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GLGY 305 > Final Exam 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main groups of Ankylosaurs?

A

Ankylosauridae
Nodosauridae

Ornithischia - Genosauria - Thyreophora - Eurypoda - Ankylosauria

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2
Q

Ankylosauridae

A

A sub group of Ankylosauria

Ornithischa - Genosauria - Thyreophora - Euryopoda - Ankylosauria

Characters that distinguish this group group from Nodosauridae:

Shorter broader head/beak
Large triangle plates attached to the rear corners of the skull
Well-armoured, but not many taller spikes along the body
Tail with a massive, bony club, sometimes paired with tail spikes or knobs (tail first defense)

Broader beak suggests that they were less selective in their diet than Nodosauridae

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3
Q

Nodosauridae

A

A family in the Ankylosauria group

Ornithischia - Genosauria (has cheeks) - Thyreophora - Euryopoda - Ankylosauria - Nodosauridae

Features that distinguish this group from Anklosauridae
- Longer, narrow snouts/beak
- Well-muscled shoulders
- Tall spikes at the shoulders
- No tail club

Their narrow beak suggests selective feeding (plucking fruits and foliage)

Head-first defense

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4
Q

Brain to body size ratio of Ankylosauria?

A

They had a small brain to body size ratio, like stegosaurs.

They were not terribly smart, but they were good at smeller (enlarged olfactory lobe/convoluted nasal passage)

Incredible slow- built for digestion, not speed

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5
Q

Tail club of Ankylosauridae

A

Paired masses of bones, most dense around the exterior
Base of the tail was flexible, but rear was stiffened with interlocking vertebrae and ossified tendons. Served as muscle attachment sites for a powerful swing.

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6
Q

Cerapoda

A

Genosaurs with cheeks AND a pronounced diastema

Ornithischia - Genosauria - Cerapoda

Major groups within Cerapoda include the Ornithopoda and the Marginocephalia

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7
Q

Marginocephalia

A

Edge - head
Two main groups = Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria

Have a ridge or shelf of bone that runs across the back of the skull.

the size is highly variable, obscures view of other bones at the back

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8
Q

Pachycephalosauria

A

The dome heads
Thick-head-lizard

They are BIPEDAL ornithishians with thickened skull roofs

Ornithischia – Genosauria – Cerapoda –> Marginocephalia –> Pachycephalosauria
They are only found in the northern hemisphere

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9
Q

Geographic distribution of Pachycephalosauria

A

Only found in the Northern Hemisphere

An earlier population was found in Asia and some think they travelled over to North America across a land bridge called Beringia

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10
Q

Differences between North American and Asian Pachycephalosauria forms?

A

NA - tend to have high domes
Asian - tend to have both high domes and flattened, thickened skulls.

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11
Q

Did Pachycephalosaurs have big brains?

A

Nope, smaller brains like other Ornithischians.
They had particularly large olfactory lobes
Brain was tilted down towards the back of the skull

The bones at the back of the skull are also rotated downwards. The bigger the bone, more downwards facing there was. Potentially for male to male competition.

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12
Q

Ceratopsians

A

Horn face (triceratops!)
Ornithischia - Genosauria - Cerapoda –Marginocephalia - Ceratopsia
A subgroup of marginocephalia
How to distinguish between Pachycephalosauria and Ceratopsia?
Ceratopsians have a well-developed frill, nasal horns, and more derived forms are quadrupedal (they were bigger)

ALL HAVE A ROSTAL BONE - NO OTHER GROUPS HAVE THIS BONE (tip of the upper jaw)

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13
Q

All ceratopsians have:

A

A rostral bone
Narrow skulls with thick beaks
A skull that flares in the cheek regions (jugal horns)
A bony shelf of variable size off the back of the head (FRILL)
Thick hooves on all toes

.. they DIDNT all have horns and they WEREN’T all quadrupedal

they did have lots of ornamentation however - the transition towards larger more ornamented frills suggests that display and competition were important

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14
Q

Ceratopsian geographical distribution

A

Only found in the Northern Hemisphere (alberta!)
Asia and North America

Psittacosaurus, Yinlong, and Archaeceratops, Protoceratops
These ones were small, bipedal, and without horns
Smaller ones from Asian
NA ones were mainly large and quadrupedal

A comparison suggests that early on, a neoprimitive ceratopsian similar to Protoceratops migrated to the new world likely via the Bering Straits (land briefly exposed) –> led to diff evolutionary trajectories

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15
Q

Did all Ceratopsians have facial horns

A

Most had facial horns, BUT primitive forms lacked them

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15
Q

Did all Ceratopsians have facial horns

A

Most had facial horns, BUT primitive forms lacked them

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16
Q

What does a horn consist of?

A

Bony core and a sheath of keratin
appear shorter than actual in the fossil record because only the core gets preserved in the fossil record

horns are NOT shed

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17
Q

What were the groups of Certopsidae that were split into in NA?

A

Centrosauridae, Chasmosauridae

18
Q

Chasmosaurines

A

Ceratopsians found in NA
Typically had long frills, and long horns over the orbitals and a short horn over the nasals (BUT this is a primitive conditions also observed in basal centrosaurines)

The frill can widely vary in shape

Elongate snout

TRICERATOPS

19
Q

tHE Centrosaurines

A

A sub group of Ceratopsidae that resided in NA

Typically had relatively Short frills and typically short horns over the orbitals

Typically have more ornamented frills, shorter snout, longer nasal bones

EX Centrosaurus

20
Q

PURPOSE of horns?

A

originally thought to be defense weapons against predators but other things could be happening as well (as stated by more recent interpretations

Might have more to do with display, ritualized combat, defense of land, maturity, species identification
Intraspecies, interspecies

Deter predators, attract mates

21
Q

Centrosaurines (Centrosaurus) vs Chasmosaurines (triceratops) in behaviour

A

Centrosaurus
- fewer injuries to the skull so they may have been flankers (evidence of broken ribs)
- May have locked horns in combat, but tried to avoid eyes, ears, snout

Triceratops
- tend to have more injuries around the face than Centrosaurus- may have participated in more face to face combat

INTRASPECIES combat is hypothesized to be more likely given the distribution of wounds. Healed wounds are common in ceratopsian bones - suggests intraspecies competition (damge inflicted is not the damage inflicted by a predator, for example)

22
Q

Herding behaviour is Ceratopsians?

A

Bone beds found with Ceratopsians provide good evidence of herding behaviour –> many dinos of all ages all died together at the same time

23
Q

Which group is referred to as the ‘cattle of the cretaceous’

A

Ornithopoda!

Iguanodon is an Ornithopod

We have got a great fossil record for them because they were common, widespread, and lived for a long time

24
Q

Geographic distribution of the Ornithopoda?

A

They lived everywhere - evolved nearly 100 species and spread all over the world from the Arctic to Antarctica

Lived in a variety of different habitats and climates

25
Q

Ornithopoda

A

Ornithischians, Genasaurians - Cerapodans
Cerapoda divides into two groups, the marginocephalians and the Ornithopoda

They have 3 toes that contact the substrate (seen in their trackways)

26
Q

characters of ornithopods

A

strong depression of jaw joint below the tooth row
-gives mechanical advantage for chewing

Ornithopods are the best chewers of all dinosaurs

27
Q

Which group consists of the best chewers of all dinosaurs?

A

Ornithopods!

28
Q

Size of Ornithopoda?

A

They came in a range of sizes

early ornithopods were small and bipedal (1-2m Hypsilophodon) but later some members reached sizes up to 17m and were predominantly quadrupedal (Maiasaura).

29
Q

Major groups within the Ornithopods

A

Iguanodontia, Ankyllpollexia, Hadrosauridae

30
Q

Ankylopollexia

A

SPecialized fingers and hands

  • Thumb was conical and pointed… potentially for close range defense or breaking open seeds and fruit,,, or both
  • Middle digits were tipped with hooves and were fused - could bear weight – quadrupedal walking but bipedal running potentially
  • The pinkie was flexible an could bend across the palm like a thumb

So these characters remain in the more derived Ornithopods unless they were secondarily lossed.

31
Q

Iguanodon

A

Ornithopod, Ankylopollexia

32
Q

Which group are the most well-known ornithopods

A

The hadrosaurs (the DUCK-BILLED) DINOSAURS

HAdrisauridae family composed of two subfamilies - the Lambesaurinae and the Hadrosaurinae

33
Q

Hadrosauridae family

A

Subfamilies: Lambeosaurinae (hollow crested) + Hadrosaurinae (solid crested)
Characters: dental battery (rows of teeth constantly replaced- gives a continuous grinding surface), modification of feeding apparatus

They chewed by combining vertical movement of lower jaw with flaring outward of the maxilla - PLEUROKINESIS - to grind tough, low nutrition plant matter (twigs, bark)

pleurikinesis = questionable
potentially some rotational movement

34
Q

Hadrosauridae hand characters

A

-thumb is LOST
- only 3 weight-bearing fingers in hand, joined together in thickened pad to support weight during locomotion

No dexterity in the pinky and is smaller relative to primitive Ankylopollexian hands

The main function of hadrosaurid hands was to bear weight while standing

They probably spent most of their time on all fours.

35
Q

Hadrosaurinae

A

Solid crested Hadrosauridae

had small solid cranial crests or no crest at all
Prominent nasal arch - Maybe used arch for broadside or head-pushing during male-male combat

There may have been inflatable flaps of skin covering the nostrils and surrounding regions… air bags for vocalization
ex. Brachiosaurus

36
Q

Air bags for display?

A

The air bags may have been a way to compete with other males for female choice

this method of male-male competition causes less damage than those that fight physically.
Potentially a territory defense mechanism of the vocalizations using the airbags

37
Q

Lambeosaurinae

A

Hollow crested hadrosauridae
- link between the external bony nostril and the throat
Variety of crest shapes
Crest once believed to be related to aquatic habitat or for sense of smell but it is now believed to be related to display and species recognition

38
Q

Function of the crest of Lambeosaurinae

A

Airways go up the crest following convoluted pathways and down into the throat
Hollow crests on the head would have provided instant recognition and distinctive call
- resonating chamber perhaps

So functions for providing recognition and to create vocalizations

39
Q

Is there a crest in the juvenile Lambeosaurinae?

A

No, develops around sexually maturity.

40
Q

Thumb lost, 3 weight bearing digits, pinky is smaller and has no dexterity
Dental battery

What group of dinos is defined by these characters?

A

Hadrosaurids

41
Q

Promaxillary fenestrae are in which group?

A

Theropods
Extra openings in front of the ANTEORBITAL fenestrae

42
Q

Lose digit 5 on the hand
Functionally 3-toed foot
Furcula present

What group is defined by these characters?

A

Neotheropoda

Incl. Coelophysoidea and remainder of Neotheropods

43
Q

Dilophosaurus
Cryolophosaurus

A

Neotheropods

Dilophosaurus was not poisonous and it was bigger than the jurassic park movie representation

Elaborate head ornamentation

GLGY 305 (5 decks)

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