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HIST 21 > Geology > Flashcards

Geology Flashcards

1
Q

Capillarity waves (ripples)

A

gravity waves

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2
Q

crest

A

the highest part of a wave.

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3
Q

trough

A

lowest part of a wave

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4
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between successive crests

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5
Q

wave height

A

the vertical distance from the crest to the

trough.

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6
Q

still water level

A

halfway between crest and trough

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7
Q

wave period

A

the time it takes for a wave to move a distance

of one wavelength.

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8
Q

wave frequency

A

is the number of waves passing a fixed point

per second.

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9
Q

frequency=

A

Frequency (f) =
1/
period (T)

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10
Q

water on a wave surface moves in______

A

circular orbital motion

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11
Q

Wave energy increases
rapidly with the ____ of the
wave _____.

A

square; height

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12
Q

How tall a wave becomes depends on:

A

1) The speed of wind
2) The duration of time the wind blows
3) The fetch
4) The consistency of wind direction

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13
Q

Fetch

A

the distance over which wind blows without

interruption.

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14
Q

interference

A

overlapping of waves.

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15
Q

Constructive interference

A

in phase → higher waves.

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16
Q

Destructive interference

A

out of phase → smaller waves.

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17
Q

Swell

A

combination of constructive and destructive

interference of multiple sets of waves

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18
Q

As a wave begins to feel bottom near a shoreline, its wave

height _____and wavelength _____.

A

increases; decreases

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19
Q

Breaker

A

the collapse of a steepened wave as it approaches

the shoreline.

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20
Q

Surf Zone

A

zone of breaking waves

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21
Q

Refraction

A

the bending of wave (light or sound) as it passes

from one medium to another

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22
Q

Wave Refraction

A

the bending of a wave due to slowing when

the wave enters shallow water

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23
Q

Seiche

A

is an oscillating wave that sloshes back and forth
within an enclosed body of waters such as a sea, bay, lake, or
swimming pool

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24
Q

Tsunami

A

or seismic sea wave, is produced by a sudden

movement of the sea floor

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25
Q

Tsunami is a _____wave everywhere in the ocean.

A

shallow-water

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26
Q

______generate more tsunami than any other

source

A

Subduction zones

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27
Q

Land-caused Tsunami Flank collapse

A

the whole side of an oceanic volcano breaks

off and falls into the sea.

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28
Q

Most tsunami are generated in the ____ Ocean basin.

A

Pacific

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29
Q

Tsunami Warning System

A

1) sea surface buoys;

2) ocean bottom pressure
sensors

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30
Q

Weather

A

is the condition of the
atmosphere at any particular
time and place.

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31
Q

Meterology

A

is the study of the
atmosphere and its
phenomena.

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32
Q

Climate

A

the average
weather condition over a
long period of time.

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33
Q

Climatology

A 
is the study of
the varieties of climates,
both past and present, and
their distribution over the
Earth’s surface
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34
Q

Insolation

A

is an acronym for incoming solar radiation.

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35
Q

Insolation is measured in

A

units of watts per square meter

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36
Q

Isolation depends on

A

the angle of the sun above the horizon

and the length of time of exposure to the rays.

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37
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

UV + visible + IR

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38
Q

Visible light (visible region)

A

violet is the shortest (0.4 μm),

red is the longest (0.7 μm) wavelength

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39
Q

UV

A

waves are shorter than violet.

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40
Q

Infrared

A

waves are longer than red

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41
Q

short-wave radiation

A

Visible light, ultraviolet rays, X rays, and gamma rays are

called

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42
Q

Shortwave solar radiation

A

clouds tops and

scattered by clouds; a high percentage is returned to space.

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43
Q

Longwave infrared radiation emitted by

A

Earth is absorbed
and reradiated by clouds; some infrared energy is radiated to
space and some back toward the surface.

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44
Q

The earth’s radiative equilibrium temperature is

A

–18°C(0°F).

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45
Q

Reflection

A

When sunlight bounces off a surface at the same angle at

which it strikes the surface, the light is reflected,

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46
Q

Albedo

A 
is the percent of
radiation reflected by a
surface compared to the
amount of radiation
striking that surface.
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47
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

movement of water between oceans, air,

and land.

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48
Q

Water molecule is ____ – one side of water molecule has
an excessive negative charge; another side has an excessive
positive charge.

A

dipolar

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49
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

The bonding between water

molecules

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50
Q

Hydrogen bonding creates the

A

surface tension

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51
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

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52
Q

Heat capacity

A

is the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one gram (g) of a substance one degree
Celsius.

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53
Q

heat capacity of water is about __ times greater than rock

A

5

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54
Q

transfer of

heat by molecular activity.

A

Conduction

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55
Q

Convection

A

is the VERTICAL transfer of heat by mass movement

of a fluid.

56
Q

Advection

A

is the horizontal transfer of any atmospheric

property by the wind.

57
Q

____is the amount of water vapor present in the air.

A

Humidity

58
Q

The _____ is the ratio of the amount of water vapor
actually in the air compared to the maximum amount of water
vapor it can hold at that particular temp.

A

relative humidity

59
Q

Air with a 100 percent relative humidity is _____.

A

saturated

60
Q

___ (of air) is an atmospheric
condition whereby the level of water vapor
is the maximum possible at the existing
temp.

A

Saturation

61
Q

_____is the temperature to which air
would have to be cooled (with no change in
moisture content) for saturation to occur.

A

Dew Point

62
Q

___is a phase change from ice directly into vapor.

A

Sublimation

63
Q

___is a phase change from ice directly into vapor.

A

Deposition

64
Q

___from water into vapor.

A

Evaporation

65
Q

___from vapor into water

A

Condensation

66
Q

___from ice into water

A

Melting

67
Q

___from water into ice

A

Freezing

68
Q

___is the energy either released or absorbed when

water changes a state.

A

Latent heat

69
Q

When air in the parcel remains unsaturated the rate of

cooling or warming remains constant and is called ____

A

dry

adiabatic rate.

70
Q

The rate at which the air temperature changes with elevation

is called____

A

the environmental lapse rate.

71
Q

When the rising or sinking air is saturated it cools or warms
at a lesser rate called ____

A

the moist adiabatic rate.

72
Q

Unlike the dry adiabatic rate, the moist adiabatic rate is not
constant, but varies greatly with temperature and, hence, with
moisture content.

A

–

73
Q

The altitude at which condensation starts is the

A

lifting

condensation level

74
Q

A system is one that changes direction

seasonally.

A

monsoon wind; That seasonal reversal of winds is especially well
developed in eastern and southern Asia.

75
Q

The ____, which lasts from about December

through February, means ___season.

A

winter monsoon;dry

76
Q

The ____, which lasts from about June through

September, means ____season.

A

summer monsoon;rainy

77
Q

Land and Water Contrasts

A

1) Water is transparent. 2) Water is moving

3) High heat capacity. 4) Latent heat of evaporation.

78
Q

_______of water moderates temperature regime.

A

Thermostatic effect

79
Q

____:moderating influence of the ocean.

A

Marine effect

80
Q

____in the interior of a continent.

A

Continental effect

81
Q

is the weight of air

above a given level.

A

air pressure

82
Q

Atmospheric pressure
_____with ____
altitude above the Earth’s
surface.

A

decreases;increasing

83
Q

___is air in horizontal motion.

A

Wind

84
Q

The ___ is given as the direction from which it is

blowing.

A

wind direction

85
Q

The __ is the name given to the wind direction

most often observed during a given time period.

A

prevailing wind

86
Q

___is the rate of decrease of pressure per unit

of horizontal distance (per mile or per kilometer).

A

Pressure Gradient

87
Q

The Earth ___on its
axis once every day or
approximately once every
24 hours.

A

rotates

88
Q

the ____
describes an apparent force due to the rotation
of the earth.

A

Coriolis effect

89
Q

___are high pressure cells.

A

Anticyclones

90
Q

___are low pressure cells

A

Cyclones

91
Q

_____ is a system of

large-scale atmospheric motions over the entire earth.

A

General circulation of the atmosphere

92
Q 
The underlying
cause of the
general
circulation is
the \_\_\_\_
A

unequal
heating of the
earth’s surface.

93
Q

At latitudes near 30°, the convergence of air aloft produces
belts of high air pressure called ____, or horse
latitudes.

A

subtropical highs

94
Q

___are high air-pressure cells situated over polar

regions.

A

Polar highs

95
Q

From the area of subtropical highs air moves toward the

equator and forms ___

A

trade winds

96
Q

Near the equator, the northeast trades converge with the

southeast trades along a boundary called ___ or the doldrums.

A 
the intertropical
convergence zone (ITCZ)
97
Q

From the area of subtropical highs air moves toward the

poles and deflects to the west, resulting in ___

A

westerlies

98
Q

The cold air from the poles moves to the lower latitudes and

forms the ___

A

polar easterlies

99
Q

____semicircular air circulation generated by
ascending air at the equator and descending air around
30°N and S latitudes

A

Hadley cells

100
Q 
\_\_\_\_ is a large body of air
whose properties of temperature
and moisture are fairly similar in
any horizontal direction at any
given altitude.
A

Air mass

101
Q

regions where air masses originate.
Ideal source regions are
usually those areas dominated by surface high pressure.

A

source regions

102
Q

__air masses form over land

A

Continental

103
Q

___air masses form over water

A

Maritime

104
Q

the transition zone between two air masses of

different densities.

A

Front

105
Q

zone where warm air is replacing cold air.

The average speed of a warm front is about a half of an
average cold front.

A

Warm front

106
Q

zone where cold air is replacing warm air. The leading edge of cold front is steep.

A

COLD FRONT

107
Q

is a narrow, fast-moving, easterly-flowing air

mass.

A

jet stream

108
Q

masses of ocean water that flow from one

place to another.

A

ocean currents

109
Q

near surface and are wind driven.

A

Surface currents

110
Q

move
from warmer waters to
colder waters.

A

warm currents

111
Q

move from colder waters to warmer waters

A

cold currents

112
Q

___ differences creates deep currents.

A

density

113
Q

overturning circulation of deep

current.

A

thermohaline circulation

114
Q

suffering from cold. Starts when body

temperature is less than 35° C (95° F)

A

Hypothermia

115
Q

characterized by
low temperatures and strong
winds (greater than 30 knots)
with heavy snow.

A

Blizzard

116
Q

localized snowstorms that form on the
downwind side of a lake, such storms are common in late fall
and early winter near the Great Lakes as cold, dry air picks
up moisture and warmth from the unfrozen surface of lakes.

A

lake effect snow

117
Q

is a
storm containing
lightning and thunder.

A

thunderstorm

118
Q

intense discharge of electricity

A

lightning

119
Q 
the sound
due to rapidly
expanding gases
along the channel of
a lightning
discharge.
A

thunder

120
Q

A thunderstorm

begins to grow up when ___ rises in a conditionally unstable environment.

A

warm, humid air

121
Q

1st stage of thunderstorm: Cumulus, or growth stage.

A

As a parcel of humid air rises, it
cools and condenses into a cumulus
cloud.

122
Q

2nd stage of thunderstorm: mature thunderstorm

A

The appearance of the

downdraft

123
Q 
The \_\_\_\_
occurs when the updrafts
weaken. Light rain falls from
the cloud, accompanied by
weak downdrafts.
A

dissipating stage

124
Q

is a severe downdraft of wind from a

thundercloud

A

Microburst

125
Q

Damage from thunderstorm is caused by:

A

(1) heavy rains and flash floods;(2) hail;
(3) lightning;
(4) high-speed winds

126
Q

are pieces of ice, either transparent or partially
opaque, ranging in size from that of small peas to that of golf
balls, or larger.

A

Hailstones

127
Q

Requirements for

hail to form:

A

thunderstorm,
upper-level cold air,
strong updrafts

128
Q

a widespread, powerful wind storm with

straight-line winds.

A

Derecho

129
Q 
a rapidly rotating
column of air that blows
around a small area of intense
low pressure with a circulation
that reaches the ground.
A

tornado

130
Q

conditions for thunderstorm to turn into tornado

A

(a) a low-altitude, northerly
flow of moist tropical air
from the Gulf of Mexico;

(b) a cold, dry air mass
moving down from Canada
or out of the Rocky
Mountains at > 50 mph;

(c) westerly jet-stream
winds at > 150 mph;

131
Q

Facors of destructive actions of tornadoes

A

a) High-wind speeds;
(b) Winds rushing up the funnel;
(c) An explosive situation because of the very low pressure
inside a tornado funnel and the higher pressures outside it;

132
Q

scale to measure tornadoes

A

Fujita Intensity Scale

133
Q

a rotating column of air

over a large body of water.

A

waterspouts smaller and less

intense than tornadoes

134
Q

in death toll from lightning in the USA.

A

steady decline

135
Q

___results in the highest average annual death toll of all

types of severe weather in the United States

A

Heat

136
Q

___is the increased air temperatures in urban

areas as contrasted to the cooler surrounding rural areas.

A

Urban heat island

137
Q

The lines of equal air temperature delineate a___

A

heat island

HIST 21 (4 decks)

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