Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Honors Bio > Midterm Chapters:3,4,5,6 > Flashcards

Midterm Chapters:3,4,5,6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain why carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, diverse molecules.

A

It has 4 valence electrons so it can make 4 bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Organic Compouds

A

A chemical bond containing carbon and usually carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hydrocarbons

A

An organic compound only composed of hydrogen and carbon. The major components of petroleum and natural gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

carbon skeleton

A

The chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

isomer

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures, and therefore different properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

macromolecule

A

A giant molecule formed by the joining of small molecules; usually by a dehydration reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the four main classes of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers

A

Monomers make up polymers which are many identical or similar building blocks strung together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compare the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which 2 molecules become bonded together with the removal of a water molecule and hydrolysis breaks those bonds apart by the addition of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the elements that make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the relationship among monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides are just a simple sugar, disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together with the removal of water, and finally polysaccharides are a group of monosaccharides found in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List other examples of monosaccharides

A

fructose, glucose, and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List several examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose, fructose, maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain how disaccharides are formed (dehydration reaction) and broken down (hydrolysis).

A

One monomer gives up a hydroxyl group and the other gives up a hydrogen atom from a hydroxyl group. As H2O is released, an oxygen atom is left, linking two monomers. A disaccharide is broken down by the addition of a water molecule which splits up and a hydroxyl group goes to one monosaccharide and the hydrogen atom goes to the other monosaccharide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List several examples of polysaccharides

A

chitin, starch, glycogen, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of starch

A

Turn into glucose and be stored for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of cellulose

A

the most abundant organic compound on earth. Cellulose is a major component of tough cell walls that surround plant cells, and is what makes plant stems, leaves, and branches so strong.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of glycogen

A

made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles hydrated with three or four parts of water. Glycogen functions as the secondary long-term energy storage, with the primary energy stores being fats held in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain how polysaccharides are formed (dehydration reaction) and broken down (hydrolysis

A

After disaccharides are created, another reaction can undergo to form a polysaccharide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the elements that make up lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the basic nature of all lipids.

A

they all contain nitrogen, they are all acidic when mixed with water, they are all made of fatty acids and glycerol, none of them dissolves in water, they do not have a high-energy content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outline the general characteristics of fats and oils

A

hydrophobic, they all contain nitrogen, they are all made of fatty acids and glycerol, none of them dissolves in water, they do not have a high-energy content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline the importance of fats and oils to organisms

A

provide flavor, cushion the organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats/ fatty acids

A

Unsaturated fats are bent in the spine resulting in them being less dense and less compact, it can be in a liquid form. This is caused by the double bond of carbons and the bend is when the fatty acid is a cis which means the hydrogens are next to each other and repel. Trans fatty acids cause a slight bend, which is when the hydrogens are on different sides. Saturated fats are straight in the spine meaning that they can become compact and dense which means that typically it is solid. Also, unsaturated fats are healthier than saturated fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Outline the function/ importance of steroids

A

Steroids can impact a number of things from your growth to sexual development. They also regulate metabolism, immune response, reproduction and other essential biological processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids

A

hydrophobic phospholipids are water fearing meaning that they don’t mix with water. They are found on the interior of proteins. Hydrophilic phospholipids are capable of hydrogen bonding, attracted to water, and are found on the exterior of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Outline the functions of proteins in organisms

A

Some functions are their duty as enzymes which catalyze chemical reactions, necessary in animal diets since they cant synthesize all the amino acids they need, and finally many proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

List the essential elements that make up proteins

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name the monomer of proteins

A

Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Outline the importance of amino acid side chains/ R groups

A

The specific composition and structure of the R group determines the specific properties of each of the 20 amino acids that are found in proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Outline the chemical nature of different amino acids

A

They have different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe peptide bond dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions

A

Cells join amino acids together in a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed…the resulting covalent linkage is called a peptide bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain the importance of a protein’s shape to its function

A

Shape determines its function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

denaturation

A

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temp. also refers to the separation of two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is an example of an isomer

A

Glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Explain the consequence of denaturation to the function of proteins

A

Polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape, and as a result, lose their function also.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Outline the four levels of protein structure

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe how the “rules” of protein structure determine a protein’s final shape

A

If the protein folds incorrectly, many diseases can be caused such as alzheimers and parkinson. A proteins unique three dimensional shape determines its proper function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Explain the importance of primary structure to all further levels

A

Even a slight change in primary structure may affect a proteins overall shape and thus its ability to function. For example, a single amino acid change in hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying blood protein causes sickle-cell disease, a serious blood disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide formed by a dehydration reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are examples of hydrocarbon fuels

A

Methane and Propane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

List 3 examples of food that have large amounts of carbohydrates in them

A

pasta, potato, and bread

44
Q

What type of organism produces the large amounts of carbohydrates

A

plants

45
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Fructose, glucose, galactose

46
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose and Lactose

47
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch and glycogen

48
Q

What elements are present in monosaccharides

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen, and carbon

49
Q

How many atoms of carbon are glucose

A

6

50
Q

What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides

A

C6H12O6

51
Q

What is the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in monosaccharides

A

1:2:1

52
Q

What makes simple sugars different

A

Their structure and taste

53
Q

Glucose, Fructose, and galactose are isomers meaning that they are the identical in composition but different in…

A

Structure

54
Q

Glucose and glucose form

A

maltose

55
Q

glucose and fructose form

A

sucrose

56
Q

glucose and galactose form

A

disaccharide

57
Q

What needs to be removed from the monosaccharides so that they can combine to form a disaccharide

A

OH and H

58
Q

What new compound is formed in addition to a new disaccharide

A

water

59
Q

What is the chemical formula of a disaccharide

A

C11H22O11

60
Q

What type of chemical reaction is formed to produce a disaccharide

A

dehydration reaction (condensation)

61
Q

When 3 or more _____ molecules are joined a polysaccharide is formed

A

glucose

62
Q

Explain 3 functions for carbohydrates and include specific monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

A
  1. Cellulose- the wall of the cell membrane
  2. Glucose- the main energy source in blood
  3. Glycogen- storage energy in animals
63
Q

A category of lipids called fats is composed of two smaller molecules, they are _____ and _____

A

glycerol and fatty acids

64
Q

Define triacylglycerol

A

An ester made from glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

65
Q

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquid

66
Q

Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides

A

their structures are similar, each are found in the body, phospholipids are for the function of the cell membrane while triglycerides are for storage of energy

67
Q

Contrast steroids and fats

A

fats provide a cushion for organs and reserve energy and steroids control some of the body’s metabolic process and encompasses steroids.

68
Q

List 4 functions of lipids

A

energy storage, cell growth, hormone synthesis, and cell membrane structure

69
Q

Light Microscope

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewers’ eye or film

70
Q

what are most cells diameters

A

between 1 and 100 micrometers

71
Q

Resolution

A

a measure of the clarity of an image

72
Q

cell theory

A

the theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

73
Q

The maximum size of a cell needs to have a surface area.

A

large enough to service the volume of a cell

74
Q

what does plasma membrane consist of

A

phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

75
Q

Identify the parts of a basic light microscope and describe the function of each.

A

Eyepiece: contains the ocular lens, which provides a magnification power of 10x to 15x, usually. This is where you look through.
Nosepiece: holds the objective lenses and can be rotated easily to change magnification.
Objective lenses: usually, there are three or four objective lenses on a microscope, consisting of 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x magnification powers. In order to obtain the total magnification of an image, you need to multiply the eyepiece lens power by the objective lens power. So, if you couple a 10x eyepiece lens with a 40x objective lens, the total magnification is of 10 x 40 = 400 times.
Stage clips: hold the slide in place.
Stage: it is a flat platform that supports the slide being analyzed.
Diaphragm: it controls the intensity and size of the cone light projected on the specimen. As a rule of thumb, the more transparent the specimen, less light is required.
Light source: it projects light upwards through the diaphragm, slide and lenses.
Base: supports the microscope.
Arm: supports the microscope when carried.
Coarse adjustment knob: when the knob is turned, the stage moves up or down, in order to coarse adjust the focus.
Fine adjustment knob: used fine adjust the focus.

76
Q

Outline the tenets of the cell theory.

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. All cells come from other cells
  3. Cells are the smallest unit of life
77
Q

Explain why there are limits to cell size.

A

They can’t get super big because they will then divide and produce other cells by that division

78
Q

Outline the differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells.

A

Prokaryotic Cells: A cell having no membrane enclosed nucleus and is only found in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells: A cell containing a nucleus and are found in any all other living organisms

79
Q

Define “organelle.”

A

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. Found in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells in their cytoplasm

80
Q

Outline the differences between plant and animal cells.

A

They are similar in size even though animal cells can be bigger. Other than that, plant cells can contain chloroplast, a cell wall, and vacuoles.

81
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.

A

Acts as a selective barrier in the passage of ions and molecules in and out of the cell. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

82
Q

Explain the function of the cytoskeleton.

A

Provides shape, movement, and anchorage of organelles

83
Q

Describe the three basic types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules are the thickest kinds of fiber in the cytoskeleton and it is a hollow tune made up of globvial proteins called tubulins
Intermediate Filaments are a medium sized protein fiber in the cytoskeleton and are rope like and are to reinforce shape and anchor organelles
Microfilaments are the thinnest of the proteins in the cytoskeleton and are arranged in a twisted double chain, they are involved in cell movements

84
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

A chloroplast is an organelle unique to plant cells that contains chlorophyll (which is what makes plants green) and is responsible for enabling photosynthesis to occur, so that plants can convert sunlight into chemical energy.

85
Q

What is a cell wall

A

The cell wall is a protective layer outside the cell membrane that also provides support for the cell’s structure.

86
Q

What are vacuoles

A

A cell is a tiny world of elements, one of which is the vacuole. Found in both plant and animal cells, a vacuole is a fluid-filled pocket in the cell’s cytoplasm that serves varying functions depending on the cell’s requirements.

87
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic structure of cell membranes

A

It is made up of phospholipids that spontaneously self- assemble into simple membranes in bilayers

88
Q

List five functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. Cell-cell recognition
  2. Intercellular Junctions
  3. Transport
  4. Signal Transduction
  5. Enzymatic activity
89
Q

Explain how membranes exhibit selective permeability

A

They allow some substances to cross more easily than others. Many essential ions and molecules, such as glucose, require transport proteins to enter and leave the cell.

90
Q

Explain how the structure of phospholipid molecules is related to the structure and properties of cell membranes

A

phospholipids are polar and the structure/properties of cell membranes have hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the bilayer which makes it polar

91
Q

Diffusion

A

The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.

92
Q

Explain how some molecules move across the cell’s membrane by simple diffusion and some do not

A

the cells that can move across through simple diffusion are small and non polar and the ones that do not are either big or polar

93
Q

Describe the process of passive transport

A

A movement across a cell membrane that doesn’t require energy. Most of the traffic across a cell membrane is diffusion.

94
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

95
Q

Explain osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. The process occurs when water travels from the solute with more water to less water.

96
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water.

97
Q

Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions

A

A substance is hypertonic to another substance if it has a higher tonicity. A substance is hypotonic to another substance if it has a lower tonicity. Isotonic is when two solutions have the same tonicity.

98
Q

Outline the causes of cystic fibrosis in relation to Cl ion transport

A

A person with Cystic Fibrosis’ lungs don’t transport proteins out of the cell, resulting in less chlorine outside of the cell meaning that it is hypotonic compared to inside of the cell. The water thus is hypertonic so it moves into the cell leaving the surface dry and filled with bacteria to build up. Under normal circumstances, the transport channels actively work together to evenly transport both chlorine and sodium. This means that the two solutions inside of the cell and outside of the cell are isotonic to each other.

99
Q

Explain how animal and plant cells react to changes in tonicity

A

so animal cells if the blood cells get too big they burst and the plant cells membrane shrinks but the cell wall stays in tact

100
Q

Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion

A

One type of transport protein provides a hydrophilic channel that some molecules or ions use as a tunnel through the membrane. Another type binds its passenger, changes shape, and releases its passenger on the other side.

101
Q

Outline the discovery of aquaporins

A

When isolating the Rh proteins it seemed to consist of two proteins.

102
Q

Compare the processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport

A

Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport so it doesn’t require energy while active transport does require energy.

103
Q

Explain the process of active transport

A

It begins when the solute molecules on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane attach to sites on the transport protein. Then ATP transfers a phosphate group to the transport protein. The protein changes shape in a way that the solute is released on the other side of the membrane and finally the phosphate group detaches and the transport protein returns to its original shape.

104
Q

Compare and contrast exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

A

exocytosis is the movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell by the fusion of the vesicles with the plasma membrane, endocytosis is the opposite of exocytosis and is the cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane. Phagocytosis is cellular eating. It is also a type of endocytosis which a cell engulfs macromolecules into its cytoplasm. Finally, Pinocytosis is cellular drinking and is a type of endocytosis as well.

105
Q

What is selective permeability

A

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks the passage of other substances altogether

Honors Bio (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions