MIDTERM ETHICS Flashcards
an act that is performed only by a human being and thus is proper to man
human acts
human acts are directed to their true end
law
law is applied by
conscience
DIRECTIVES / NORMS OF HUMAN ACT:
- Law
- Conscience
Set standard of development or achievement, derived from the average or median.
Norms
Serve to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.
Norms
The standard of right and wrong in human actions.
Norms of Morality
Two types of Norms of Morality:
- Subjective Norms of Morality
- Objective Norms of Morality
The moral authority dwells within the Individual. / Human reason.
Subjective Norm of Morality
‘Inner voice’ as described by Mahatma Gandhi
Conscience
Standard for an objective evaluation of the human acts. / Eternal divine law.
Objective Norms of Morality
Objective norms of morality:
Intuition, Law, Pleasure
The basic human reasoning process is questioned. / Defined as the immediate apprehension of an object by the mind.
Norm as Intuition
Most important norms of morality which controls the human judges from Outside
Law as Norm
Pleasure as the supreme good of human life.
Pleasure as Norm
Qualifications of Norms:
The norm needs to be:
1. Unchangeable
2. Universal
3. Accessible to all
4. Applicable to all Conditions of Life
5. of single Standard
Types of Social Norms
- Folkway
- More
- Taboo
- Law
structures the difference between right and wrong
more
inscribed at the state or federal level
law
strong negative norm; violating results in disgust
taboo
organizes casual interactions
folkway
Order coming from a legitimate authority. / Binding upon the subjects to obey. / A law is not a request but a command.
A law is an ordinance
result of intellectual and rational study
A law is an ordinance of reason
As a product of reason, the law saw to it that the following qualities are present:
○ A law must be just
○ A law must be honest
○ It is possible to be fulfilled
○ It is useful as guide to attain a goal
○ It must be relatively permanent
○ It must be promulgated
Must be publicized in order to be made known to people. / Takes effect only when the subjects are aware
A law is promulgated
Covers a group of people or society, must serve the public good. / Should be a “liberating agency and not an enslaving one”. / Directs men towards the attainment of their goals
A law is promulgated for the common good
Law and precept.
A law must be promulgated in society
The “one” refers to the legitimate lawgivers, must be it a one-person or group of persons.
A law is promulgated by one who has charge of a society
Example of law (promulgated in society)
- Martial Law
- Republic Act No. 9165 (instituting comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002)
- RA 7948
Example of precept (promulgated in society)
- 10 Commandments
- Be honest, be true to yourself and
others - House owner posting rules and
regulations of his in his property
Set standard of development or achievement usually derived from the average or median achievement of a large group.
Norms
What are the 2 norms of morality?
- Subjective
- Objective
What are the types of social norms?
- Folkway
- Taboo
- More
- Law
It is an ordinance of reason, promulgated for the common good by one who is in charge of society.
Law
Give each one example of law and precept
- Law:
- Martial Law,
- Republic Act No. 9165 (instituting comprehensive dangerous drugs act of 2002),
- RA 7948 - Precept:
- 10 Commandments,
- Be honest, be true to yourself and others
- House owner posting rules and regulations of his in his property
Classification of Law
- Legislator
- Duration
- Mode of Promulgation
- Prescription
Two kinds of law under legislator.
- Divine Law
- Human Law
laws authored by God
Divine Laws
Examples of Divine Laws:
- Ten Commandments
- Two Great Commandments (Love God and Love other People)
laws authored by man
Human Laws
Two Kinds of Human Laws:
- Civil Law
- Ecclesiastical Law
Two Kinds of Human Laws:
- Civil Law
- Ecclesiastical Law
Laws enacted by the state.
Civil Law
Laws enacted by the Church.
Ecclesiastical Law
Classification of laws under the standpoint of Duration:
- Eternal Laws
- Temporal Laws
Laws implemented by God, endless.
Eternal Laws
Laws implemented by man, subject to time.
Temporal Laws
Example of Eternal Laws:
Divine Law
Example of Temporal Laws:
Human Laws
Classification of laws under the Mode of Promulgation:
- Natural Law
- Positive Law
Laws made known to man / do good and avoid evil / can exists even in absence of man.
Natural Law
man made / do good to avoid sanctions / dependent on existence of man
Positive Law
2 Kinds of Law under prescription
- Affirmative Laws
- Negative Laws
mandatory or prohibited laws / required
Negative Laws
permissive or suppletory laws / neither required or prohibited
Affirmative Laws
scientific, experimental, mathematical laws
Physical Law
Example of Physical Law
Law of Thermodynamics, Law of Inertia, Universal Law of Gravitation,
Derived from the Latin phrase cum alia scientia which means “acting with knowledge.”
Conscience
Connecting link between law and individual acts. / Akin to man’s intellect and a judgement of moral values.
Conscience
Types of Conscience
- True or Correct Conscience
- False or Erroneous Conscience
- Scrupulous Conscience
- Lax Conscience
- Certain Conscience
- Doubtful Conscience
what is good as good and what is evil as evil
TRUE OR CORRECT CONSCIENCE
what is good is evil and what is evil is good
FALSE OR ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE
there is sin where there really is no sin, or something is a mortal sin when it is only a venial sin.
SCRUPULOUS CONSCIENCE
refuses to be bothered about the distinction of good and evil / opposite of scrupulous conscience / finds excuses for an evil act to be not sinful.
LAX CONSCIENCE
Certain actions to be done or admitted / act without a bit of doubt.
CERTAIN CONSCIENCE
a vacillating conscience / opposite of certain conscience / can’t certainly decide, unsure about the morality of what one is to do.
DOUBTFUL CONSCIENCE
How to form/develop one’s conscience:
- Get rid of doubt and achieve certainty
- Use rational thinking
- Develop moral certitude
base on a sense of right and wrong according to conscience
MORAL CERTITUDE
Quality of human acts which leads us to call some of them good and some evil.
MORALITY
A thing is considered good when it can answer _____, _____, or _____.
tendency, appetite or desire
The greatest good. Ethical system for the ultimate good.
SUMMUN BONUM
“Highest good.”
Cicero
What are the norms of Human Acts?
- Law
- Conscience
What are the classifications of law?
- Legislator
- Duration
- The Mode of Promulgation
- Prescription
What are the kinds of human laws?
- Civil Law
- Ecclesiastical Law
Give two examples of physical law.
Law of Thermodynamics
Law of Gravity
DETERMINANT OF MORALITY = _______
MEASUREMENT
Primary Determinant of Morality / Natural Purpose of the Act / Natural Result of the Action
The End of the Act
called as motive / intention or the motive of the doer of the act / without motive, act is accidental or involuntary
The End of the Actor
Conditions set by the situation / increasing or decreasing the responsibility of the person or actor / circumstances to consider, who, what, when, where, why and by what means
Circumstance of the Act
Paul Glenn’s 5 Principles:
- An indifferent act can become good or bad through circumstances
- A good act can become evil through circumstances
- An intrinsically good act can become better or an intrinsically bad
act can become worse through circumstances - An evil act can never be good through circumstances
- A good act with evil means destroy entire objective of the act
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN ACTS
- Imputability / “Impute”
- Merit (Praiseworthiness) and Demerit (Culpability)
As being done, caused, or possessed by someone; attribute.
Imputability / “Impute”
refer to the advantages or favorable significance
Merits
refer to the unfavourable points
Demerits
The End of the Doer is also called as
Motive
What is also known as the measurement of how good or bad something is?
Determinant of morality
It is the term where you receive a merit or praise
praiseworthiness
Refers to the intention or the motive of the doer of the act.
The end of the doer or the intention of the agent
Give 3 determinants of morality:
The End of the Act
The End of the Doer
Circumstance of the act
It is when you receive a demerit or punishment
culpability
Give 1 example of merit
healthcare,education etc
Give 1 example of demerit
Alcoholic,using drugs, etc