Midterm Exam (Chapters 1-7) Flashcards
Quantitative observations
Measurements (consist of a number and a unit)
Qualitative observations
Visual, sensual observations that do not involve numbers
Metric prefixes
10^6 = Mega (M) 10^3 = Kilo (k) 10^2 = Hecto (h) 10^1 = Deka (da) 10^0 = BASE UNIT 10^-1 = Deci (d) 10^-2 = Centi (c) 10^-3 = Milli (m) 10^-6 = Micro (u) 10^-9 = Nano (n)
Uncertainty in a measurement
We have to estimate the last digit of measurements due to the limits of measuring devices. Uncertainty depends on the precision of the measuring device.
Converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit
TºF = 1.8TºC + 32
Density formula
d = m/V
Density of water
1 g/mL
Rule for adding/subtracting significant measurements
Round to the lowest number of decimal places
Rule for multiplying/dividing significant measurements
Round to the lowest number of significant figures
Separation techniques that can be used to separate mixtures
Distillation - volatility
Filtration - size/state of manner
Chromatography - polarity
Centrifugation - density (homogeneous mixtures)
Law of multiple proportions
When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 g of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.
Nuclide symbol
A = mass number (total number of protons and neutrons) Z = atomic number (number of protons) X = element symbol
Isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Cation
Positive ion formed by losing an electron
Anion
Negative ion formed by gaining an electron
Chemical formula
Illustrates molecules, where the element symbols are used to indicate the types of atoms present, and subscripts are used to indicate the relative numbers of atoms
General properties of metals
- Efficient condition of heat and electricity
- Malleability, ductility
- (Often) lustrous appearance
- Tend to use electrons to form positive ions (cations)
Limiting reactant
The reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion
Strong acids
HCl HF HBr HNO3 H2SO4 HClO4