Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Flashcards

1
Q

First chemist

A

Robert Boyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Law of conservation of mass (by whom?)

A

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. (by Lavoisier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Law of definite proportion (by whom?)

A

A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. (by Proust)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Law of multiple proportions (by whom?)

A

When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 g of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers. (by Dalton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Avogadro’s hypothesis

A

At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)

A
  1. Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
  2. The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways.
  3. Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
  4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms-changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

J.J. Thomson (1898-1903)

A

Discovered electrons in the cathode ray experiment, meaning atoms have a balance of positive particles that balance exactly the negative particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Robert Millikan (1909)

A

Conducted the oil drop experiment, measured the charge of an electron, calculated the mass of an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Henri Becquerel (1896)

A

Discovered radioactivity with gamma rays (high energy light), beta particles (high speed electrons), alpha particles (2+ charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

A

Alpha particle scattering experiment, discovered the nucleus, formulated the nuclear atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outside the nucleus; negatively charged

A

Electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the nucleus; positively charged

A

Proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the nucleus; no charge

A

Neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nucleus

A

The dense center of the atom with a positive charge that accounts for almost all of the atom’s mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

17
Q

Mass number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons

18
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms bonding by sharing electrons, resulting in a molecule

19
Q

Ionic bond

A

Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

20
Q

Type I Binary Ionic Compound

A

Type I Metal + Nonmetal root-ide

21
Q

Type II Binary Ionic Compound

A

Type II Metal (Charge in Roman numerals) + Nonmetal root-ide

22
Q

Type I Polyatomic Compound

A

Type I Metal + Polyatomic Ion

23
Q

Type II Polyatomic Compound

A

Type II Metal (Charge in Roman numerals) + Polyatomic Ion

24
Q

Polyatomic Compound

A

Polyatomic Cation + Polyatomic Anion

Polyatomic Cation + Nonmetal root-ide

25
Q

Binary Acid

A

Hydro-nonmetal root-ic + acid

26
Q

Oxyacid

A

Polyatomic ion -ate—> -ic + acid

-ite—-> -ous

27
Q

Type III Binary Molecular Compound

A

Numerical prefix-element name + Numerical prefix-NM root-ide