Midterm Flashcards (Chem) Flashcards by Beatriz Andrea Eser

An element, compound, or alloy, that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat

Metal

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These are determined by holding together the atoms of metal

Metal Crystal Structure and Specific Metal Properties

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With the exception of ______, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals.

Hydrogen

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Metals are solids under normal conditions except ______

Mercury

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Metals have the quality of _______ from their surface and can be polished

reflecting light

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Metals have the ability to withstand ______ and can be made into thin sheets known as foils

Hammering, Malleability

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Metals can be drawn into wires

Ductility

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All metals are hard except???

Sodium and Potassium

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Metals typically have 1-3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms

Valency

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Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons.

Conduction

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Two best conductors of heat and electricity

Silver and Copper

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Poorest conductor of heat

Lead

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Other poor conductors

Bismuth, Mercury, and Iron

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Have highest densities

Iridium and Osmium

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Lowest density

Lithium

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Has the highest boiling and melting points

Tungsten

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Has the lowest boiling and melting points

Mercury

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Another elements that have low melting points as well

Sodium and Potassium

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Metals tend to have ________, and typically lose electrons (i.e. oxidized) when they undergo chemical reactions. They normally do not accept electronga

Low ionization — Electropositive character

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Most metals come from???

Minerals

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Naturally-occurring substance with a range of chemical compositions

Mineral

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A mineral deposit concentrated enough to allow economical recovery of a desired metal

Ore

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Where do metals exist?

in the Earth’s surface, In the ocean floor, as ions in seawater

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Mineral of Aluminum

Clay

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Principal ore of aluminum

Bauxite

The science and technology of separating metals from their ores and of compounding alloys

Metallurgy

A solid solution either of two or more metals, or of a metal or metals with one or more nonmetals

Alloy

These are the principal steps involved in the recovery of a metal from its ore

Preparation, Production, and Purification

Desired Desired mineral is separated from waste materials or gangue (clay and silicate minerals)

Preparation of the ore - Flotation - Magnetic Separation - Amalgamation

Reduction process to isolate metal from the combined form

Production of metal

Metals orepared by reduction usually jeed further treatment to remove impurities

Purification of metals

Three common purification

Distillation, Zone Refining, Electrolysis

Reducing agent at high temperature

Chemical Reduction

Suitable for electropositive metals

Electrolytic reduction

Procedures carried out at high temperatures

Pyrometallurgy - Chemical Reduction - Electrolytic reduction

It is an alloy of iron with a small carbon content plus various other elements

Steel

Removes oxidized impurities

Flux

In steelmaking, this us widely used to its simplicity

Basic oxygen process

In solid-state physics, the band structure of a solid describes those ranges of energy, called ________, that an electron within the solid may have (“allowed bands”) and ranges of energy called band gaps (“forbidden bands”), which it may not have.

Energy bands

Models the behavior of electrons in solids by postulating the existence of energy bands; a model used to stidy metallic bonding

Band theory

Bands are separated by an amount of energy called_________

band gap

Ineffective conductors of electricity

Insulators

Are elements that normally are not conductors, but will conduct electricity

Semiconductors

Group 4A are semiconductors especially:

Silicon and Germanium

This can enhance the ability to conduct; addition of small amounts of certain impurities

Doping

Two types of semiconductors

Intrinsic Semiconductors and Extrinsic Semiconductors

Composed of only one kind of material: silicon and germanium are two examples

Intrinsic Semiconductors

Another name for intrinsic Semiconductors

I-type semiconductors/ undoped semiconductors

are intrinsic semiconductors with other substances added to alter their properties — that is to say, they have been doped with another element.

Extrinsic Semiconductors

Two types of extrinsic semiconductors

N-type for negative; P-type for positive

A type of extrinsic semiconductor in which the dopant atoms are capable of providing extra conduction electrons to the host material

N-type semiconductors

Are a type of extrinsic semiconductor in which the atoms have one fewer ekectron

P-type semiconductors

The word "alkali" received its name from the Arabic word "_______," meaning "_______", which since these elements react with water to form hydroxide ions, creating alkaline solutions

al qali, from ashes

The most electropositive or least electronegative elements

Alkali Metals

What is the common oxidation state of Alkali Metals?

All dissolved alkali metals occur in_____

nature

Less electropositive and less reactive

Alkaline Earth Metals

Common oxidation state of alkaline earth metals

A variety of beryl, a mineral that contains the alkaline earth metal beryllium

Emerald

Only occurs naturally in combinationwith other elements in mineral

Beryllium

Most abundant metal and the 3rd most pkentiful element in the Earth's crust

Aluminum

Who is the pioneer of development of aluminum production

Charles Hall

One of the most recycled and most recyclable materials on the market today. Nearly 75% of it are produced in the US is still in use today.

Aluminum

Recycling aluminum costs ________ compared to producing primary aluminum

95% less energy

any of various chemical elements that have valence electrons—i.e., electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds—in two shells instead of only one

Transition metal

It is a property of transition metal: •they are good conductors of heat and electricity. o they can be hammered or bent into shape easily. o they have high melting points (but mercury is a liquid at room temperature) o they are usually hard and tough. o they have high densities.

Physical Properties

A property of transition metal: o they are less reactive than alkali metals such as Sodium. o they form colored ions of different charges. o some are very unreactive (silver and gold) o many are used as catalysts.

Chemical Properties

This is usually too soft to be used as the metal alone. It is usually mixed with small amounts of other elements to make steels, which are harder and stronger, but easily shaped.

Iron

iron and steel react slowly with water and air to produce ???

Rust