Midterm (CH 16-20) Flashcards
In Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union?
Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government.
What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien?
c. They ended up in a cycle of debt.
Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely
c. undermined Reconstruction.
The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877, in which
b. southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.
What was the goal of the Wade-Davis bill?
a. To guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law
Why did many slaves travel immediately after gaining freedom?
d. They wanted to reunite their families.
Why did President Johnson’s quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states shock reformers?
b. He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.
Abraham Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s reconstruction plans shared an emphasis on
d. ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.
According to the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, what did a state have to do before gaining readmission to Congress?
b. Write a new constitution that guaranteed black suffrage
What was the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment?
b. It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.
How influential were African American politicians during the period southern whites derisively called “Negro domination?”
a. Only six percent of southerners in Congress during Reconstruction were black.
Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor?
d. Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites.
Which statement describes the U.S. government’s Indian policy during the middle of the nineteenth century?
c. The government pushed Indians off their lands and into reservations.
Which of the following describes how life in the agrarian West compared to life in the mining West?
c. Equally exploitative
How did the landscape of the trans-Mississippi West change between 1870 and 1900?
d. Family farms gave way to commercial farming.
What did the state and federal governments do to encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War?
a. They gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land.
Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which ceded some of their land to allow the passage of wagon trains?
d. They hoped to preserve their culture in the face of white onslaught.
Which statement describes life on the Indian reservations?
b. Poverty and starvation stalked Indian reservations.
What occurred under the “outing system” of the 1880s?
b. Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation.
What was the outcome of the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887?
b. Division of reservations and allotment of individual plots of land to Native Americans
What was the Ghost Dance?
a. A religious ritual that was supposed to lead to the destruction of whites and the return of the buffalo.
What was the easiest way to get rich in the American silver mining industry?
d. Selling claims to land or forming mining companies and selling stock
What impact did the discovery of precious metals on the Comstock have for Native Americans?
b. Destruction of their land
Which of the following describes the changes experienced by the Californios between 1850 and 1880?
c. Their percentage of the state’s population fell by more than 60 percent.
Which big businesses came to dominate American life in the second half of the nineteenth century?
c. Railroading
The tariff posed a threat to America’s prosperity in the 1880s because
c. it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), which reversed its ruling in Munn v. Illinois (1877),
d. led to passage of the first federal law regulating the railroad industry.
President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation’s flagging gold reserves during the economic depression in the winter of 1894–95
d. through making a deal with a private group of bankers who would buy government bonds with gold.
hat was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century?
d. It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.
The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to
c. finance capitalism.
How did Morgan achieve his stunning reorganization and consolidation of businesses in the late nineteenth century?
d. He sometimes formed a community of interest comprised of a handful of directors.
The economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century because
a. the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business.
What was evident in the call for a New South in the decades after Reconstruction?
a. The desire among some southerners to shift to an industrial economy
How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century?
c. They participated in the political process though the antilynching, suffrage, and temperance movements.
President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform when he
b. was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker.
The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and
d. made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons.
Which factor contributed significantly to the astonishing growth in America’s urban population between 1870 and 1900?
b. The migration of people from the rural areas of Europe and the United States
What did Coney Island symbolize in the late 1800s?
d. The rise of mass entertainment in America
New York City’s Central Park was planned to provide
c. a natural oasis away from the busyness of the city.
Which statement describes late-nineteenth-century American libraries?
a. They made up the most extensive free public-library system in the world.
What circumstances enabled U.S. industrialists to hire cheap labor from around the world in the 1870s?
d. Railroad expansion and low steamship fares brought many immigrants to America.
How did most new women immigrants come to the United States in the late-nineteenth century?
a. As wives, mothers, or daughters
Employers sought to limit the control of skilled workers on the shop floor in the late nineteenth century
b. by replacing people with machines.
Throughout much of the nineteenth century, middle-class American women were confined by a cultural ideology that dictated that they
c. exist within the private sphere of the household.
What issues formed the basis of farmers’ dissatisfaction in the late nineteenth century?
a. Banking, railroading, and speculation
What made America’s foreign policy paradoxical in 1900?
a. The country wanted to keep the Western Hemisphere closed to outside influences yet also desired access to Asia.
How did the federal government respond when American sugar interests requested that the United States annex Hawai’i in 1893?
b. President Grover Cleveland withdrew the annexation request from Congress when he learned that Hawaiians opposed it.
What were the chief priorities of American diplomacy at the end of the nineteenth century?
c. The protection of the Monroe Doctrine and Open Door Policy from German and Japanese expansion into the Pacific and Asia
The Farmers’ Alliance movement of the 1880s aimed to help farmers
a. by sponsoring cooperatives that would give them greater economic independence.
How did the Populists propose to help American farmers in the 1890s?
c. They recommended creating a government-sponsored subtreasury.
what sparked the Homestead lockout and the ensuing strike in 1892?
a. Workers demanded higher wages, shorter days, sick pay, and safer working conditions.
What was the outcome of the four-and-a-half-month-long strike at the Homestead mill?
c. The strikers returned to work minus their union leaders.
Why did the American temperance movement attract women in the late nineteenth century?
c. Drunkenness adversely affected women in many ways.
After Frances Willard assumed the presidency of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in 1879, the organization’s focus gradually changed to include
b. social action, labor conditions, and women’s voting rights.
What was one outcome of the depression of 1893 in the United States?
d. It put nearly half of the labor force out of work.
What factor posed a major obstacle to the alignment of the Populists and Democrats in the election of 1896?
b. William Jennings Bryan’s running mate, Arthur Sewall
