Midterm - Church history Spring Flashcards
Scholasticism
Method of academic discourse which is both broad and narrow. It is most broadly a method of academic discourse. More narrowly, there are various flavors of the methodology adopted and developed by figures like Petrus Ramus and later figures like Petrus Van Mastricht.
Scholasticism describes the technical and academic side of the process of institutionalization -Richard Muller
Tool of the academy which is not specific to philosophy nor theology
Humanism
Humanism was a movement stemming from the renaissance that worked to reclaim the past. (Ad fontes or back to the sources)
Way of reading texts that reflected ancient learning
The prince of the humanists was Erasmus
Rise of Reformed Scholasticism
There was a polemical need which gave rise to scholasticism.
As new ideas were introduced and old ideas were reintroduced through ad fontes, there was a need to disseminate information to make it useful to the people and have an abiding impact.
The church as a whole needed to inherit the reformation to produce a lasting effect. It was through scholasticism that the people of the church were taught that they might carry on what was regained.
Contributions of Reformed Scholasticism
Theological clarity
Archetypal and ectypal theology
Know the past and present
Martin Luther
Wrote the 95 Theses nailed them to the door of the Church in Wittenberg in 1517
Wrote Treatise on Good Works
Pronounced a heretic by the Catholic Church
The Heidelberg Disputation
Meeting called by Johannes Staupitz in 1518, where Luther was invited to defend his views
Luther lectured on his 28 Theses, focusing on his “theology of the cross”
Martin Bucer, mentor to Calvin, was in attendance
Treatise on Good Works
Written by Martin Luther
Summary of faith and works
Uses the ten commandments as a springboard
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Improvement of the Christian Estate
Written by Martin Luther to the nobility of Germany who supported the reformation
Was an attack on civil authority, and addressed the issue of separation of church and state
Criticised the Pope’s authority over interpretation of Scripture
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Written by Martin Luther to criticise Rome
Used Babylon as a metaphor for Rome and captivity as a metaphor for the hold they have on the sacraments
Luther states there are only two sacraments, communion and baptism
The Freedom of the Christian
Written by Martin Luther to Pope Leo X
Henry 8th wrote against Luther because of this piece
Doctrine of justification is being crystalized here
Diet of Worms
Was the imperial council called by the Pope to try Luther as a heretic
Pronounced him guilty and condemned him to death
Afterwards his friends kidnapped him to protect him from the edict
Frederick the Wise
Elector of Saxony
Was Martin Luther’s sponsor
Well known for having a large collection of relics
Johann Tetzel
Commissioned by the Pope to sell indulgences
Had a catchy catch phrase, “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”
Visited Erfurt on Nov. 1st 1517, the day after Luther pinned the 95 Theses
Katherina Von Bora
Wife to Martin Luther
Previous nun who ran away from her abbey in a fish barrel
Raised six children with Luther
Johann von Staupitz
Augustinian monk and mentor to Martin Luther
Was the person that encouraged Luther to become a teacher
Later left the Augustinian order to join the benedictine order as an Abbot.
John Calvin
Born in Noyon France to father Gerard Calvin.
Served in Geneva towards a holistic reform of church and government with William Feral.
Wrote, Institutes of the Christian Religion
Gerard Calvin
John Calvin’s father
First encouraged John to be a priest, later had a falling out with the church then encouraged him to study law instead
Worked for the local church as a clerk
Excommunicated from the church
Reply to Sadoleto
Resource confirming Calvin’s conversion happened sometime in 1533
Letter written by John Calvin to Cardinal Sadoleto
1539
Gives reply to catholicism
“Preface” to Commentary on the Psalms
(1557)
Written by John Calvin in 1557
Second document that confirms Calvin’s conversion in 1533
Theodore Beza
Said that Calvin, Viret, and Farel together made up the perfect pastor and together brought Geneva to Reformation
Disciple of Calvin
French, Calvin’s sucsessor
Lessons learned from Calvin
Know the God you proclaim
Proclaim Scripture faithfully and simply
Care for the church in adversity
Develop friends in ministry
Puritans
Beginning of the puritan era, Queen Elizabeth’s reign (1558)
The Puritans took the idea of the Reformation and pushed it into the modern world
Puritans sought to purify the church of England and standardize the reformation
John Owen
William Perkins
St. Bartholomew’s day
August 24, 1572
Massacre of the Huguenots in france
France’s way of snuffing out the movement of Reformation
Early Orthodoxy (ca. 1565-1618-1640)
Original codifiers of the Reformation
Scots Confession
Heidelberg Catechism
Synod of Dort
High Orthodoxy (ca. 1640-1685-1725)
Sophistication of Orthodoxy
Period of John Owen and Turretin
Development of Covenant Theology
Late Orthodoxy (after ca.1725)
Enlightenment
Privatized Religion
Unraveling of Reformation
Robert Bellarmine (1542-1621)
Defended the Catholic Church from Reformation
Wrote Disputations Concerning the Controversies of the Christian Faith, Against the Heretics of these days
Put into effect the decrees made at the Council of Trent
Disputations Concerning the Controversies of the Christian Faith, Against the Heretics of these days (1586-1593)
Written by Robert Bellarmine
Provoked over 200 responses
Socinianism
Anti Trinitarian Precursor to Unitarianism
Argued for rational reading of Scripture
Started by the Sozznini family: Lelio (uncle) and Fausto (nephew)
Four Common Myths of Puritanism
Mr. Killjoy
Mr. Navalgazer
Mr. Dailygrind
Mr. Can-Do-No-Wrong
Defining Puritanism (1558-1689)
No one unified group called the Puritans
An abstract term
Those who sought to purify the Church of England
Emphasized piety over politics
Had a fire for reform (“hot Protestants”)
Thomas Cramner
reformer
archbishop of Canterbury
Helped HenryVIII get an annulment for his marriage
Brutally and cruelly executed by “bloody Mary.”
Elizabeth I
Came to rule in 1558
o Daughter of Henry the 8th
o Last of the Tudor house
o Act of Supremacy was passed under her.
Wanted uniformity by instituting the Book of Common Prayer in all churches
James I
o The King James Bible was named after him.
o First of the Stuart dynasty.
o Due to the gunpowder plot he was harsh with Roman Catholics.
o Unified the Crowns of Scotland, Ireland, and England.
Charles I
o He was the only monarch in English history to be executed
o His attempts to have the church of Scotland conform to the BCP caused the bishops war.
William Laud
Struck fear into the hearts of the Puritans
Archbishop of Canterbury
Desired conformity of the Protestant church to The Book of Common Prayer
Catholic sympathizer
Oliver Cromwell
o Fought against Charles I in the English Civil War
o He was personally a puritan.
o Committed treason against the crown and signed onto the murder of Charles 1st.
Appointed Owen as vice chancellor of Oxford
Charles II
o Was the son of Charles 1st, reinstating the monarchy.
o He was very anti-puritan
o Act of uniformity was enacted under him
Act of Uniformity
o Enacted by Charles II
o Required uniform obedience to the Book of Common Prayer.
o Caused the great ejection of thousands of ministered who refused to agree to it.
Toleration Act
o The end of the puritan age
o Allowed liberty to the non-conformists
o Signed by William and Mary
Characteristics of Puritanism
- Focus on personal piety
- Stress communion with God
- Commitment to biblical authority
- Emphasis on sin and grace
- Dependence on the Holy Spirit
- Passion for purity of worship
William Perkins
(1558-1602)
Professor, pastor, popularizer, best selling author
Attended Christ College at Cambridge
Became mentored by Lawrence Chaderton
The Golden Chain
(1591)
Written by William Perkins
Romans 8
Stands against Pelagians, Lutherans, and Papists
Says predestination is the work of God’s mercy in Christ; reprobation is based on God’s decree
Theologoumena
John Owen (1661) Later known as Biblical Theology Written after being kicked out of Oxford Looks at theology from Adam to Christ All theology founded on covenant
T1, T2, T0, T-Infinity
T1- The Bible is the only source of divine authority.
T2- The Bible and tradition are coequal in authority.
T0- No creed but the Bible, “me and Jesus”. (Type of relativism to the individual)
T- Infinity- Authorities are relative to their people group.
The Belgic Confession (ecclesiastical decrees, allows for differing of opinion or objection)
Written in 1561 by Guido de Bres.
De Bres was a Student of Calvin and Beza.
Birth and death (1522-1576)
Heidelberg Catechism
Finished 1563
One of three forms of unity
Written by Zacharius Ursinus and Caspar Olevianus
Synod of Dort (1618-1619)
To Address the Arminian Remonstrants and the five articles which they presented. The articles sought to redefine traditional understandings of predestination, perseverance of the saints, and God’s Sovereignty.
To approve the Belgic and Heidelberg confessions as valid and accurate summaries of the Christian faith/biblical teaching.
Jacob Arminius
He criticised the protestant church from within, seeking to reform the reformation.
Presented his doctrine of contingent predestination through a Christ centered doctrinal system.
1560-1609
Confessional Context that led up to Westminster Assembly
39 Articles
Lambic Articles
Irish Articles
Ecclesiastical and Political Context of the Westminster Assembly
The National Covenant
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Solemn League and Covenant
Calling of the Westminster Assembly
Work of the Westminster Assembly
Directory of Public Worship (1644/5) Form of Presbyterial Church Government (1645) Confession of Faith (1646) Shorter Catechism (1647/8) Larger Catechism (1647/8)
Overview of Significant Contributions of the
Westminster Confession Doctrine of Scripture Doctrine of Covenant Doctrine of Christ Doctrine of Adoption Law & Liberty of Conscience Covenant Theology
1558
Elizabeth comes to the throne
William Perkins born
Reformation stabilizes
Start of Puritanism
Works of Luther
Bondage of the Will Treatise on Good Works To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Improvement of the Christian Estate The Babylonian Captivity of the Church The Freedom of the Christian
August 24
Massacre of the Huguenots in france
Nonconformists ejected from pulpits
John Owen dies
John Owen
(1616-1683) Puritan, nonconformist Most important English theologian Early advocate of religious toleration Wrote: Mortification of Sin, Communion with God, Hebrews commentary
