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HIST 21 > GEOLmidterm > Flashcards

GEOLmidterm Flashcards

1
Q

Major causes of deaths from natural disasters in 20th century?

A

Earthquakes, tsunami, and hurricanes

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2
Q

___Has the greatest dollar insurance losses from natural disasters

A

USA

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3
Q

Demographic Transition

A

replacement of high birth and death rates by low birth and death rates

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4
Q

stages of Demographic Transition

A
  1. High birth, High death
  2. High birth, falling death
  3. stable death, falling birth
  4. Stable birth and stable death
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5
Q

Energy Sources

A
  1. impact of ET bodies
  2. Gravity
  3. Earth’s internal heat
  4. Sun
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6
Q

Core

A

Outer=Liquid, Inner=Solid

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7
Q

Oceanic crust

A

denser and thinner than continental

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8
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust, and uppermost layer of mantle

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9
Q

Asthenosphere

A

plastic/soft layer in mantle. Rigid plates of lithosphere move on the plastic asthenosphere

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10
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

proposed continental drift hypothesis.

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11
Q

Magnetism

A

reaches curie point, magnetism disappears

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12
Q

Oceanic crust

A

generated at mid-oceanic ridge, and destroyed at deep ocean trenches

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13
Q

Divergent boundaries

A

plates move apart (ocean-ocean, continent-continent)

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14
Q

Rift valley

A

divergence takes place within continent. Spreading occurs, blocks of crust drop down to form a rift valley

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15
Q

convergent boundaries

A

plates move toward each other

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16
Q

Hot Spot

A

persistent volcanic center located below mantle plume; may produce strings of volcanoes

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17
Q

Isostatic Adjustment

A

vertical movement of crust

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18
Q

crustal isostatic rebound

A

rise of earth’s crust after the removal of glacial ice

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19
Q

isostatic rising of coastline

A

removal of a larger glacier that rested in that area

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20
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

geologic processes operating at present are the same processes that operated in the past

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21
Q

Confining pressure

A

equal from all sided, reduces volume without deformation

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22
Q

Directed stress

A

acts most strongly in one direction

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23
Q

Compressive stress

A

causes shortening, important at convergent tectonic plate boundaries

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24
Q

Tensional stress

A

stress for divergent boundaries, causes stretching

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25
Q

shear stress

A

causes one side of body to slide past other (transform-fault boundaries)

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26
Q

Rocks respond to stress

A
  1. nature of material
  2. Temp(Higher temp=rock behaves plastically)
  3. Pressure (high pressure=more plastic)
  4. Time(stress over times favors plastic)
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27
Q

Elastic Strain

A

temporary; snaps back to original shape. Rock suddenly can break, brittle behavior

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28
Q

plastic strain

A

permanent; stress removes= original size or shape not restored

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29
Q

Original horizontality

A

sediments deposited in horizontal or near-horizontal layers

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30
Q

Superposition

A

rocks at bottom of sequence are older than those lying above

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31
Q

original continuity

A

layers continue to edge of basin of deposition

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32
Q

strike

A

compass direction of a line formed by intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal plane

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33
Q

angle of dip

A

measured downward from horizontal to bedding place

34
Q

direction of dip

A

right angle to the strike

35
Q

Joint

A

cracks within rock structure. most important in facilitating weathering

36
Q

Fault

A

fracture along which rock on one side has moved relative to rock on other side

37
Q

slip

A

distance rocks on opposite sides of a fault have moved

38
Q

Fault scarp

A

fault place is steeply inclined, the vertical movement of two blocks

39
Q

Fault line

A

intersection of a fault zone with Earth’s surface

40
Q

Fault zone

A

zone of weakness in crust where faulting may take place

41
Q

Normal fault

A

tensional crystal movements; hanging wall dropped relative to footwall

42
Q

Horst

A

block of rock moves relatively upward and bounded by two faults

43
Q

Graben

A

wedge-shaped block of rock that’s dropped downward between two normal faults

44
Q

Reverse fault

A

from compressional crustal movements. Fault plane produced will most likely collapse as the upthrown block hangs over the downthrown block; hanging wall has been pushed up relative to the footwall

45
Q

Thrust fault

A

low-angle(

46
Q

fault block mountain

A

formed under certain conditions of crustal stress, whereby a surface block may be severely faulted and upthrown on one side without any faulting or uplift on the other side(sierra nevada)

47
Q

fault scarp

A

east front of sierra nevada is a steep fault scarp

48
Q

strike-slip (lateral) fault (San Andreas)

A

movement is horizontal with no scarp produced. occur along boundary of two tectonic plates

49
Q

Right-lateral strike-slip fault

A

block on the opposite side of the fault has moved relatively to the right

50
Q

left-lateral strike-slip fault

A

block on the opposite side of the fault has moved relatively to the left

51
Q

Earthquakes

A

most common at tectonic plates boundaries

52
Q

Seismology

A

study of earthquakes

53
Q

Focus

A

initial underground rupture point of an earthquake

54
Q

epicenter

A

point on earth’s surface directly above focus

55
Q

seismic waves

A

all elastic waves that travel through the rock, produced by an earthquake or an explosion

56
Q

body waves

A

pass through the whole body of the planet

57
Q

surface waves

A

move near surface only

58
Q

primary/compressive waves

A

cause alternate pushing and pulling of particles parallel to direction of movement

59
Q

primary waves travel in

A

solids, liquids, and air and are fastest seismic waves

60
Q

secondary/shear waves

A

cause particles to vibrate up and down of the direction of movement

61
Q

Secondary waves travel in

A

SOLIDS ONLY

62
Q

surface waves are the (fastest, slowest) seismic waves

A

SLOWEST

63
Q

Love wave

A

has a horizontal shearing motion similar to a Seismic wave, side to side in a horizontal plane

64
Q

Loves waves move through

A

LAND ONLY

65
Q

Rayleigh wave

A

rolling elliptical motion in a vertical plane like water waves

66
Q

Raleigh waves pass through

A

both ground and water

67
Q

Seismogram

A

record made by a seismograph

68
Q

Magnitude

A

Estimate of the energy release of an earthquake

69
Q

Orignal magnitude scale is the _____

A

Richter Magnitude Scale

70
Q

Earthquake intensity

A

measure of the amount of shaking and is a qualitative measurement based on people’s experiences in an earthquake

71
Q

Intensity is assessed with the ___

A

modified mercalli scale

72
Q

Mercali Scale Variables

A
  1. Earthquake Magnitude
  2. Distance from the focus/epicenter
  3. Type of surface rock/sediment
  4. Duration of the shaking
73
Q

Resonance

A

larger than normal vibration created by shared periods for seismic waves, ground, and buildings

74
Q

Liquefaction

A

fluid-like behavior of water-saturated loose sediments caused by seismic waves

75
Q

Acceleration

A

the rate of change of motion

76
Q

Benioff Zone

A

when subjecting plate slips paste the plate above it, the motion gives rise to numerous earthquakes

77
Q

Mineral

A

solid compound or chemical element with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure

78
Q

Silicate tetrachedron

A

silicon atom and its four oxygens form a pyramid=shaped structure

79
Q

Igneous rocks

A

solidified from magma. Magma=molten rock

80
Q

Lava

A

Magma on surface

81
Q

Plutonic rock

A

intrusive, formed by magma; cool beneath surface

82
Q

At convergent plate boundaries, water-rich fluids are _____

A

released and rocks are partially melted.

HIST 21 (4 decks)

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