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GLGY 305 > Midterm Deck 2 > Flashcards

Midterm Deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How much higher were sea levels estimated to be in the Cretaceous?

A

~125 m higher at the end of the time of the dinosaurs than they are right now. All of the reasons are not fully understood however.

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2
Q

What happened to the climate and sea levels towards the end of the Dinos?

A

The globally mild and warm temperatures deteriorated due to DECREASED VOLCANISM on the sea floor and drop in sea levels. This caused increased seasonality and increase in temperature gradient between the equator and the poles. North American no longer had in land seas - get more extreme temps in the interior
Green house gases dissipated over time due to decreased volcanism. This decreased the temperature. Which then caused ice sheets to form - decreased the sea level.

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3
Q

How many million years ago did the dinosaurs live?

A

230-65.5 million years ago.

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4
Q

What are the four eons in Earth’s history?

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic. Dinos lived during the Phanerozoic.

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5
Q

What Eras are included in the Phanerozoic?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic Eras. Dinos were around during the mesozoic eras

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6
Q

When was the Triassic?

A

252 -200 Ma. First dinos were 228 Ma. First mammals were in this period too

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7
Q

When was the Jurassic?

A

200-145 Ma. First birds evolved here

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8
Q

When was the Cretaceous?

A

145-65.5 Ma
Dinos went extinct (Non-avian)

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9
Q

When did the non-avian dinosaurs go extinct?

A

65.5 Ma. This marked the end of the Cretaceous period and the end of the Mesozoic Era

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10
Q

When did we begin to see multicellular life?

A

At the end of the Proterozoic Eon

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11
Q

What type of rock do we find non-avian dinosaur fossils in?

A

Clastic sedimentary rocks (sandstone, siltstone, shale)

Sedimentary rocks are broken or dissolved bits of other rocks stuck together

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12
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Sandstone, siltstone, shale, Type of rock depends on grain size. Sediments deposited on land/beachers in rivers, buried, than glued together to make a rock. Bits of rock deposited somewhere - compacted and then glued together with a cement. Often derived from a liquid flown in
Find dinosaur bones here

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13
Q

Chemical sedimentary rock (limestone, salt)

A

Sediments crystallize out of water. Form in lakes/seas due to evaporation – precipitation

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14
Q

erosion

A

The transportation of sediments

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15
Q

basins

A

topographic lows

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16
Q

What type of basin is Calgary?

A

A foreland basin. Weight of mountain belt pushes down the crust’s surface

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17
Q

Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

A

Formed because of the heavy load of mountains in BC caused the plate to sink down.

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18
Q

Where are asymmetrical ripples formed?

A

Formed in river or desert environments. Formed with the UNIDIRECTIONAL flow of air or water. Particles move up a ramp and then collapse. Sediments move from point A to B

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19
Q

Symmetrical ripples

A

Formed in areas of oscillating wave action. Flow is repeated (bidirectional flow of fluid) tells us about the environment conditions in the location at the time.

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20
Q

What can pebbles tell us about ancient environments?

A

They become imbricated in rivers. This tells us the direction that water flows and if/that the water had enough energy to move the pebbles

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21
Q

What can mud cracks tell us about ancient environments?

A

Forms when the water dries up and clay minerals contract. Get distinctive patterns. Process of uniformitarianism

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22
Q

What is lithification caused by?

A

Compaction due to burial and cementation – turning into rock (new one). Deposition - Compaction - Cementation - creates sedimentary rock.

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23
Q

What is a bentanite layer formed from?

A

Volcanic eruption produces ash - gets deposited in a layer and stored in the geological record. Stored as bentanite. Very slippery when wet.

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24
Q

relative dating

A

Putting events in order without knowing the dates to which the events occurred. Use both lithostratigraphy principles (rocks) and biostratigraphy (fossils) principles.
Putting rocks in order from youngest to oldest using the seven stratigraphic principles of relative dating

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25
Q

Absolute dating

A

Calculating an exact date using radiometric dating

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26
Q

Principle of Superposition

A

Older sediments are on the bottom while younger sediments are on the top. Younger gets deposited on older (gravity)

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27
Q

principle of original horizontality

A

Sediments get deposited in horizontal sheets. These can be deformed into folds or faults but when they are deposited, they are horizontal

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28
Q

Principle of Lateral Continuity

A

Because sediments are deposited in horizontal layers, you can trace undeformed layers from one rock outcrop to another . Know that the layers were originally laterally continuous before erosion

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29
Q

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

A

A geologic feature that cutes across another is younger than the feature it cuts across

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30
Q

Principle of Inclusions

A

A rock inclusion is OLDER than its host rock. The inclusion had to exist first in order for it to be included into another unit.

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31
Q

Principle of Unconformities

A

Rocks above an unconformity (an erosional surface) are younger

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32
Q

Principle of Faunal Succession

A

Extinct fossils will only appear in rocks that formed when it was alive and fossils of different animals will succeed each other vertically in a predictable, specific order.

33
Q

What makes for a good index fossil?

A

A fossil that is geographically wide spread and has existed for a short period of time. Index fossils can be used to date the bed of rock that the fossil is found in.

34
Q

What varies with different isotopes of the same atom?

A

neutron number and mass number.

The proton number and the atomic number stay the same.

35
Q

Why do isotopes break down spontaneously?

A

A parent isotope will break down into a daughter isotope spontaneous if the parent isotope is UNSTABLE. This spontaneous decay allows us to date rocks (estimate their age).

36
Q

What is the half life of a certain (unstable) parent isotope?

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the sample to breakdown into the stable daughter isotope.

You must choose an isotope that doesn’t decay too fast or slow relative to the expected age of the rock.

37
Q

Can you age sedimentary rocks using absolute dating methods?

A

No you cannot because sedimentary rocks are composed of pieces of other rocks - we would overestimate the age of the rock this way. However, we can age layers of rock beneath and overtop of the sedimentary rock layer to estimate the age of the rock. ex. bentanite can be dated. (relative dating)

38
Q

Articulated skeletons

A

Bones are in life position ie. they are in the correcct positions.
Animal was buried shortly after death. Limit transportation+ scavenging

Might be found in death pose - caused by the slight movement or the skeleton after death of the animal due to desiccation of muscles and ligaments - get contraction of the muscles when they are drying out.

39
Q

What can associated skeletons also be callled?

A

partially articulated

40
Q

Partially Articulated Skeletons

A

Associated skeletons
Some of the bones are in life position. Animal was buried shortly after death following minor transportation (tends to lead to some disarticulations)

41
Q

Disarticulated skeletons

A

Aka bone bed of 1. Can be put back together IF all of the bones are there. No bones here are in life position. Animal was buried following minor transportation. If there was extensive transportation, the bones would NOT be in a collection together but rather would’ve sorted with other transported sediments based on grain size.

42
Q

Isolated bones

A

MOST COMMON
Only a single bone is found. Specimen was likely buried long after death following an extensive transportation. Elements sorted out by size
Still informative as we can look at the bone to find out the species and also look at the rock where it was deposited in and infer the environment the animal lived in

43
Q

What is a bone bed?

A

Concentration of macro fossils consisting of multiple individuals. Usually the bones are disarticulated or associated. Often caused by a mass death. Variation in bone size

44
Q

Mummification

A

Desiccation. Drying something out. Mummified dinos have been recovered. Desiccation preserves soft tissues like hair, skin, and nail - very rare but informative
A PEAT BOG is a great place for desiccation to occur - limited oxygen in this environment

45
Q

Encasement

A

Tar/Amber - cover the fossil in something sticky!
Unaltered remains - chemistry of the fossil remains intact
Can see behaviour sometimes. Can be accompanied by mummification

46
Q

Unaltered remains - Fossilization methods

A

Frozen/freeze-dried
Mummified/desiccated
Encased

These make for the best fossils bc they most closely resemble the living organism. The chemistry is NOT ALTERED in unaltered remains

47
Q

Replacement

A

Altered remains- fossilization method.

Original bone/shell material is dissolved and another mineral immediately takes its place (often pyrite or silica(quartz))

Chemistry is altered but you can still make interpretations based on the overall structure

48
Q

Permineralization

A

Fill the void. Water flows through the pores and deposits minerals. This is quite common in bone because bone has a spongy/porous structure. Minerals deposited in the pores
Quite common to find in Dinosaur National Park
Altered Remains

49
Q

Petrifaction

A

A process that combines replacement and permineralization.
Commonly seen in WOOD. Pore space is filled in as well. Tells us something about the depositional environment at the time (western interior sea wave)

ALTERED REMAINS

50
Q

Recrystallization

A

Changing the crystal structure/arrangement OR making the crystals bigger. This is facilitated by heat and pressure and the chemicals available in the surrounding environment

51
Q

Carbonization

A

Leave a film - very common with plants.
Bury it and squeeze water and other volatiles out until there is only a film of carbon left on the rock.
Informative in determining the paleobotany of depositional environment - ie what plants were around WITH the dinos?!

Altered remains

52
Q

Mold

A

ALTERED REMAINS
This is an imprint. A fossil was stamped into the sediment and removed (dissolved or decomposed) leaving and imprint from the fossil.

Does not tell us about the internal structure.
Dependent on the chemical environment

53
Q

Cast

A

This is FILLED IMPRINT
Altered remains. A cast is made when a sediment fills up the mold and then the mole is removed. The cast can give an exact replica of the outside of the actual fossil
Does not tell us anything about the internal structure
Dependent on the chemical environment

Silica or calcite commonly

54
Q

When was the silk road around?

A

206 BC - 220 AD

55
Q

What happened in 206 BC - 220 AD for dinosaur discoveries?

A

A protaceratops fossil was found on the Silk road going through the Gobi desert. They thought it was a Griffin (Lion/Eagle) - This was something familiar to them so they explained what they didn’t know using something that they did.

56
Q

Who came up with the stratigraphic principles of relative dating?

A

Nicolas Steno

57
Q

What are some things that were learned during the age of enlightenment?

A

1600’s to 1800’s
- Earth changes over time
- Earth is very old
- Discovered stratigraphic principles of relative dating
- Fossils are the remains of ancient creatures
- Organisms change overtime (Darwin)

1850 - Charles Darwin - Origin of the Species (EVOLUTION)

58
Q

Who described the first dinosaur fossil?

A

Dr. Robert Plot in 1677
He guessed correctly that is was the top of a large thigh bone (femur) but incorrectly guessed that it was from an elephant. Later incorrectly guessed it was from a giant human

59
Q

Richard Brooks

A

Came along after Robert Plot to re-describe the bone discovery. Said it was a femur bone from the species scrotum humanum

Humans make references to things in anatomy that look familiar to others. ie. things that look like kidneys are described as being renaliform.

60
Q

Who discovers Iguanodon and when?

A

Iguanodon teeth were discovered in 1822 by Mary Ann Mantell. Named the species Iguanodon because they looked like large iguana teeth. She and Mary Annings make important contributions to paleontology.
- Pioneers in the field.

61
Q

William Buckland

A

1829 - Finds a lower jaw of what he believed was a rather large lizard. Names the animal Megalosaurus

62
Q

Gideon Mantell

A

Mary Ann’s husband. In 1832, he buys bones from a fossil dealer - Extracts most complete fossil of a non-avian skeleton yet.
Partially articulated Hylaeosaurus (ankylosaurus) - some life position

63
Q

What happened in 1840?

A

Mary Ann and Gideon Mantell discover a more complete specimen of Iguanodon. They tried to create reconstructions using the evidence they had at the time - inevitably going to be some error.
ie. thought a bone was a horn but it was a thumb spike

64
Q

Who coined the term ‘Dinosaur’ and when was this?

A

1842 - Sir Richard Owens
He wanted to recognize the ‘new’ group based on the materials he had available to him at the time
‘Fearfully great’ or ‘terrible’ lizard
Based off of similarity between birds and mammals
Materials he had - Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Hylaeosaurus

65
Q

1853

A

Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins - hired to build life size sculpture of Iguanodon - like the Victorian reconstruction - large, quadripedal, slow/sluggish

66
Q

Joseph Leidy

A

1858 - Describes the first significant dinosaur remains in North America. Hadrosaurus foulkii.
This produces reconstructions that transformed the idea of dinosaurs being fat and slow quadripeds to terrifying large and quick bipedal organisms.

Begin to update our interpretations of dinosaurs

However we still didn’t understand the breadth of diversity of dinosaurs there was.

67
Q

Who was involved in the Bone Wars?

A

Edward Cope and Othniel Marsh
THE GOLDEN AGE OF PALEONTOLOGY
The competing camps had a rivalry. Greater than 142 species of dinosaurs were discovered.
Collection and description in a fast way - sometimes led to duplications of descriptions between the research camps

68
Q

When were the Bone Wars

A

1877-1892
Edward Cope and Othniel Marsh

69
Q

Othniel Marsh

A

Bone wars

70
Q

Edward Cope

A

Bone wars

71
Q

When was the first written report of dinosaur bones in AB?

A

Near Dinosaur Provincial Parkl 1871

72
Q

George Dawson

A

Discovered duck-bill dinosaur fragments along the milk river 1874

73
Q

When was the first meat-eating dinosaur discovered in Canada?

A

1884 by Joseph B Tyrell
Named Albertosaurus
Skulls are very informative because we can use them to infer features of their senses – which tells us about their lifestyle

74
Q

The Great Canadian Dinosaur Rush

A

1910-1917
Many expeditions led by Barnum Brown and the Sternberg family. By the end of this period, greater than 300 specimens had been collected and shipped to museums across the world.

75
Q

What does the Alberta Historical Resources Act State?

A

1972 - States that:
- Fossils are property of all Albertans
- Fossils are to remain in AB
- Excavation of fossils can only be done by qualified people holding a permit
- Violations punishable by up to $50 000 in fines and or 1 year in prison

76
Q

When did Dinosaur Provincial Park become a provincial park?

A

1955
UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. Recognizing the fossils are a valuable resource that need to be protected and preserved.
Dinosaur Provincial Park contains a relatively complete package of terrestrially preserved rocks- allow us to track how dinosaur lineages changed over time too.

77
Q

Royal Tyrell Museum

A

Plan to open in 1979
Opened doors in 1985

78
Q

Two types of fossil collection

A

Surface collection or excavation

GLGY 305 (5 decks)

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