knowledege (info-) based society/economy
Overview:
1st Amendment & the golden rule of “freedom of speech”:
“The Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press”; 1st Amendment limits on gov’t involvment in media market
Overview:
Concept of “Common Carrier” vs “Electronic Publishing”
As a common carrier (like phone company), the media shoudl provide non-dscriminatory access for all users.
But if the media function like “electronic publishing”, then they can choose users according to thier contents
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution -
APRA (Defense Dept.) & the invention of internet
APRA - Advance Research Projects Agency: backed an experiment to connect computers across the country as a way to exchange messages and share thier processing power.
3 main transformations:
- Vastly increase the world’s computing power.
- Internet emerged as first working model of the “global info superhighway”
- Internet gave birth to new industry dedicated to developing new ways to use it & sevices to sell across it
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
The Death of Distance
No longer determine cost of communiation electronically. Organize types of work in 3 shits: (3 main time zones) America, East Asia/Australia, & Europe
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
The Fate of Location
No longer will it be a key to business decisions. Perform online services.
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
Increased Mobility
Every form of communication will be available for mobile or remote use.
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
The Inversion of Home & Office
More ppl work @ home, the line between work & home life will blur.
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
The Shift 4m Gov’t Policing to Self-Policing
Harder to enforce laws banning child porn, libel, & other criminal/subversive material & those protecting copyright & other intellectual property
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
Rebirth of Cities
Transform 4m concentrations of office employment to centers of entertainment & culture
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-1) The roots of revolution - List:
The Rise of English
Global role of English as a 2nd language will strengthen as it becomes the common standard for telecommunicating in business & commerce
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-2) Technological & Economic Origins of the Information Society -
Industrialization
Creates the crises of control (both control of of things & people), regulation of social forces
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-2) Technological & Economic Origins of the Information Society -
Social Control
B4 industrial revolution depends on personal relationships & face-to-face interactions, but after the revolution control is accomplished by means of bureaucracy, transportation & telecommunications network & mass media.
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-2) Technological & Economic Origins of the Information Society -
What’s revolution? Where is the concept from? Astronomy
Resoration of a previous form of goverment;
First appeared in political discourse in 17th-century England
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-2) Technological & Economic Origins of the Information Society -
Max Weber
Beuracracy as part of rationalization; Governing ppl & administer things
1) Standardized time zone
2) Standardized paper form
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(1-2) Technological & Economic Origins of the Information Society -
Digitalization/Internet Technology
“Interface” between humans & machines:
1) It blurs the clear distinction between human & machine communication
2) It blurs the distinction between different media/different info types
3) Digitalization promises to transform different forms of info into a generalized medium
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(2-1) Principles of Mediamorphosis -
Mediamorphosis
Instead of studying new media form seperately, Mediamorphosis regards all media as constituent of an interdependent system.
This concept studies communication system as a whole.
According to this view, new media dont arise spontaneously and independently - they emerged gradually from the metamorphosis of old media.
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(2-1) Principles of Mediamorphosis -
Paul Saffos’s 30 Year Rule
The month of time required for new ideas to fully seep into a culture has consistently averages about three decades.
First Decade: Lots of excitment, lots of puzzlement, not a lot of penetration
2nd Decade: Lots of flux, penetration of product into society is beginning
3rd Decade: “Oh, so what?” Just a standard technology & everybody has it
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(2-1) Principles of Mediamorphosis -
Historical study of FM radio; Why did it fail in 30s
- Need of companies: Great depression, AM radio dominated, & no market for FM radio
- Requirements of other technologies: RCA: see TV as the more promising medium more research went to TV rather than FM radio
- Regulatory & legal actions: FCC gave more spectrum to TV rather than the FM radio
- General social forces: Economic difficulty during the great depression
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(2-1) Principles of Mediamorphosis -
Historical study of FM radio; Why did it succeeded in 60s
- Needs of companies: competition w/ TV, FM radio replaces AM radio; low costs & can target niche audience
- Requriements of other technologies: the invention of hi-fi & stereo, playing back technologies, etc…
- Regulatory & legal actions: Nation Public Radio(NPR) & more reserved space for FM radio stations
- General social forces: Rock n’ roll music & teenagers & the rise of FM radio
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(2-1) Principles of Mediamorphosis -
Mediamorphosis 3 concepts
- Coevolution: Coevolution & coexistence have been the norm since the 1st organisms made their debut on the planet
- Convergence: Negropontes’s revelation that “all communication technologies are suffering a joint metamorphosis - can only be understood as a single subject
- Complexity: Chaos is an essential component of change
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-1) Convergence & Its Consequences -
What’s convergence?
The coming together of computing, telecommunications, & media in a digital environment
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-1) Convergence & Its Consequences -
Convergence impact on mass communication
1-Impact on content/schedule(how & when) 2-Impact on media organization's relationships w/ audience 3-Increased media consumption 4-Active media production & distribution 5-Distribution alters balance of power 6-Fragmentation & "daily me" 7-Centralized -> decentralized media 8-Concentration of media ownership -> oligopoly
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-3) The fast-forward, on-demand, network-smashing future of televison -
Sony & “Time Shift”
Time Shift: the consumers have the control over time/we can choose when to watch/threatens advertising (commericals)
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-3) The fast-forward, on-demand, network-smashing future of televison -
Product Placement
Product integration, to use the current buzzword.
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-3) The fast-forward, on-demand, network-smashing future of televison -
DVR’s ambivalent relationship w/ ad business
On one hand, it can help viewers “screen” commercials, on other hand it can provide ad business w/ consumer’s info(zip code, & individual household info)
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-3) The fast-forward, on-demand, network-smashing future of televison -
In the future
TV would devolve into little more than digitally distributed home video business
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-4) Digital Cinema, Take 2 -
“Digital Mastering”
The conversion of a sequence or an entire film to digital form
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-4) Digital Cinema, Take 2 -
Digitalizing films combines art & science
Artistic talent & coding skills
Textbook One: Living in the Info Age:
(3-4) Digital Cinema, Take 2 -
Why digital films may never replace films
These two medias will co-exist, bc these 2 media have different textures
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 38 -
Genealogy of new media
Parallel development of
1-Modern Media: Print, radio, TV, etc…
2-Computing: Digital codes/bytes
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 39 -
HTML, HTTP, & URL
HTML - Hypertext markup language; allow the web to handle different data formats
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol; guide the exchange of info bewtween Web browsers & web servers
URL - Uniform Resource Locator; standard address format that specifies both the type of application protocol being used and the address of the computer that had the desired data
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 40 -
Remediation & Hypermediacy
Remediation - Taking an existing -> make it new; any medium conducted mediated communication
1-Convention: Traditional
2-Invention - New way
Hypermediacy - What you see, giving update immediate; webcombines both to give you update w/ sense of reality
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 17 -
Telegraph
The first medium to seperate “transportation” & “communication”
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 17 -
Telegraph shifts speculation
From space to time, from arbitrage to futures
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 17 -
Movement of commodities out of space & into time had 3 consequences(impacts) of great importance in examining the effect of telegraph
1-Decontextualization (delocalization)
2-Representations
3-Standardization
Summary: Depends on # of specific changes in markets & the commodity system. Required info to move independently & faster. Required prices be made uniform in space.
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 17 -
Commodity Fetishism
Required be seperated from receipts the represent them & reduce to uniform grades.
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 25 -
Growing importance of wireless for human communication
Wireless - makes it more immediate
-Titanic
-Telephone
Two things to happen at once
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 25 -
The Present
1-Sequence: Past - Present - Future (Tiny slice of present - cross out) 2-Simultaneity: Happened at same time (the present)
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 25 -
Modern Journalism; Simultaneity of experiences
Telephonic journalism; 5 years later started such a news service in Budapest & expanded into a comprehensive entertainmentservice with outlets in homes;
Timetable of programs: concerts, lectures, dramatic readings, newspaper reviews, stock market reprts, & direct transmissions of speeches by parliment
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 26 -
Radio & Publicity
Bring messages to the public
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 26 -
FCC & its definition of radio
Radio as Broadcasting - “a person engage in radio broadcasting shall not, insofar as such a person is so engaged, be deemed a common carrier”
CC: operate point-to-point, deliver thier goods to a definite address & must be accessible to anyone & accountable for the tariffs they charge.
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 26 -
Common Carrier vs Broadcasting
CC- involves publicly controlled transmission but private reception
Broadcasting- Involves privately controlled transmission but public reception
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 26 -
Communication as dissemination
Spreading out; as sender we cannot control who listens (result of message)
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 27 -
Commercial radio is a social decision
how radio became a commercial commodity; from point-to-point to commercial commodity; a social-cultural decision rather than a natural thing…
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 27 -
AT&T & Toll broadcasting and the first network radio
1-toll broadcasting= had to pay
2-network= central station – are cost affect
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 27 -
Radio, culture, & assimilation
Anglo-conformity, national culture, & national identity
Radio helped immigrates adapted to white American ways/the radio is the 1st national medium/ because it helped the govt. establish national identity audience
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 31 -
Dilemma of commercial TV
TV is a dilima of private initities and public resources
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 31 -
NBC David Sarnoff & CBS William Paley
NBC and CBS are against govt.-owned TV/ wanting their own private interest
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 31 -
Early TV Audience
TV audience are trained to watch; From Elite(Quality was high—anthology drama) to mass audience(the quality of TV became low)
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 33 -
TV, domestic space & the family value, consumerism
After WW2—men came back/post WW2, how TV rebuild the family/reconstruct the family value/the very important domestic space
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 33 -
How TV commodity portrayed as a culture center which can glue the family together
TV was placed in the central part of the home—domestic space/symbolically making room for TV, you bring family back (family togetherness)
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 35 -
Reading/Writing & Logic/Reason
Reading is an ordered process requring us to sit at a table, consume ideas from left to right & make judgements of truth & falsehood
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 35 -
Word Vs Nature
Comparison of word (logic/reason) vs. nature (chaos/disorder)
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 35 -
Protestantism Vs Catholicism
Word Vs Image
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 35 -
TV: Eternal present, no past. The danger of TV
TV - works againts this linear tradition;
Transition from anchors reporting on a natural disasture to a commercial about your desperate need for an electric toothbrush
Textbook Two: Communication in History:
CH 35 -
Literate education should be word-based/logocentric
Need to emphasize logical thinking;
By reading - teaches us to reason
By watching TV - breaks the habits of lgical thinking with its unconnected images
