Midterm Exam Pt. 2 Flashcards
adapoid characteristics
postorbital bar, flattened nails, grasping extremities, and bony auditory bulla, longer snouts, 2:1:4:3 dental, large canines, small eyes (faced laterally)
omomyoid characteristics
postorbital bar, large anterior teeth with similar sized canines, large eyes (nocturnal)
sahelanthropus tchandensis
earliest dated hominin (6-7 mya), discoverd in chad, small cranial capacity, thought to be bipedal (position of foramen magnum)
orrorin tugenensis
dated 6.5-7 mya, found in Kenya, small molars/premolars, bipedal
adripithecus ramidus
many fossils, 4.4 mya, opposable big toe, bipedal, small brain, slight midfacial prognathism, hands similar to modern great apes (phalangeal curvature, bone lengths)
ardipithicus kadabba
found with a. ramidus, thought to be subspecies
australopithecus afarensis
2.9-3.9 mya, found in ears, canines molars bigger than humans, medium amount of sexual dimorphism, midfacial prognathism, robust chewing muscles, bipedal (bowl shaped hips, cranial capacity (450)
lucy and selam
australopithecus afarensis, lucy was adult female (complete skeleton), selam was a juvenile
australopithecus africanus
3.3-2.1 mya, cranial capacity of 400-500cc, small canines, rounded cranium and smaller teeth compared to a. afarensis, bipedal postcraniel elements, curved phalanges
taung child
juvenile discovered in south africa (1924),
au. sediba
6 partial skeltons (infant to adult), found by lee burger son, small brain but gracile teeth and jaws (similar to both au. and homo), modern hand morphology (tools)
paranthropus
robust features for chewing tough foods, flaring zygomatic arches, midfacial prognathism, large jaws, thick enamel, sagittal crest for chewing muscles, effective and eating fall back foods, 2.7-1 mya (south and east africa)
para. boisei
found in east africa, 2.4-1.4 mya, hyper robust (tough diet)
para. robustus
2-1 mya in south africa, not as robust as para. boisei or para. aethiopicus
para. aethiopicus
2.7-2.3 mya in ears, large flat premolars/molars, flaring zygomatic arches, sagittal crest, robust mandible, supraorbital torus
characteristics of homo
large brain size, small/flat face, smaller jaws/teeth, increase use of culture, larger body size, longer legs and shorter arms, decline in sexual dimorphism
homo habilis
earliest member of genus, 2.5-1.7 mya, cranial capacity 650 cc, rounded skull, less facial prognathism, smaller teeth thinner enamel
homo erectus
1.8 mya- 200,000 ya, africa asia and europe, 900 cc, long low skull, thick cranial bones, sagittal keel, supraorbital torus, less prognathism, smaller teeth, receding chin, modern body size/proportions
turkana boy (nariokotome)
lake turkana Kenya, most complete skeleton of h. erectus
h. floresiensis
indonesia, 100,000-60,000 ya, made/used stone tools maybe fire, small bodied, small brains (400 cc), large teeth, receding chins, low flat skull, large feet
h. heidelbergensis
europe/asia/east and south africa, 700,000-200,000 ya, first h. species to live in cold climate and hunt large animals, possible last common ancestor of h. sapiens/ neanderthalensis
archaic h. sapiens
africa/eurasia/oceania, 600,000-200,000 ya, traits between h. erectus and modern h. sapiens, brain size of 1,100 cc, less angular and higher skulls, smaller brow bridges, wider nasal apertures, midfacial prognathism, robust postcranial
neanderthals
western europe/middle east/western asia, 150,000-35,000 ya, extreme robust versions of traits seen in archaic h. sapiens, 1,700 cc, large nasal aperture, shorter stockier bodies, supraorbital torus, no forehead, midfacial prognathism, small teeth, retention of large jaws
