Midterm Exam Pt. 2

Question 1

adapoid characteristics

Answer 1

postorbital bar, flattened nails, grasping extremities, and bony auditory bulla, longer snouts, 2:1:4:3 dental, large canines, small eyes (faced laterally)

Question 2

omomyoid characteristics

Answer 2

postorbital bar, large anterior teeth with similar sized canines, large eyes (nocturnal)

Question 3

sahelanthropus tchandensis

Answer 3

earliest dated hominin (6-7 mya), discoverd in chad, small cranial capacity, thought to be bipedal (position of foramen magnum)

Question 4

orrorin tugenensis

Answer 4

dated 6.5-7 mya, found in Kenya, small molars/premolars, bipedal

Question 5

adripithecus ramidus

Answer 5

many fossils, 4.4 mya, opposable big toe, bipedal, small brain, slight midfacial prognathism, hands similar to modern great apes (phalangeal curvature, bone lengths)

Question 6

ardipithicus kadabba

Answer 6

found with a. ramidus, thought to be subspecies

Question 7

australopithecus afarensis

Answer 7

2.9-3.9 mya, found in ears, canines molars bigger than humans, medium amount of sexual dimorphism, midfacial prognathism, robust chewing muscles, bipedal (bowl shaped hips, cranial capacity (450)

Question 8

lucy and selam

Answer 8

australopithecus afarensis, lucy was adult female (complete skeleton), selam was a juvenile

Question 9

australopithecus africanus

Answer 9

3.3-2.1 mya, cranial capacity of 400-500cc, small canines, rounded cranium and smaller teeth compared to a. afarensis, bipedal postcraniel elements, curved phalanges

Question 10

taung child

Answer 10

juvenile discovered in south africa (1924),

Question 11

au. sediba

Answer 11

6 partial skeltons (infant to adult), found by lee burger son, small brain but gracile teeth and jaws (similar to both au. and homo), modern hand morphology (tools)

Question 12

paranthropus

Answer 12

robust features for chewing tough foods, flaring zygomatic arches, midfacial prognathism, large jaws, thick enamel, sagittal crest for chewing muscles, effective and eating fall back foods, 2.7-1 mya (south and east africa)

Question 13

para. boisei

Answer 13

found in east africa, 2.4-1.4 mya, hyper robust (tough diet)

Question 14

para. robustus

Answer 14

2-1 mya in south africa, not as robust as para. boisei or para. aethiopicus

Question 15

para. aethiopicus

Answer 15

2.7-2.3 mya in ears, large flat premolars/molars, flaring zygomatic arches, sagittal crest, robust mandible, supraorbital torus

Question 16

characteristics of homo

Answer 16

large brain size, small/flat face, smaller jaws/teeth, increase use of culture, larger body size, longer legs and shorter arms, decline in sexual dimorphism

Question 17

homo habilis

Answer 17

earliest member of genus, 2.5-1.7 mya, cranial capacity 650 cc, rounded skull, less facial prognathism, smaller teeth thinner enamel

Question 18

homo erectus

Answer 18

1.8 mya- 200,000 ya, africa asia and europe, 900 cc, long low skull, thick cranial bones, sagittal keel, supraorbital torus, less prognathism, smaller teeth, receding chin, modern body size/proportions

Question 19

turkana boy (nariokotome)

Answer 19

lake turkana Kenya, most complete skeleton of h. erectus

Question 20

h. floresiensis

Answer 20

indonesia, 100,000-60,000 ya, made/used stone tools maybe fire, small bodied, small brains (400 cc), large teeth, receding chins, low flat skull, large feet

Question 21

h. heidelbergensis

Answer 21

europe/asia/east and south africa, 700,000-200,000 ya, first h. species to live in cold climate and hunt large animals, possible last common ancestor of h. sapiens/ neanderthalensis

Question 22

archaic h. sapiens

Answer 22

africa/eurasia/oceania, 600,000-200,000 ya, traits between h. erectus and modern h. sapiens, brain size of 1,100 cc, less angular and higher skulls, smaller brow bridges, wider nasal apertures, midfacial prognathism, robust postcranial

Question 23

neanderthals

Answer 23

western europe/middle east/western asia, 150,000-35,000 ya, extreme robust versions of traits seen in archaic h. sapiens, 1,700 cc, large nasal aperture, shorter stockier bodies, supraorbital torus, no forehead, midfacial prognathism, small teeth, retention of large jaws