Final for CT&S Flashcards
The problematic
Rich media will make poor democracy?
How media giants can control the global market
Deregulation of media ownership, privatization in European & Aisan markets & new communication technologies
*Horizontal integration
Control a significant slice of specific media sectors
*Neoliberalism
“Free market”; deregulation; see more privatization in media
Cultural Imperialism vs Cultural Protectionism
Cultural Imperialism - to do w/ empire; to a certain degree; the colonizers
Cultural Protectionism - Quotas; Gov’t uses polocies to protect culture; ex) Tawain only allow 20 movies to import bc they worry.
The global commercial media system is radical in the following aspects
Respect no tradition or custom, since it is profit-oriented.
However, politically it is quite conservative: preserve is a status quo, dont challenge the capitalist economic structure (unequal social relations)
The press as the Fourth Estate
Constantly accused of dominating markets, dumbing down the news to plump up the bottom line & forcing U.S. content on world audiences.
More regulation of media is NOT in the public interest
Free-market ideology, only free competitionwill create freer marketplace of ideas
- Telecommunication Acts of 1996
- Clear Channel’s domincation of radio
- Represented a major change in American telecommunication law since internet as included in broadcasting and spectrum allotmen.
- Clear Channel maintains a similar chokehold on live music in almost every city in America; Controls so much, but why if media is public?
History/story of Clearn Channel reaches 200 million ppl, more than 70% of the Amer. ppl
They own 1,225 stations within the U.S., around 11% overall.
Broadcast from at least 200 more stations abroad, and they own or control more live-music venues than any other company.
Clear Channel build its empire not from
new franchises, but by local operations
Music business is ‘symbiosis’ between radio stations & music talents
Clear Channel wants you to identify with the brand so fully that you don’t recognize it as a brand at all but rather as yourself
The debate over radio
The airwave is a provate property or public resources
Google changed the concept of time
make our past “present and permanent; radical notion for a medium usually defined by its ability to constantly update itself
Archives & privacy
Kahle & Gilliat began the process of archiving web into a big permanent album.
Privacy & security will trample by the obscure internet archive & mainstream google
*Weblog
self-published e-mail journals; transform passive audience to participatory public
*Mass communication
Public communication carefully information by the media giants -> individual expression of a worldwide scale
R.Blood quotes
“Weblogs are no panacea for the crippling effects of a media-saturated culture but they are one antidote”
R. Williams
TV is not just pictures, but “flow”(flood of images); TV & drama in built into our daily life
Constant TV households
Homes which tv is on most of the time
Who watches more?
Japs watch more tv than Amer & Amer more than Western Europeans
Marshal McLuhan says technology
is an extension of man/humankind; ambivalent = mixed
Unlimmited media, economic expansion, individual desire
Modern society helps us cultivate our desires
Culture of unlimmited
keep helping us with our imagination of our images
Table 9-1 Distinguishing features of new media/formats
1) Multimedia: Web
2) Audience Participation: Web, & Townhalls
3) Caller Feedback: Web, Townhalls, Call-in TV, & Radio
4) Visuals: Web, Townhalls, Call-in TV, & TV
5) Audio: Web, Townhalls, Call-in TV, Talk Radio, &TV
Civic relevance of new media/formats
1) Political entertainment TV
2) Political talk radio
3) Political call-in-TV
4) Electronic townhall forum
5) Internet
The consequence of a fragmented speech market
Negative dark side; info can be filtered - w/ this power, then can have thier own kind of media (what we want).
Daily me generation
?
New communication technologies make self-segregation possible
More & louder echoes of their own voices
*Fairness Doctrine
Broadcast; share different views to be fair; Group
*Digital Divide
Never only a technical issue, but a broader social issue
J. Light quotes
“Technology is not neutral tool w/ universal effects. But rather a medium w/ consequences that are significantly shaped by the historical, social & cultural context of its use”
Telephone w/ universal service
Having been part of the impetus for creating the FCC in 1934
The naive view of overcoming digital divide
Introducing computers, creating cyberspace, which can free inividuals from other social constraints
Big mistake of arguing about getting rid of the digital divide
Will overcome the social divide, creating technological utopia willl help us construct a social utopia
Historical case of cable TV in late 1960s
Technological fix of a social (racial) inequality … constructing a wired city, & wired nation
Ideally, cable TV designed to become
A public info utility, a tool for social reform. BUT in reality cable tv becomes another medium for commercialized entertainment
Digital divide debate is based upon a
technological determinist assumption that closing gaps in access to computers will mitigate broader inequalities; technological change -> social change
Conclusion of rethinking the digital divide
History of cable tv and other innovative technologies have showed us the political and commercial interests always shape the ultimate form & use of technology
Demensions of Access across Levels of Analysis
Individual -Content: Cognitive -Technological: Physical Aggregate -Content: Social -Technological: System
*Technological access
Physical access to a computer and system access (access to the network)
Content access and motivation to use IT
Motivation to use IT has a lot to do with self-efficacy & system efficacy.
Self-Efficacy: the sense of being able to cope w/ social world
System Efficacy: a sense of how well the social system works to generate individual motivations
Congnitive access to images is
Egalitarian, regardless of SES status; BUT the process textual info requires the recognition & decoding of abstract symbols
Internet access as a nonlinear process
challenges the linear model of communication
Difference between Linear mass media system & Interactive (non-linear) internet
the focus of content creation can shift partly if not wholly from the sender (or server) of the communication dyad to the receiver (or client) side
Summary of Routes to Media Access
1) Social & psychological circumstances affect basic psychological process should be considered
2) A broader psychological process should be considered for the internet use than electronic media use
The problematic of free
Freeing cultural and intellectual resources is absolutely vital to the creation & sharing of new art forms
Destiny of internet in this country
Their early promise to establish a many to many communication, eventually turns to be commercialized medium
Apple computers’s slogan
Rip(copy), mix(reform it), & burn(publish it)
Culture needs to combine
Create & share, we should keep the barriers to this creativity as low as possible
Free, free society as a moral question
Freedom to innovate; It also a consitutional question: Are we to be a free society?
Snoop technnology & its threat to private spaces
Surveillance camera & recording equipment
Only solution to protect privacy
Have concerned & informed consumers
How these technologies will be controlled & who can access them
?
Any solution to current surveillance society
Endless critique the weapon of criticism
Democracy is dependent upon “check & balances”
to hold those responsible accountable always suspicious of any authority & distrust gov’t: the true american spirit
Without accountability
Openness & freedom is never possible
The concept of social networking
Not new, & many of the components of the early Facebook were originally pioneered by others
Facebook as a ‘utility’
consumed w/ daily crisis; Implemented “Cookies” on computers; Goal is to help people understand the world around them
*Social Graph
Important selling point of fb; Summing all news feeds together; brings you back
Facebook & ‘voyeurism and exhibitionism’
?
Newsfeed in Facebook
?
One ‘genuine identity’ on Facebook
?
Facebook’s emphasis on transparency
?
Facebook & ambient intimacy
?
Facebook & the idea of ‘a trusted referral is the Holy Grail of advertising’
?
Facebook & ‘engagement ad’
A modest-looking message from an advertiser on users’ home pages that invites them to do something right on the page
Social networking is becoming social production
Starbucks gives away coupons for free cups of coffee
The identity-based nature of Facebook
Facebook’s values, interests, tone behavior and language use are what users experience inside Facebook are the same ones they are familiar with every day in the offline world
Facebook moral component
More info will create more empathy
Zuckerberg’s ‘gift economy’
A new alternative to the market economy; The “gift” is what we do for others when we put our ideas out there and make ourselves vulnerable to criticism
Zuckerberg’s gambling that ppl will care less & less about privacy
Zuckerberg believed that over time people will forget about the privacy and will want all the additional information that will be coming their way
Facebook as the storehouse for info
Facebook will evolve beyond being just a ‘site’; Its services will be available world wide and will become the storehouse of information.
Facebook model vs Google model
Google’s platform primarily gets its information by tracking things that are going on using a term they call “crawling”
Facebook’s platform believes that if people share what they want to share and give them good tools to use to share then you can get even more information shared.
Facebook vs Gov’t
Facebook is believed to know more about and individual than the government does; Officials question if Facebook, now being a crucial civic and legal and national security infrastructure, should own the rights to maintain it?
Facebook and McLuhan’s idea of ‘global village’
Facebook has not entirely reached this point yet however there has never been a previous tool that has ever extended a “creative process of knowing” so widely as Facebook has done.
*Social Stream
The massive stream of information that is heavily shared amount Facebook’s users.
