Midterm examination Flashcards
good contrast media
non-miscibility
adverse reaction to contrast media, possible hospitalization, and life-threatening, the patient may exhibit prolonged drop in BP, collapse the circulatory system, cardiac arrhythmia, coma, convulsion, seizure
severe
what are the Rs
- right time
- right medication
- right amount
- right patient
which type of contrast media absorb more xray
radiopaque
characteristics of positive contrast media
- high atomic number
key consideration for choosing a good contrast media
adequate viscosity (lapot)
what is the route of administration for barium enema
retrograde administration
barium sulfate is primarily used for which type of procedure?
gastrointestinal series or GI series
mixture ratio used for upper GI series
50% cm and 50% water
what is considered a first-degree adverse reaction to contrast media?
mild urticaria and metallic taste
which type of contrast study uses two kinds of contrast media
double
which type of technique does the patient phonate while exhaling slowly
normal phonation
what is the Valsalva maneuver test?
elasticity and functional integrity of the glottis
technique involves inhaling while trying to make a sound after exhaling completely
inspiratory phonation
duct associated with the submandibular glands
whartons duct
purpose for lemon wedge sucking?
to stimulate salivary secretion
first step of sialography procedure
take preliminary radiograph
how long after the procedure should a follow-up radiograph be taken to ensure clearance of contrast medium
10 minutes
equipment used to administer contrast medium via hydrostatic pressure
drip stand and syringe barrel
a condition that can lead to salivary gland enlargement
diabetes
what role does the post motor imaging play in the evaluation of salivary glands after contrast administration
it verifies the clearance of contrast medium and checks for complication
why might a patient with a history of alcoholism experience bilateral salivary gland swelling, particularly in the parotid gland
- due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol on glandular tissue
- dehydration and reduced salivary production
- secondary effect of nutritional deficiency
which is characteristic of water-soluble iodinated contrast media makes it particularly suitable for sialography
likelihood of causing an allergic reaction
in AP tangential projection for the parotid gland, what is the recommended head position of the patient
head rotated 5 degrees away from the side being examined
the correct orientation of the CR for AP tangential projection of the parotid gland
perpendicular to the IR, directed along the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus
in the lateral oblique PA tangential projection, what is the purpose of having the patients head resting on the chin
- to demonstrate salivary duct
- to visualize the parotid gland clearly
what is the correct patient position for performing the AP tangential projection of the parotid gland
supine
which projection is designed to best visualize the parotid duct during sialography
PA tangential projection
what is the purpose of the filling phase in esophagography
to demonstrate the distend lumen of the esophagus
primary purpose of barium swallow
evaluate the esophagus and stomach
in the supine position, where does the barium settle in the stomach
fundus
in the prone position, which part of the stomach is filled with air
fundus
what happens to the air and barium distribution in the erect position
air fills the fundus, and barium fills the pyloric portion
how long does it take for solid and semisolid food to pass from the mouth to the stomach
4 to 8 seconds
how long does it take for gastric emptying after an average meal
2 to 6 seconds
how long does chyme normally take to pass through the entire small intestine
3 to 4 hours
what is the recommended fasting period for infants under 1 year old before a UGI exam
NPO for 4 hours
children older than 1 year old should be NPO for how long before UGI exam
6 hours
contrast medium used for UGI examination
barium sulfate
which position is best for visualizing the pyloric portion of the stomach in UGI series
erect
purpose of UGI series
to visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract
during peristaltic activity, how long does it take for waves of muscular contraction to move food through the esophagus
1 to 8 seconds
which body position is least effective for visualizing the fundus of the stomach
lateral
primary function of the stomach during digestion
mix food w/ gastric juices
type of food required the longest time for gastric emptying
solid food
when performing a UGI exam, what should the patient avoid prior to the procedure
eating solid food
NPO stand for?
nothing by mouth
in which position is the stomach’s fundus lowest
supine
which structure is filled w/ barium in the erect position
fundus
common reason for using air in barium study
enhance mucosal detail
what happens to the stomach when a person is in the prone position
the pyloric portion is elevated
what type of food passes through the esophagus the fastest
liquid
average time for gastric emptying of a barium meal
2 to 6 hours
examinations that is part of the UGI series
- barium swallow
- barium meal
- fluoroscopy of the stomach
what position allows for the best visualization of the esophagus
upright
what condition can be evaluated using UGI series
peptic ulcer
what occurs to the chyme as it is mixed with gastric juices
it becomes semifluid
what is the primary goal of preparing a pediatric patient for UGI exam
minimize discomfort
primary function of esophagus
transport food to the stomach
how long is the adult esophagus
24 cm
which cervical vertebra does the esophagus originate
C6
the esophagus passes though the diaphragm at which thoracic vertebra
T10
which of the following is not a segment of the esophagus
lumbar segment
what are the points of narrowness in the esophagus
cricoid, aortic knob, left bronchus, diaphragm
purpose of the filling phase in esophagography
distend the lumen of the esophagus
contrast medium used in esophagography
barium sulfate
an indicator for performing a filling phase esophagography
dysphagia
which of the following is a contraindication for esophagography
suspected esophageal leakage
what is the correct barium preparation ratio for mucosal phase
4:1
in a single-contrast examination, which position is preferred for the patient
supine
which projection is best for demonstrating the entire length of the esophagus
lateral
what anatomical structure does the cardiac antrum refer to
terminal esophagus
what does Valsalva maneuver help to demonstrate
esophageal varices
how does the esophagus appear in the presence of a mediastinal mass during fluoroscopy
displacement
what does the “rat tail sign” indicate during an esophagography
achalasia
