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HIST 21 > GEOLmidterm > Flashcards

GEOLmidterm Flashcards

1
Q

Major causes of deaths from natural disasters in 20th century?

A

Earthquakes, tsunami, and hurricanes

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2
Q

___Has the greatest dollar insurance losses from natural disasters

A

USA

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3
Q

Demographic Transition

A

replacement of high birth and death rates by low birth and death rates

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4
Q

stages of Demographic Transition

A
  1. High birth, High death
  2. High birth, falling death
  3. stable death, falling birth
  4. Stable birth and stable death
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5
Q

Energy Sources

A
  1. impact of ET bodies
  2. Gravity
  3. Earth’s internal heat
  4. Sun
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6
Q

Core

A

Outer=Liquid, Inner=Solid

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7
Q

Oceanic crust

A

denser and thinner than continental

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8
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust, and uppermost layer of mantle

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9
Q

Asthenosphere

A

plastic/soft layer in mantle. Rigid plates of lithosphere move on the plastic asthenosphere

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10
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

proposed continental drift hypothesis.

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11
Q

Magnetism

A

reaches curie point, magnetism disappears

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12
Q

Oceanic crust

A

generated at mid-oceanic ridge, and destroyed at deep ocean trenches

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13
Q

Divergent boundaries

A

plates move apart (ocean-ocean, continent-continent)

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14
Q

Rift valley

A

divergence takes place within continent. Spreading occurs, blocks of crust drop down to form a rift valley

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15
Q

convergent boundaries

A

plates move toward each other

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16
Q

Hot Spot

A

persistent volcanic center located below mantle plume; may produce strings of volcanoes

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17
Q

Isostatic Adjustment

A

vertical movement of crust

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18
Q

crustal isostatic rebound

A

rise of earth’s crust after the removal of glacial ice

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19
Q

isostatic rising of coastline

A

removal of a larger glacier that rested in that area

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20
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

geologic processes operating at present are the same processes that operated in the past

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21
Q

Confining pressure

A

equal from all sided, reduces volume without deformation

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22
Q

Directed stress

A

acts most strongly in one direction

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23
Q

Compressive stress

A

causes shortening, important at convergent tectonic plate boundaries

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24
Q

Tensional stress

A

stress for divergent boundaries, causes stretching

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25
shear stress
causes one side of body to slide past other (transform-fault boundaries)
26
Rocks respond to stress
1. nature of material 2. Temp(Higher temp=rock behaves plastically) 3. Pressure (high pressure=more plastic) 4. Time(stress over times favors plastic)
27
Elastic Strain
temporary; snaps back to original shape. Rock suddenly can break, brittle behavior
28
plastic strain
permanent; stress removes= original size or shape not restored
29
Original horizontality
sediments deposited in horizontal or near-horizontal layers
30
Superposition
rocks at bottom of sequence are older than those lying above
31
original continuity
layers continue to edge of basin of deposition
32
strike
compass direction of a line formed by intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal plane
33
angle of dip
measured downward from horizontal to bedding place
34
direction of dip
right angle to the strike
35
Joint
cracks within rock structure. most important in facilitating weathering
36
Fault
fracture along which rock on one side has moved relative to rock on other side
37
slip
distance rocks on opposite sides of a fault have moved
38
Fault scarp
fault place is steeply inclined, the vertical movement of two blocks
39
Fault line
intersection of a fault zone with Earth's surface
40
Fault zone
zone of weakness in crust where faulting may take place
41
Normal fault
tensional crystal movements; hanging wall dropped relative to footwall
42
Horst
block of rock moves relatively upward and bounded by two faults
43
Graben
wedge-shaped block of rock that's dropped downward between two normal faults
44
Reverse fault
from compressional crustal movements. Fault plane produced will most likely collapse as the upthrown block hangs over the downthrown block; hanging wall has been pushed up relative to the footwall
45
Thrust fault
low-angle(
46
fault block mountain
formed under certain conditions of crustal stress, whereby a surface block may be severely faulted and upthrown on one side without any faulting or uplift on the other side(sierra nevada)
47
fault scarp
east front of sierra nevada is a steep fault scarp
48
strike-slip (lateral) fault (San Andreas)
movement is horizontal with no scarp produced. occur along boundary of two tectonic plates
49
Right-lateral strike-slip fault
block on the opposite side of the fault has moved relatively to the right
50
left-lateral strike-slip fault
block on the opposite side of the fault has moved relatively to the left
51
Earthquakes
most common at tectonic plates boundaries
52
Seismology
study of earthquakes
53
Focus
initial underground rupture point of an earthquake
54
epicenter
point on earth's surface directly above focus
55
seismic waves
all elastic waves that travel through the rock, produced by an earthquake or an explosion
56
body waves
pass through the whole body of the planet
57
surface waves
move near surface only
58
primary/compressive waves
cause alternate pushing and pulling of particles parallel to direction of movement
59
primary waves travel in
solids, liquids, and air and are fastest seismic waves
60
secondary/shear waves
cause particles to vibrate up and down of the direction of movement
61
Secondary waves travel in
SOLIDS ONLY
62
surface waves are the (fastest, slowest) seismic waves
SLOWEST
63
Love wave
has a horizontal shearing motion similar to a Seismic wave, side to side in a horizontal plane
64
Loves waves move through
LAND ONLY
65
Rayleigh wave
rolling elliptical motion in a vertical plane like water waves
66
Raleigh waves pass through
both ground and water
67
Seismogram
record made by a seismograph
68
Magnitude
Estimate of the energy release of an earthquake
69
Orignal magnitude scale is the _____
Richter Magnitude Scale
70
Earthquake intensity
measure of the amount of shaking and is a qualitative measurement based on people's experiences in an earthquake
71
Intensity is assessed with the ___
modified mercalli scale
72
Mercali Scale Variables
1. Earthquake Magnitude 2. Distance from the focus/epicenter 3. Type of surface rock/sediment 4. Duration of the shaking
73
Resonance
larger than normal vibration created by shared periods for seismic waves, ground, and buildings
74
Liquefaction
fluid-like behavior of water-saturated loose sediments caused by seismic waves
75
Acceleration
the rate of change of motion
76
Benioff Zone
when subjecting plate slips paste the plate above it, the motion gives rise to numerous earthquakes
77
Mineral
solid compound or chemical element with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure
78
Silicate tetrachedron
silicon atom and its four oxygens form a pyramid=shaped structure
79
Igneous rocks
solidified from magma. Magma=molten rock
80
Lava
Magma on surface
81
Plutonic rock
intrusive, formed by magma; cool beneath surface
82
At convergent plate boundaries, water-rich fluids are _____
released and rocks are partially melted.

HIST 21 (4 decks)

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