final exam pt 2

Question 1

paleopathology

Answer 1

study of past diseases (preservation bias, disease evolution ancient healthcare)

Question 2

activity pattern analysis

Answer 2

primary factors include bone robusticity/musculoskeletal stress markers, osteoarthritis, vertebral degeneration, intense physical labor, class differences

Question 3

zooarcheology

Answer 3

Analysis of animals at archeological sites (brings questions like where were humans? is is hunting, pastoralism, domestication, pets food pests, zoonotic diseases

Question 4

primatology

Answer 4

branch of science that studies primates (evolutionary theories, primate intelligence, conservation studies, social complexity, behavioral variation) wild and captive studies

Question 5

primate food strategies

Answer 5

competition for food (direct competition and indirect competition, food abundance and distribution, food seasonality)

Question 6

primate community ecology

Answer 6

Sympatric: two species occupy the same area
Allopatric: two species occupy different areas
Competitive exclusion principle: two species competing for the same resources cannot occupy the same niche
Niche partitioning: sympatric species avoid competition through different uses of the environment

Question 7

primate cooperation

Answer 7

cooperative effort in hunting, which reinforces social bonds and hierarchies

Question 8

primate agonism and aggression

Answer 8

agonism:Behaviors involving threat aggression and submission
aggression: Contact and non-contact, Swipe at, Snap at, Bite, Hit, Pull, Wrestle, Push

Question 9

primate play

Answer 9

can be solitary or socially with others and promotes adult skills, involves teaching bonding, stress relief. examples include bounce, hit, wrestle, games

Question 10

conservation species categorizations

Answer 10

least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild, extinct

Question 11

factors of species vulnerability

Answer 11

intrinsic (life-history strategies, genetics) and extrinsic (environment, anthropogenic threats)

Question 12

strategies for conservation

Answer 12

preservation of genetic diversity, sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems

Question 13

ethnoprimatology

Answer 13

study of human and non-human primate interactions

Question 14

sex chromosomes

Answer 14

xy= male
xx= female
klinefelter syndrome: born with xxy chromosomes but present as male
turner syndrome: x0 with one chromosome partially or completely missing

Question 15

sex hormones

Answer 15

androgen (male) and estrogen (female), raised during puberty

Question 16

physical sex characteristics

Answer 16

genitalia, non genitalia associated (breasts, adam’s apple)

Question 17

intersex individuals

Answer 17

do not fall within the binary of biological sex

Question 18

gender roles

Answer 18

Niches in culture generally fulfilled by one gender or another (Man the hunter, woman the gatherer)

Question 19

multiple genders

Answer 19

identity is comprised of all/many gender identities

Question 20

sex vs gender

Answer 20

sex refers to biological attributes (genitalia)
gender refers to social identities

Question 21

sexuality definition

Answer 21

the quality or state of being sexual (the type of person someone is sexually attracted to and how they identify themselves)

Question 22

biological determinism in sexuality

Answer 22

thought to explain natural differences between male and female (the primary function and goal of all human sexual activity is the reproduction of the species)

Question 23

homosexuality in bonobos

Answer 23

bonobos are fully bisexual and engage in hetero and homosexual sexual behaviors (most sexual activity occurs between two or more females)

Question 24

sexuality stigma and discrimination

Answer 24

idea of don’t ask don’t tell, AIDS crisis, crossdressing laws