MIDTERM EXAM Flashcards
The Philippine is home to about ___ indigenous peoples compromising at least ___% of the country’s population, belonging to ___ tribes or ethnolinguistic groups.
11.8 million; 17%; 100 tribes
Roughly ___% of them live in the southern island Mindanao, a ___ of the main island Luzon in the North, and the rest scattered over the islands.
60%; third
What were the synonymous of the term indigenous people?
oppression, exploitation, discrimination, and poverty; scum of the earth; poorest of the poor
These are the four distinct characteristics of the indigenous people:
- the ___ (to some extent) of their vernacular languages, traditional ___ institutions,
and ___ and ___ practices - ___ as distinct societies
- ___-oriented economies
- a special ___ with their ___ lands
(1) the conservation (to some extent) of their vernacular languages, traditional socio-economic institutions,
and cultural and religious practices;
(2) self-identification as distinct societies;
(3) subsistence-oriented economies; and
(4) a special relationship with their ancestral lands.
Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines face a range of threats from what they frequently describe as
___
development aggression
These are the problems to be resolved
- ___ of Land
- An ___ system that doesn’t isolate their culture & traditions
- Protection of ___ without hindering their interest
- Protection of ___ in these communities
- Providing ___ in certain sectors like Forestry, Tourism, etc.
- Creating a ___ even in grass root levels
- Protection from ___ and ___
- Creating ___ among them
- The influence of the ___ group both Socially and Politically
- ___ ___ violations
- ___ of Tribal Communities due to Mining and other activitie
- Ownership of Land
- An education system that doesn’t isolate their culture & traditions
- Protection of forest without hindering their interest
- Protection of women in these communities
- Providing jobs in certain sectors like Forestry, Tourism, etc.
- Creating a venue even in grass root levels
- Protection from Alcoholism and Drugs
- Creating and awareness among them
- The influence of the Dominant group both Socially and Politically
- Human right violations
- Displacement of Tribal Communities due to Mining and other activitie
This defines indigenous peoples as…
Indigenous Peoples/Indigenous Cultural Communities (IP/ICC) refers to a group of people
sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits,
and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed, and
utilized a territory. These terms shall likewise or in alternative refer to homogenous societies
identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as a
community on community-bounded and defined territory, sharing common bonds of language,
customs, traditions, and other distinctive cultural traits, and who have, through resistance to
political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, become historically differentiated from
the majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as
indigenous on account of descent from the populations which inhabited the country at the time
of conquest or colonization or the establishment of present state boundaries and who retain
some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may
have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their
ancestral domains.
The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) or RA No. 8371
This defines indigenous peoples as…
Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those which, having a historical continuity
with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed in their territories, considered
themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or
parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to
preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their
ethnic identity, as the basis for their continued existence as peoples in accordance with their
own cultural patterns, social institutions, and legal systems
The U.N. Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (1971)
This defines indigenous people as…
Indigenous people are descendants of the aboriginal population living in a given country at
the time of settlement or conquest by some of the ancestors of the non-indigenous groups in
whose hands political and economic power at present lies. In general, those descendants tend
to live more in conformity with the social, economic, and cultural institutions which existed
before colonization or conquest than with the culture of the nation to which they belong; they
do not fully share in national economy and culture owing to barriers of language, customs,
creed, prejudice, and often to an out-of- date and unjust system of worker-employer
relationships and other social and political factors.
The International Labor Organization (ILO) (1996)
According to ___, , there are more than forty
ethnic groups that comprise the Philippine indigenous population, and these can be classified into
six groupings excluding the Islamic groups.
TABAK Tunay na Alyansa ng Bayan Alay sa Katutubo
What are the 7 Major Groups of Indigenous Peoples?
- Mindanao Lumad
- Cordillera Peoples
- Caraballo Tribes
- Agta and Aeta/Negrito
- Mangyan of Mindoro
- Palawan hill tribes
- Muslim Groups
This is a generic term embracing all non-Muslim hill tribes of
Mindanao. Lumad is a Visayan term that means “born and grown in the placE”. The Lumad
peoples are composed of some eighteen ethnic groups and they form the largest grouping of
indigenous peoples in the country. They have a total population today of 2.1 million and are
concentrated in varying degrees in the hilly portions of the provinces of Davao, Bukidnon,
Agusan, Surigao, Zamboanga, Misamis, and Cotabato. They can be found in almost all
provinces of Mindanao and they include the Subanen, Manobo, B’laan, T’boli, Mandaya,
Mansaka, Tiruray, Higaonon, Bagobo, Bukidnon, Tagkaolo, Banwaon, Dibabawon, Talaandig,
Mamanua, and Manguangan.
Mindanao Lumad
This is the indigenous population of the Cordillera mountain range,
which covers six provinces in the middle of Northern Luzon – Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao,
Kalinga, and Mountain Province. They are collectively called Igorots, meaning “mountain
people” although some groups like the Kalingas and Ifugaos refuse to be called Igorots except
by their own tribes. There are eight ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera, namely, Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey, Tingguian, and Yapayao, numbering a total of
988,000.
Cordillera Peoples
These are the five ethnolinguistic groups – Ibanag, Ilongot, Gaddang,
Ikalahan, and Isinai – who together with the Agta peoples inhabit the Caraballo mountain
range in Eastern Central Luzon. This range connects the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino
and Nueva Ecija. The tribes number roughly 500,000.
Caraballo Tribes
These short, dark-skinned, and kinky-haired peoples are
considered the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines. Aside from having been perpetually
pushed into the hinterlands of Central Luzon, mainly in the provinces of Zambales, Bataan,
and Pampanga, and in other parts of the country, they also suffer from racial discrimination.
With a population of about 160,000, they are the most widely distributed among indigenous
peoples.
Agta and Aeta/Negrito
This is a generic name for the six ethnolinguistic groups spread
over the mountains and foothills of Mindoro, an island southwest of Luzon, namely,
Batangan, Iraya, Hanunoo, Alangan, Ratagnon, Buhid, and Tadyawan. They are described as
the first inhabitants of the island, and until today, they are one of the few groups that still
practice a pre-Spanish form of writing. Their present population is about 150,000.
Mangyan of Mindoro
These are the non-Muslim tribal people of Palawan island located
further west of Mindoro. This group is composed of four ethnic groups – Tagbanua, Batak,
Kalamianes, Cuyonin, and Ken-uy, and they number at least 120,000.
Palawan hill tribes
These are the Muslims in Mindanao composed of fourteen groups,
namely, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sangil, Palawani, Badjao, Kalibugan,
Jama-Mapun, Ipanun, Kalagan, Molbog, and Muslim
Muslim Groups
The state recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development
Sec. 22 of Art. II of the 1987 Constitution
The state, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and
programs, shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands
to ensure their economic and cultural well-being.
The Congress may provide for the applicability of customary laws governing property rights
or relations in determining the ownership and extent of ancestral domain.
Sec. 5 of Art. XII of the 1987 Consti
The state shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in
accordance with the law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including
lands of the public domain under lease to concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior
rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their
ancestral lands.
Sec. 6 of Art XIII of the 1987 Consti
The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to
preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. It shall consider these rights in
the formulation of national plans and policies.
Sec. 17 of Art. XIV of the 1987 Consti
This section protects the rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral
domains in order to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being. This section also
recognizes customary laws governing property rights or relations and their validity in determining
the ownership and extent of ancestral domains.
Section 4, Article XII
What are the legal basis of the IPRA of 1997 or RA 8371?
- 1987 Consti
- ILO (International Labor Organization) Convention 169
- Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Native Title
What are the rights of Indigenous people under IPRA?
- Rights to Ancestral Domain and Lands
- Rt Self-Governance and Empowerment
- Rt to Social Justice and Human Rights
- Rights to Cultural Integrity
Ownership (native title); To develop and manage lands and natural resources; Stay in territories; In case of displacement; Regulate entry of migrants; Claim reservations; Safe and
Clean air and water’ Resolve conflicts through customary; FPIC
Rights to Ancestral Domians/Lands
Freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development; Use commonly accepted
justice systems, conflict resolution institutions, peace-building mechanisms, and other
customary laws.
Participate in decision-making that may affect their lives and maintain and develop their own
indigenous political structures.
Representation in policy-making bodies and local legislative councils.
Determine their own priorities for development
To organize (IPO)
To be granted means to develop their own institutions and initiatives
Right to Self-governance and Empowerment
Equal protection and non-discrimination. The fundamental human rights and freedoms
enshrined in the constitution and relevant international instruments are guaranteed to
ICCs/IPs.
Rights during armed conflict
Non-discrimination and equal opportunity and treatment
Basic Services
An integrated system of education
Rights of women, youth, and children
Rights to Social Justice and Human Rights
To preserve & protect their culture, traditions, and institutions
Access to various cultural opportunities
Dignity and diversity of cultures
Community intellectual rights
Religious, cultural sites and ceremonies
IKSPs and develop their own science & technologies
Protect their resources and FPIC
Sustainable agro-technological development
Funds for archeological, historical sites & artifacts
Rights to Cultural Integrity
They are the primary agency responsible for implementing IPRA. They exercises administrative, quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions/powers. They serve as the primary agency through which IPs can seek government assistance. They formulate and implement policies and monitor the implementation. They issue accestral land/domain title.
National Commission on Indigenous People
