Chapter 4: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Flashcards
Solvent
Dissolving medium
Aqueous solution
A solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent
Polar molecule
A molecule that has a permanent dipole moment
Hydration
The interaction between solute particles and water molecules
Solubility
The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature
Solute
A substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution
Electrical conductivity
The ability to conduct an electric current
Strong electrolyte
A material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently (completely ionized)
Weak electrolyte
A material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts only a small electric current (produces relatively few ions)
Nonelectrolyte
A substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a nonconducting solution (produces no ions)
Classes of strong electrolytes
- Soluble salts
- Strong acids
- Strong bases
Acid
A substance that produce H+ ions (protons) when it is dissolved in water (PROTON DONOR)
Strong acid
An acid that completely dissociates to produces an H+ ion and the conjugate base (HCl, HF, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4) (PROTON ACCEPTOR)
Strong base
A metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2)
Weak acid
An acid that dissociates only slightly in aqueous solution
Weak base
A base that reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solution
Molarity
Moles of solute per volume of solution in liters
Standard solution
A solution whose concentration is accurately known
Dilution
The process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution (M1V1 = M2V2)
Three main types of solution reactions
- Precipitation reactions
- Acid-base reactions
- Oxidation-reduction reactions
Precipitation reaction
A reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution
Precipitate
The solid that forms from a precipitation reaction
Formula equation
An equation representing a reaction in solution showing the reactants and products in undissociated form ,whether they are strong or weak electrolytes
Complete ionic equation
An equation that shows al substances that are strong electrolytes as ions