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GLGY 305 > Final Exam 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological species

A

A group of individuals that can actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Linnaean Taxonomy

A

Linnaeus developed a classification system based on how close organisms were to one another.
- The more features that two organisms shared, the more closely related they were assumed to be
- If two organisms shared more features in common that one of the organisms and a separate organism, those organisms were thought to be more closely related than to the other separate organism.

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3
Q

Linnaean Taxonomy

A

Linnaeus developed a classification system based on how close organisms were to one another.
- The more features that two organisms shared, the more closely related they were assumed to be
- If two organisms shared more features in common that one of the organisms and a separate organism, those organisms were thought to be more closely related than to the other separate organism.
Poorly addressed evolutionary relationships sometimes - use analogous.

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4
Q

Homologous features

A

Features that are found in two separate organisms (or groups of organisms) because those organisms both evolved from a common ancestor that had this same feature.
Example - all mammals have four limbs.

When a similar anatomical structure in two different organisms can be traced back to a single original structure in a common ancestor - we call it a homologous structure.

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5
Q

Analogous structures

A

Features that look similar because they serve a similar function - NOT BECAUSE OF COMMON ANCESTRY

Convergent evolution

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6
Q

diagnostic characters

A

distinctive and unique characters that define a taxon.

Characters may or may not be diagnostic depending on which two groups you are comparing

ie. fur is diagnostic of mammals but not dogs

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7
Q

plesiomorphic

A

primitive (character)

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8
Q

apomorphic

A

derived (character)

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9
Q

Pikaia

A

One of the earliest ancestors of all vertebrates
Had a notochord
Cephalochordata
No vertebral column however

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10
Q

Agnathans/Cyclostomata

A

Jawless fish with vertebral columns- were very successful until jawed fish came along
Lampreys and hagfish
Lampreys - parasites

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11
Q

Sarcopterygians

A

Lobe-finned fish. Fleshy fins (some)
Fins have bony elements - homologous with the bone elements in the limbs of tetropods
Coelocanth
Limb-like bones in fins

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12
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Fishapod - transitional animal from water to land
Had gills and lungs, fins that could bear weight
Speed the transition onto land

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13
Q

Adaptations that tetrapods had for land

A

more robust pelvic and pectoral girdles
sprawlingn stance
robust ribs to protect organs like the lungs

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14
Q

What are all of the Linnaean classification groups?

A

Kings playing cards on fine Greek silk
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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15
Q

Dimetrodon

A

Mammal-like dinosaurs – synapsids
One temporal fenestrae
Not mammals though - no mammary glands or fur

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16
Q

Diapsids

A

Dinosaurs, birds, pterosaurs, crocodiles, lizards, snakes

Some scientists have expanded the definition of reptiles to include all diapsids, even the birds

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17
Q

Linnaean class Reptilia

A

Dinosaurs, crocodiles, snakes, lizards

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18
Q

What two classes are diapsids split into?

A

Lepidosauromorphs - short, nonoverlapping vertebrae in the neck (lizards, snakes, mososaurs)
Archosauromorphs - longer, overlapping vertebrae in the neck which provide support for longer necks (crocodiles, pterysaurs, birds, dinos)

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19
Q

Archosauria

A

A subgroup of Archosauromorpha that has openings in front of the eyes called antorbital fentrestrae

They also have longer, overlapping neck vertebrae like other Archosauromorphs

Crocodiles, pterosaurs, birds dinosaurs

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20
Q

What clades do the Archosauria split into?

A

Crurotarsi - crocodiles (sprawling stance)
Ornithodira - upright stance (pterosaurs, birds, dinos)

Differences in the ankle structure

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21
Q

What groups do Archosaurs splits into?

A

Crurotarsi - crocodiles retain sprawling stance
Ornithodira - pterosaurs, birds, dinos have an upright stance (simple ankle joint)
Due to differences in ankle structure

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22
Q

What clades does the Ornithodira branch into?

A

Includes the Pterosauria and the Dinosauria

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23
Q

Pterosauria

A

Has extraordinary adaptations for flight (elongation of digit 4 to support the wing.
Dinosaurs do not have this adaptation. (Neither do dinosauromorphs)

FLIGHT EVOLVED SEPARATELY IN BIRDS

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24
Q

What kind of posture do dinosauromorpha exhibit?

A

Digitigrade posture - standing on the balls of their feet, allowing for a longer stride - move more efficiently and continuously gallop (not in short bursts like with sprawlers)
All ornithodira have the upright posture bc of their simple ankle

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25
Q

Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorphs

A

Small, lightly built, insectivorous or carnivorous, and many walked on all fours but ran bipedally

consistent with the idea that primitive dinosaurs were bipedal and dinos secondarily reverted to the quadrupedal stance. Same thing with herbivory (secondarily evolved)

Earliest dinos were also likely bipedal

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26
Q

What was the distribution of dinosauromorphs?

A

World wide distribution because Pangaea was just one large super continent. Didn’t need to be able to cross oceans.

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27
Q

What characterizes Dinosauria?

A

Elongate deltapectoral crest on the humerus - for muscle attachment (=powerful forearms)
Perforate acetabulum (a cup-shaped opening on either side of the hips where the head of the femur inserts - 4 articulation)

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28
Q

When were the earliest dino fossils found?

A

228 mya - triassic
but maybe 242 - 237 mya? (trackways) - CARNIAN

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29
Q

Where were the oldest dino fossils found?

A

Argentina in 229-218 Ma rocks
Traits are very primitive (not specialized)

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30
Q

When did non-dinosaur dinosauromorphs go extinct?

A

By the end of the late triassic
they were co-existing for some time with the dinosauria

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31
Q

Morphospecies

A

In the fossil record - a group of individuals that have some reliable characters distinguishing them from all other species
- hard to tell if the variation is due to differences is sex, age, or incomplete fossil record

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32
Q

What determines a dinosaur as being female in the fossil record?

A

Finding an egg in the body cavity
Look for medullary (SPONGY) bone - females have more energetic costs associated with producing eggs and raising young. More calcium budgeted to egg production and less calcium available for bones.

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33
Q

Identifying age in the fossil record?

A

Concentric growth rings called Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) - found in dino bones and teeth. See to form seasonally and thus can be counted to estimate age

lack of fusion in the skull bones suggests juvenile
young, rapidly growing bones are spongier and less solid than adult bones.

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34
Q

What are the three major groups of dinosaurs?

A

Theropods (mostly meat-eating dinos)
Sauropodomorphs (long-necked dinos)
Ornithischians (everything else)

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35
Q

Historical Saurischia group

A

Based on hip orientation

Lizard-hipped – pubis is down and slightly forward

included theropoda and sauropodomorpha

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36
Q

Historical Ornithischia group

A

Based on hip orientation

Bird-hipped – part of the pubis points backwards and lies along the lower rim on the ischium.

Just included ornithischia

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37
Q

Hip orientations for Saurischia vs Ornithischia

A

Saurischia - lizard-hipped - Pubis is down and slightly forward
Ornithischia - bird-hipped - at least part of the pubis points backwards. Pubis parallel to the ischium.

38
Q

Historical subdivisions within Dinosauria

A

Based on the hips

Saurischia includes theropods and sauropodomorphs (birds - lizardhipped!)

Ornithischia includes all other dinosaurs (bird- hipped)

SO according to this grouping - the orientation of hips evolved twice separately for birds and Ornithiscians .

39
Q

Which clade has more evidence for support - Ornithischia or Saurischia?

A

Ornithischia has more characters in common - more support for this group!
predentary bone, beak, palpebral bone, jaw joint set below the upper tooth row, at least 5 sacral vertebrae, ossified tendons above sacral region

Saurischia - primitive = carnivory suggested
elongate vertebrae in the neck, large hands, loss of digit V, thumb falls across the palm
- Support for this clade is not as good :(

40
Q

How did the Big Reorganization group the major groups of dinosaurs?

A

Saurischia has one group - incl Sauropodamorpha as one group which includes sauropods
Ornithoscelida - Incl. Theropoda and Ornithischia

Demphasises the importance of the hips

41
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A

the simplest explanation is the best explanation

42
Q

herrasaurids

A

basal group of dinosaurs - we are currently unsure of where these dinosaurs fit in with the three major groups.

have them as a basal theropod but we aren’t sure

43
Q

Problems with the Big Reorganization

A

Both sauropodomorphs and theropods have pneumatic bones (bones with air sacs) throughout their skeletons - pterosaurs also have these though… so maybe its a primitive trait of all Ornithodira?

Carnivory evolved twice (once in herrasaurids and once in theropods)

44
Q

What features do herbivorous mammals have in their skull for chewing?

A

Cropping section - blade-like teeth called incisors bite off chunks of food
diastema - a toothless ish gap for food manipulation by the tongue
Cheek teeth - molars in mammals - a place for grinding food into paste

Their jaw joint is also offset from their teeth row - allows their teeth to all come together at the same time to facilitate efficient grinding of food

We can look for these same skull features in dinosaurs to infer herbivory

45
Q

What are some adaptations for chewing in the skull?

A

Expansion of the coronoid process for jaw muscle attachment
Closely packed teeth with flat grinding surfaces (see with cheek teeth)
Teeth occlude (fit together tightly top to bottom) for efficient grinding.
An inset tooth row to support cheeks (so food doesnt fall out of the mouth when chewing)
Jaw joint is above or below the tooth row (allowing the upper and lower teeth to make contact at the same time)- less stable jaw joint but allows for simultaneous contact of teeth plus for grinding side to side — gives a mechanical advantage

46
Q

Gastroliths

A

stomach stones that help to mechanically breakdown food in non-chewers

Reduce E costs for aquatic taxa- can help with balance as well

47
Q

Were theropods good or bad chewers?

A

Probably bad chewers
Teeth spaced out or no teeth at all
Tooth row not inset (no cheeks)
Wide gape
pointy serrated teeth (steak knives)
Dominant tooth function: tearing
Slim torsos

48
Q

When would carnivores hold on to their prey?

A

When the prey was small compared to themselves.
When the prey was large relative to themselves they would likely adopt a slashing bite tactic - bite and release and wait for the animal to bleed out

NEed to weigh the risk vs benefit

49
Q

Were sauropodomorphs good chewers?

A

Not good chewers - their teeth were spaced out and peg-like (no grinding surfaces)
Teeth spaced out
Tooth row not inset

DOminant tooth function: puncturing vegetation

However they do have barrel-shaped guts for fermentation and some have gastroliths
NOT CARNIVORES

50
Q

Were ornithischians good chewers?

A

They were okay, good, and great chewers
They have similar skull adaptations to herbivorous mammals
Cropping section (beak), diastema (gap for food manipulation), cheek teeth (grinding surface)
-jaw joint below the tooth row (simultaneous grinding)

BY ANALOGY - SPECIALIZING ONT HE SAME DIET TYPE IS HERBIVOROUS MAMMALS

51
Q

rhamphotheca

A

beak made of keratin found in ornithischia
For cropping vegetation

Not well preserved lots of the time

52
Q

Direct evidence for what dinosaurs ate

A

Coprolites (fossilized poop) and cololites (gut contents)

53
Q

Indirect evidence for what dinosaurs ate?

A
  • Skull adaptations
    -Assemble all known fossilsf rom an area - carnivores likley ate the herbivores who ate plants

Look for teeth marks on bones ( can;t identify spec but still gives info)

Compare to other skeletons of species are alive to infer behaviours + compare enviros they might have lived in

54
Q

Adaptations for fish eating animals

A

Elongate narrow snout, conical, interlocking teeth
Helps to trap slippery prey
Forward tilting teeth to spear fish

Piscivorous birds either have sharp pointed beaks to spear fish or large lower jaws to scoop the fish

55
Q

Is Allosaurus a carnivore?

A

Sure is

55
Q

Meaning of Sauropodomorpha

A

Lizard-foot-form

Extremely big, not so smart -

56
Q

What are some characters that define the sauropodomorpha?

A

Relatively small HEAD
At least 10 neck vertebrae that form a long neck
Additional vertebrae in front and behind sacrum
Big thumb with large claw
Long femur

Lived for more than 160 million years

57
Q

What was the distribution of the Sauropodomorpha?

A

Found all over - around for a long time too - very successful

58
Q

Basic appearance of prosauropoda?

A

Smaller, bipedal
A basal or primitive Sauropod

As they become more derived, sauropods get a lot bigger, they get quadripedal, and their heads get smaller relative to their body size

59
Q

Which way does the pubis of a Sauropodomorph face?

A

Forward and down

60
Q

Largest dino?

A

Argentinosaurus huinculensis
35 m long and ~75 tons. But just estimates

Patagotitan may have been larger

61
Q

What did Sauropods do to keep things light?

A

Pheumatic bone - kept tje upper skeleton light
In their vertebrae - have an internal system of cavities and openings

Extremely small, delicately built skull with large openings

Small head because it goes at the end of a long neck

Their bony nostril openings migrate backwards on top of their head

62
Q

What are two main groups of Sauropods?

A

Diplodocoidea
Macronaria

63
Q

Diplodocoidea

A

fully retracted nares above the eyes

Subrectangular snout
peg-like teeth along front of jaw forming tooth comb
Subgroup of sauropods

64
Q

Macronaria

A

Sub group of Sauropods
Nares as large or larger than the orbit

Nares move towards the top of the skull
Shortening and elevation of the skull, indicating a more powerful biting force.

65
Q

What evidence suggests that the fleshy nostrils of sauropods lie closer to the end of the snout?

A

Abundance of foramina for blood vessels and nerves indicates fleshy nostrils further down the face and closer to the mouth than the eyes
nares = bony nostrils

66
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Structure particularly important in sauropods.
An elastic rope of connective tissue that ran down the neck and back to support the head so the muscles didn’t have to work as hard.
Passive way to hold the neck in the horizontal plane.

67
Q

How is blood passed through the neck up to the head?

A

Neck is held close to horizontally
Cervical ribs flexed while the dinosaur walked. Compression may have put pressure on the vertebral artery (takes blood to the head), helping to pump blood of the neck
With a longer neck, there are more muscles to help pump

68
Q

How did sauropods breath?

A

Air sac system like birds. Means that lungs are receiving oxygenated blood during both inhalation and exhalation

Some of the air sacs are in their hollow bones

69
Q

Characters specific to the Ornithischia

A

predentary bone
Beak (toothless tip of snout) rhampotheca
Palpebral bone that cross the outside of the eye socket
Jaw joint set below the upper tooth row
Cheek teeth with low, subtriangular crowns
At least 5 sacral vertebrae
Ossified tendons above the sacral region further along the vertebral column

70
Q

Ornithischian pelvis?

A

Part of the pubis pointing backwards
May have accomodated a larger gut region

71
Q

Function of Ossified tendons above the sacral region further along the vertebral column

A

Passively hold the tail horizontally
Counter balance - holding the chest and the head forward - suggests more of an active lifestyle

72
Q

Primitive Ornithischia

A

Long hind limbs, bipedal
jaw joint is below the tooth row
can still see the palpebral bone

73
Q

Genasauria

A

Well-developed muscular cheeks
SEE INSET tooth rows
Herbivores

This is a group within Ornithischia

74
Q

What are the main groups within the Genasauria?

A

(Ornithischia)

Thyreophora
Cerapoda (Marginocephalia + Ornithopoda)

75
Q

Thyreophorans

A

Genasaurs (Ornithischia) with dermal armour, bone-plates embedded in the skin-along th eback surface of the bony. EMBEDDED in the skin

Shield - bearer

76
Q

Cerapoda

A

Genosaurs (Ornithischia) with a pronounced diastema (space between the cropping region and the back teeth)

Includes the marginocephalia and the ornithopoda

77
Q

Marginocephalia

A

A group within the Cerapoda (within the Genosauria - Ornithischia)

78
Q

Ornithopoda

A

A group within the Cerapoda within the Genasauria within Ornithischia

Incl. iguanodon, duck-bill dinosaurs, and other great chewers

79
Q

What is the beak of Ornithischians made of?

A

Keratin - not preserved well because it does not fossilize
rhamphotheca

80
Q

Who are the Hadrosaurs?

A

Called the DUCKBILLED DINOSAURS
Ornithopoda - Genosauria - Ornithischia
Don’t actually have a beak

Consumed touch vegetation like conifer needles, twigs, needles and bark

81
Q

What are the shared characters of Thyreophora

A

Ornithischia - Genosauria (dinos with cheeks) - Thyreophora

  • Parallel rows of bones that are embedded in the skin (called OSTEODERMS) that run down the necks, backs and tails

Armoured dinosaurs! Though the armour is embedded in the skin - NOT ATTACHED TO THE SPINE

82
Q

Primitive Thyreophora

A

Began as small and bipedal - but they quickly became larger quadrupedal dinos

All derived thyreophorans are quadrupedal

83
Q

Did dermal armour evolve in any other lineage of dino besides Thyreophora?

A

Yep - some sauropods have it
SaltasaURUS

84
Q

Were Thyreophora good chewers?

A

Ok chewers
Have beak for cropping and inset tooth row/cheeks
but their teeth are small, simple, triangular, lack regular grinding surfaces and do not fit well together

also the coronoid process is small

They ate shorter plants like ferns and cycads

85
Q

What groups are within Thyreophora?

A

Scutellosaurus
Eurypoda
- Stegosauria
- Ankylosauria

86
Q

Stegosauria (roofed-lizards)

A

Eurypoda - Thyreophora - Genosauria - Ornithischia

Almost global distribution
Plates organized in rows down the neck, back and tail

Medium sized dinos - about hippo size

They have shorter forelimbs than hind limbs but they are NOT bipedal like other dinos with these limb proportions

87
Q

How do we think Stegosaurs moved?

A

Likely just walked slowly
Couldn’t run bipedally likely because too head heavy
Longer hindlimbs than forelimbs
…their weight is distributed towards the head.

88
Q

Do we think that Stegosaurs were smart?

A

When looking at their brain case - we see their brain to body size ration was 1:1000 whereas humans are 1:40….

Very very small brain, slightly enlarged olfactory bulb

89
Q

What do osteoderms include?

A

Spines, spikes, cones, and plates embedded within the skin

For defense? The end of the tail yes - but they plates didn’t have max visual impact from the front so unlikely for defense

The spines and plates likely served at least some thermoregulation function -debated topic

Juveniles do not appear to have plates or spikes.

90
Q

Thagomizer

A

End of the tail in some stegosaurs that was likely used for defense.

Pointed, splayed spikes that slashed side to side

91
Q

Ankylosauria

A

Eurypoda - Thyreophora - Eurypoda

Encased in an ‘armour’ of osteoderms; continuous shield around the neck, throat, back, and tail (sometimes head, cheeks and eyelids too)

large gut, quadrupedal with longer hindlimbs than forelimbs
2 hippos! bigger than stegosaurs

TAIL CLUB

Broad distribution; maybe not global though

GLGY 305 (5 decks)

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