History 2 - Final Flashcards
Jean-Alphonse Turretin
Born in Geneva to Francis Turretin (1671–1737)
Professor of church history in 1697, then became prof. of theology in 1705 at the Geneva Academy.
Questioned Calvin’s interpretation of Scripture, introduced Enlightenment thought to the Swiss
The Enlightenment
Shift from the Reformation to Rationalist thought
Marginalization of Scripture
Elevation of Reason
Francis Turretin
Took part in the Helvetic Consensus Formula, which was an attempt to codify the Swiss Reformation
Father to Jean-Alphonse Turretin
Icon of Reformed orthodoxy
Creedal Helvetic Consensus
1675 written by Francis Turretin
1725 did away with the confessional statement. Abolished subscription by ministers to it
Led to a relax in confessional standard and lead to the rise in unorthodox teaching
Empiricism
Definition: sense perception is the way in which we obtain knowledge
Everything comes through experience
It is a self-defeating philosophy
John Locke; David Hume
Rationalism
Not a monolithic movement
Pursuit of knowledge through reason
Reason = the ground of our knowledge
René Descartes
Christian rationalist
Father of modern philosophy
Born in france in 1596 and died in 1650
Known for “cogito ergo sum” or “I think therefore I am.”
Adopted radical skepticism through a set of premises (list the four main ones)
Wrote Discourse on Method
Served in the army
Discourse on Method
Written by Rene Descartes in 1637
Striving for certainty - key
Presents four main arguments
-never accept truth where doubt remains
-break everything down into all its parts
-simple explanation is the best explanation
-simple and work to the complex
Tabula Rasa
Means “blank slate”
Refers to the empiricist concept of the human mind
Baruch Spinoza
Rejected the belief that God was a personal being
His slogan was “Deus sive natura”, meaning “God and or nature”
Wrote Theologico-Political Treatise
Pantheist rationalist
Expelled from synagogue for radical beliefs
Died from consumption
John Locke
Student of John Owen at Oxford University Nonconformist Divorced faith and reason Empiricist Wrote Two Treatises on Government Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Written by Locke
Mind = blank slate
Faith and reason categories
Reason = discovery of truth through sensation or reflection/experience
David Hume
Scottish enlightenment philosopher
Born in Edinburgh
Criticised empiricist philosophy
Secular empiricist
We are relegated to the realm of reason
Treaty on Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Plymouth
The destination of the Mayflower
Founded by the Pilgrims (a mix of Puritans and Anglicans)
Governed by the rules of the Mayflower Compact signed in 1620
Mayflower Compact
Recognized the divine right of the king
Religious freedom was desired
Civil body politic established
Covenanted community
Massachusetts Bay Colony
More Puritans left England looking for religious freedom in 1630, settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony
Their governor was John Winthrop, who got the position before he arrived in America
William Bradford
(1590–1657)
Governor of Plymouth Colony, New England
Brought long term stability
New Moses - out of England’s bondage
Wrote Of Plymouth Plantation
Came to the New World on the Mayflower in 1620
George Fox
(1624-16910)
Started the Society of Friends, or Quakers
Eventually settled in PA with his successor William Penn
Believed God puts and inner light in people, and that God speaks to people individually and not through Scripture
John Winthrop
(1587–1649)
Was the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Got the position before he arrived in America
Famous for Sermon A Model for Christian Charity (1630)
Roger Williams
(1603–1683)
Founded Rhode Island in 1636
Broadened the definition of religious freedom
Believed that the Native American religious experience was equal to Christianity
William Penn
(1644–1718)
Was a Quaker who learned from George Fox
Bought Pennsylvania as a haven of religious freedom in the New World
Was a student of John Owen at Oxford
Established quakerism in PA
Radical nonconformist
Cotton Mather
(1663–1728)
Wrote Magnalia-Christi Americano in 1702, which means “The Glorious Works of Christ in America”
Remembered for criticising how the Salem Witch Trials were handled
Grandfathers were John Cotton and Richard Mather, and father was Increase Mather, all important preachers in the New World colonies
Salem Witch Trials
6 men and 14 women were accused to be witchers and were killed
People accused others as witches on the basis of “spectral evidence”, which was the use of dreams and visions
Cotton Mather criticised how the trials were conducted saying “spectral evidence” was not enough to try someone
The Half-Way Covenant
Was proposal to help churches with the issue of declining membership
It allowed unconverted couples to present their children for baptism, but did not allow for communion until there was a verbal testimony
Caused the church to have more nominal members rather than genuine members
City on a Hill vs the Holy Experiment
William Bradford and John Winthrop were icons of the City on a Hill view, reformed, orthodox America
William Penn encouraged religious pluralism in PA
Titles were developed by historians
Jonathan Edwards
Pastor of the Church of Northampton in Massachusetts
Wrote 70 Resolutions, which was his personal mission statement
Famous for his sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Was a pastor, a missionary, and president of Princeton
God Glorified in the Work of Redemption (1731), A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737), Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God (1741)
- sermons
Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God
(1741)
Edward’s sermon on revival and and the workings of the Holy Spirit
He preached that people can not know what the Holy Spirit is doing inwardly through external manifestations
Preached that revivals should be about exalting Christ and holding up Scripture, and not idolizing religious experience
The Great Awakening
Series of revivals that went through the 13 colonies
The primary mode of revival was through the normal means of grace.
Spanned roughly from 1735 to 1742. (Double check this)
Its key figures were Edward, Whitefield, and Wesley.
John Wesley
(1703-1791)
Pastor that started the Methodist movement, influenced by his mother
Was born in 1703, and was number 15 of 19 children
Believed that Christians could attain a state of holiness on this side of glory
Was called “a brand plucked out of the fire” by his mother
George Whitefield
Was in the “Holy Club” with John Wesley
Called John Wesley to minister to coal miners in New England
Was a key figure in the Great Awakening
Francis Makemie
(1658–1708)
Ordained as a Minister in 1682 to be a missionary in America
Landed in Maryland in 1683
Recruited Pastors from the Old Country in Scotland and Ireland
In 1707, Mackemie and his colleague were arrested by Lord Viscount Cornberry of New York
Mackemie had dissenting credentials/the freedom to preach without a license recognized by the CoE
Wrote A Narrative of a new and unusual imprisonment of two Presbyterian ministers and prosecution of Mr. Francis Makemie
Makemie died in 1708
First Presbytery
Started by Francis Makemie in 1706
6 other pastors joined him
The Presbytery was started to encourage accountability among the churches
The Case of Robert Cross
(1690–1753)
Disciplinary case of Robert Cross from the New Castle Presbytery
The case is being dealt with in the Synod
The Synod of Philadelphia found Robert Cross guilty after which he confessed and repented; he was barred from his pulpit for four Sundays
A Ministerial colleague of Cross (George Gillespie) believed that Cross was morally compromised and unfit for gospel ministry
John Thomson
(c. 1690–1753)
Wanted to fix the accountability issues within the church
Suggested complete confessional subscription as the solution
Said “Church without confession is a city without walls.”
Adoption Act
(1729)
A middle way between John Thomson and Jonathan Dickenson
A governing document for all presbyteries
Framed by Jonathan Dickenson
Distinguished between essential and non-essential elements of the confession
The candidate must indicate whether he can affirm anything or must take exception
Log College
Founded by William Tennent Sr. (1673–1746) in his log cabin home
Founded to train aspiring presbyterian ministers
Its legitimacy was disputed by Old Side Presbyterians
William Tennent Sr.
(1673–1746)
Founder of the Log College, where he taught theology in his home
Was trained at the University of Edinburgh
Father to Gilbert Tennent
New Side/Old Side split
(1741–1758)
Old Side complained that people like William Tennent Sr. or George Whitfield were discouraging congregants from attending their churches
Revivalism pits people against their Pastors
Edwards/Whitfield were “preaching out-of-bounds”
Edwards/Whitfield had a low view of ministerial education
Tennent and Whitfield supported lax views of confessional subscription
The New Side creates its own Synod of New York
They ultimately realigned in 1758
The Old Side represents Old world presbyterianism
The New Side represent American presbyterianism
John Witherspoon
President of Princenton who put the college on the map
Gave the first sermon at the first General Assembly in 1789)
Introduced Common Sense Realism to America
Plan of Union
In order to minister to the immigrants flooding into the united states, Presbyterians and Congregationalists joined forces
Presbyterians and Congregationalists wanted to reach the west
The plan was written up by Jonathan Edwards Jr., son of the Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards
Led to Old School/New School Division that divided the Presbyterian Church in 1837
Cane Ridge Revival
New England; Western NY; West; Kentucky
Revival started by Barton Warren Stone in 1801
Methodists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians were included in the event
Thousands of people had wild expressions of conversions, Woodstock of revivals
Charles G. Finney
Lawyer that was saved later in life, president of Oberlin College
Became a revivalist preacher who believed in manipulating people to get a response
Fourfold method, singling out people, protracted meetings, anxious bench, and inquiry meetings
Immanuel Kant
German Philosopher
Separated Noumena (thing in itself) from Phenomena (one can never truly know a thing in itself/ontologically)
Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, What is Enlightenment?, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone
Karl Barth
(1886-1968) Father of Dialectical Theology Reacted against 19th century liberalism and Reformed Scholasticism The Epistle to the Romans (1919/1922) The Word of God and the Word of Man
New Side/Old Side split
(1741–1758)
Old Side complained that people like William Tennent Sr. or George Whitfield were discouraging congregants from attending their churches
Revivalism pits people against their Pastors
Edwards/Whitfield were “preaching out-of-bounds”
Edwards/Whitfield had a low view of ministerial education
Tennent and Whitfield supported lax views of confessional subscription
The New Side creates its own Synod of New York
They ultimately realigned in 1758
The Old Side represents Old world presbyterianism
The New Side represent American presbyterianism
