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HIS 101 > History 2 - Final > Flashcards

History 2 - Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Jean-Alphonse Turretin

A

Born in Geneva to Francis Turretin (1671–1737)
Professor of church history in 1697, then became prof. of theology in 1705 at the Geneva Academy.
Questioned Calvin’s interpretation of Scripture, introduced Enlightenment thought to the Swiss

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2
Q

The Enlightenment

A

Shift from the Reformation to Rationalist thought
Marginalization of Scripture
Elevation of Reason

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3
Q

Francis Turretin

A

Took part in the Helvetic Consensus Formula, which was an attempt to codify the Swiss Reformation
Father to Jean-Alphonse Turretin
Icon of Reformed orthodoxy

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4
Q

Creedal Helvetic Consensus

A

1675 written by Francis Turretin
1725 did away with the confessional statement. Abolished subscription by ministers to it
Led to a relax in confessional standard and lead to the rise in unorthodox teaching

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5
Q

Empiricism

A

Definition: sense perception is the way in which we obtain knowledge
Everything comes through experience
It is a self-defeating philosophy
John Locke; David Hume

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6
Q

Rationalism

A

Not a monolithic movement
Pursuit of knowledge through reason
Reason = the ground of our knowledge

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7
Q

René Descartes

A

Christian rationalist
Father of modern philosophy
Born in france in 1596 and died in 1650
Known for “cogito ergo sum” or “I think therefore I am.”
Adopted radical skepticism through a set of premises (list the four main ones)
Wrote Discourse on Method
Served in the army

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8
Q

Discourse on Method

A

Written by Rene Descartes in 1637
Striving for certainty - key
Presents four main arguments
-never accept truth where doubt remains
-break everything down into all its parts
-simple explanation is the best explanation
-simple and work to the complex

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9
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Means “blank slate”

Refers to the empiricist concept of the human mind

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10
Q

Baruch Spinoza

A

Rejected the belief that God was a personal being
His slogan was “Deus sive natura”, meaning “God and or nature”
Wrote Theologico-Political Treatise
Pantheist rationalist
Expelled from synagogue for radical beliefs
Died from consumption

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11
Q

John Locke

A 
Student of John Owen at Oxford University
Nonconformist 
Divorced faith and reason
Empiricist 
Wrote Two Treatises on Government 
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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12
Q

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

A

Written by Locke
Mind = blank slate
Faith and reason categories
Reason = discovery of truth through sensation or reflection/experience

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13
Q

David Hume

A

Scottish enlightenment philosopher
Born in Edinburgh
Criticised empiricist philosophy
Secular empiricist
We are relegated to the realm of reason
Treaty on Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

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14
Q

Plymouth

A

The destination of the Mayflower
Founded by the Pilgrims (a mix of Puritans and Anglicans)
Governed by the rules of the Mayflower Compact signed in 1620

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15
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

Recognized the divine right of the king
Religious freedom was desired
Civil body politic established
Covenanted community

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16
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

More Puritans left England looking for religious freedom in 1630, settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony
Their governor was John Winthrop, who got the position before he arrived in America

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17
Q

William Bradford

A

(1590–1657)
Governor of Plymouth Colony, New England
Brought long term stability
New Moses - out of England’s bondage
Wrote Of Plymouth Plantation
Came to the New World on the Mayflower in 1620

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18
Q

George Fox

A

(1624-16910)
Started the Society of Friends, or Quakers
Eventually settled in PA with his successor William Penn
Believed God puts and inner light in people, and that God speaks to people individually and not through Scripture

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19
Q

John Winthrop

A

(1587–1649)
Was the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Got the position before he arrived in America
Famous for Sermon A Model for Christian Charity (1630)

20
Q

Roger Williams

A

(1603–1683)
Founded Rhode Island in 1636
Broadened the definition of religious freedom
Believed that the Native American religious experience was equal to Christianity

21
Q

William Penn

A

(1644–1718)
Was a Quaker who learned from George Fox
Bought Pennsylvania as a haven of religious freedom in the New World
Was a student of John Owen at Oxford
Established quakerism in PA
Radical nonconformist

22
Q

Cotton Mather

A

(1663–1728)
Wrote Magnalia-Christi Americano in 1702, which means “The Glorious Works of Christ in America”
Remembered for criticising how the Salem Witch Trials were handled
Grandfathers were John Cotton and Richard Mather, and father was Increase Mather, all important preachers in the New World colonies

23
Q

Salem Witch Trials

A

6 men and 14 women were accused to be witchers and were killed
People accused others as witches on the basis of “spectral evidence”, which was the use of dreams and visions
Cotton Mather criticised how the trials were conducted saying “spectral evidence” was not enough to try someone

24
Q

The Half-Way Covenant

A

Was proposal to help churches with the issue of declining membership
It allowed unconverted couples to present their children for baptism, but did not allow for communion until there was a verbal testimony
Caused the church to have more nominal members rather than genuine members

25
Q

City on a Hill vs the Holy Experiment

A

William Bradford and John Winthrop were icons of the City on a Hill view, reformed, orthodox America
William Penn encouraged religious pluralism in PA
Titles were developed by historians

26
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

Pastor of the Church of Northampton in Massachusetts
Wrote 70 Resolutions, which was his personal mission statement
Famous for his sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Was a pastor, a missionary, and president of Princeton
God Glorified in the Work of Redemption (1731), A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737), Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God (1741)
- sermons

27
Q

Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God

A

(1741)
Edward’s sermon on revival and and the workings of the Holy Spirit
He preached that people can not know what the Holy Spirit is doing inwardly through external manifestations
Preached that revivals should be about exalting Christ and holding up Scripture, and not idolizing religious experience

28
Q

The Great Awakening

A

Series of revivals that went through the 13 colonies
The primary mode of revival was through the normal means of grace.
Spanned roughly from 1735 to 1742. (Double check this)
Its key figures were Edward, Whitefield, and Wesley.

29
Q

John Wesley

A

(1703-1791)
Pastor that started the Methodist movement, influenced by his mother
Was born in 1703, and was number 15 of 19 children
Believed that Christians could attain a state of holiness on this side of glory
Was called “a brand plucked out of the fire” by his mother

30
Q

George Whitefield

A

Was in the “Holy Club” with John Wesley
Called John Wesley to minister to coal miners in New England
Was a key figure in the Great Awakening

31
Q

Francis Makemie

A

(1658–1708)
Ordained as a Minister in 1682 to be a missionary in America
Landed in Maryland in 1683
Recruited Pastors from the Old Country in Scotland and Ireland
In 1707, Mackemie and his colleague were arrested by Lord Viscount Cornberry of New York
Mackemie had dissenting credentials/the freedom to preach without a license recognized by the CoE
Wrote A Narrative of a new and unusual imprisonment of two Presbyterian ministers and prosecution of Mr. Francis Makemie
Makemie died in 1708

32
Q

First Presbytery

A

Started by Francis Makemie in 1706
6 other pastors joined him
The Presbytery was started to encourage accountability among the churches

33
Q

The Case of Robert Cross

A

(1690–1753)
Disciplinary case of Robert Cross from the New Castle Presbytery
The case is being dealt with in the Synod
The Synod of Philadelphia found Robert Cross guilty after which he confessed and repented; he was barred from his pulpit for four Sundays
A Ministerial colleague of Cross (George Gillespie) believed that Cross was morally compromised and unfit for gospel ministry

34
Q

John Thomson

A

(c. 1690–1753)
Wanted to fix the accountability issues within the church
Suggested complete confessional subscription as the solution
Said “Church without confession is a city without walls.”

35
Q

Adoption Act

A

(1729)
A middle way between John Thomson and Jonathan Dickenson
A governing document for all presbyteries
Framed by Jonathan Dickenson
Distinguished between essential and non-essential elements of the confession
The candidate must indicate whether he can affirm anything or must take exception

36
Q

Log College

A

Founded by William Tennent Sr. (1673–1746) in his log cabin home
Founded to train aspiring presbyterian ministers
Its legitimacy was disputed by Old Side Presbyterians

37
Q

William Tennent Sr.

A

(1673–1746)
Founder of the Log College, where he taught theology in his home
Was trained at the University of Edinburgh
Father to Gilbert Tennent

38
Q

New Side/Old Side split

A

(1741–1758)
Old Side complained that people like William Tennent Sr. or George Whitfield were discouraging congregants from attending their churches
Revivalism pits people against their Pastors
Edwards/Whitfield were “preaching out-of-bounds”
Edwards/Whitfield had a low view of ministerial education
Tennent and Whitfield supported lax views of confessional subscription
The New Side creates its own Synod of New York
They ultimately realigned in 1758
The Old Side represents Old world presbyterianism
The New Side represent American presbyterianism

39
Q

John Witherspoon

A

President of Princenton who put the college on the map
Gave the first sermon at the first General Assembly in 1789)
Introduced Common Sense Realism to America

40
Q

Plan of Union

A

In order to minister to the immigrants flooding into the united states, Presbyterians and Congregationalists joined forces
Presbyterians and Congregationalists wanted to reach the west
The plan was written up by Jonathan Edwards Jr., son of the Puritan minister Jonathan Edwards
Led to Old School/New School Division that divided the Presbyterian Church in 1837

41
Q

Cane Ridge Revival

A

New England; Western NY; West; Kentucky
Revival started by Barton Warren Stone in 1801
Methodists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians were included in the event
Thousands of people had wild expressions of conversions, Woodstock of revivals

42
Q

Charles G. Finney

A

Lawyer that was saved later in life, president of Oberlin College
Became a revivalist preacher who believed in manipulating people to get a response
Fourfold method, singling out people, protracted meetings, anxious bench, and inquiry meetings

43
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

German Philosopher
Separated Noumena (thing in itself) from Phenomena (one can never truly know a thing in itself/ontologically)
Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, What is Enlightenment?, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone

44
Q

Karl Barth

A 
(1886-1968)
Father of Dialectical Theology
Reacted against 19th century liberalism and Reformed Scholasticism
The Epistle to the Romans (1919/1922)
The Word of God and the Word of Man
45
Q

New Side/Old Side split

A

(1741–1758)
Old Side complained that people like William Tennent Sr. or George Whitfield were discouraging congregants from attending their churches
Revivalism pits people against their Pastors
Edwards/Whitfield were “preaching out-of-bounds”
Edwards/Whitfield had a low view of ministerial education
Tennent and Whitfield supported lax views of confessional subscription
The New Side creates its own Synod of New York
They ultimately realigned in 1758
The Old Side represents Old world presbyterianism
The New Side represent American presbyterianism

HIS 101 (4 decks)

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