Midterm Building ID

Question 1

1

Answer 1

Chauvet Cave. Found Spaces: The Sacred Proto-Architectural Setting. Valon Pont-d’Arc, France. 32,000-30,000. Unknown architect. Unknown patron. 1.) Images organized thematically. 2.) Used the uneven surface of the cave wall to represent three dimensional figures and scenes. 3.) Images showed movement, time passing, scenes in sequence.

Question 2

2

Answer 2

Gobekli Tepe. Ritual Sites: Early Works of Human Design. Sanliurfa, Turkey. 9000. Unknown architect, unknown patron. 1.) Oldest known example of monumental architecture. 2.) Not near any source of water, indicates not a settlement but a highly revered ritual center. 3.) Pillars decorated with detailed and precise reliefs.

Question 3

3

Answer 3

Catal Huyuk. Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city. Konya, Turkey. 7500-5000. Unknown architect, unknown patron. 1.) Had a concentrated population of 8,000 on a river at the center of the contemporary metal trade. 2.) Has some of the oldest known examples of Near East metalwork. 3.) Evidence of bull and mother goddess worship.

Question 4

4

Answer 4

Anu Ziggurat. Uruk, Sumer, Mesopotamia, Iraq. 3700-2000. Unknown architect, unknown patron. 1.) Oldest surviving ziggurat. 2.) Corners oriented towards cardinal points on compass. 3.) Platform for the White Temple, a revered ritual center.

Question 5

5

Answer 5

Stonehenge, Megalithic Structure, Great Britain l. 3000. Unknown architect. Unknown patron. 1.) Was originally aligned towards the northernmost rising of the moon on one end and the cardinal south at the other. 2.) About 2500 the Beaker people rotated the axis to face the rising sun and made Stonehenge a center of a large civilization. 3.) Around 2300, a new people added a ring of thirty 26 ton stones from 30 kilometers away.

Question 6

6

Answer 6

The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization, Sindh, Pakistan. 2500. Architect unknown, patron unknown. 1.) Was waterproofed with bitumen. 2.) Was the social center of Mohenjo-Daro. 3.) Had a drainage system.

Question 7

7

Answer 7

Caral. Norte Chico Civilization. Peru. 3000-1800. Unknown patron, unknown architect. 1.) All subsequent Peruvian cultures were based on Caral. 2.) Its location on a terrace indicates a powerful and resource rich aristocracy. 3.) There are no wall paintings or sculptures.

Question 8

8

Answer 8

Palace of Minos. Minoan. Knossos, Crete. 1700-1400. Unknown architect, unknown patron. 1.) Had complex infrastructure, groundwater conduits, and ventilation systems. 2.) Entrance to the palace was designed as a large theatrical space. 3.) Combined many activities in one structure with no defenses.

Question 9

9

Answer 9

The Mortuary Complex of Zoser. Stepped Pyramid, the Old Kingdom. Patron Pharaoh Djoser. Architect Imhotep. Saqqara, Egypt. 2668. 1.) Earliest known monumental stone columns, which were fluted to simulate reeds. 2.) Represents a change in the Egyptian concept of death, for Pharaohs now considered gods who ascended. 3.) Designed for Zoser to run the ceremonial ceremonial race in his afterlife, giving us a glimpse into Egyptian rituals.

Question 10

10

Answer 10

The Necropolis at Giza. Pyramid complex, the Old Kingdom. Patron Pharaoh Khafre. Architect unknown. Giza, Egypt. 2558-2532. 1.) Oldest and only survivor of the seven ancient wonders. 2.) Shows us that the Egyptian culture was entirely focused on the Pharaoh, in life and in death. 3.) Stones used show signs of a standard measuring system and abundant metal tools.

Question 11

11

Answer 11

The Temple of Karnak. Complex. New Kingdom. Karnak, Egypt. 1530-350. Many patrons, but first was Pharaoh Senusret I. Architects unknown. 1.) Was added to by about 30 pharaohs from Middle Kingdom to the Ptolemaic dynasty. 2.) Second largest religious site in the world. 3.) In hypostyle hall, has 24 meter high columns decorated with historical events and ritual practices.

Question 12

12

Answer 12

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. The New Kingdom. Queen Hatshepsut patron. Architect Senemut. Karnak, Egypt. 1490-1460. 1.) Synthesized all the various ritual architectural styles of Egypt into one structure. 2.) A mountain replaced the traditional pyramid. 3.) Entrance to the Valley of the Kings.

Question 13

13

Answer 13

Akhenaten City, or Amarna. The New Kingdom. Amarna, Egypt. Patron Akhenaten. Architect unknown. 1353-1336. 1.) City did not grow organically, but was planned as a holy center dedicated to the sun god Aten. 2.) Artwork present at Amarna is distorted and hyper-realistic, incongruent with rest of Egyptian art. 3.) After Akhenaten death, city completely abandoned, but not destroyed.

Question 14

14

Answer 14

Mycenae. Mycenaean Civilization. Greece. 1600-1100. Patron unknown. Architect unknown. 1.) Blocks of stone fitted together without use of mortar. 2.) Contained the Treasury of Atreus, which was found intact. 3.) Home of the famous Lion Gate.

Question 15

15

Answer 15

Chavin de Huantar. Andean pre-Inca. Ancash Region, Peru. Architect unknown, patron unknown. 1500-400. 1.) Home of the Lanzon stella underneath the platform mound. 2.) Had subterranean galleries. 3.) Showed that urbanization and social order developed together.

Question 16

16

Answer 16

Chengzhou. City planning. Zhou dynasty. China. 1038. Bronze Age. Patron unknown, architect unknown. 1.) Most later Chinese urban planning used Chengzhou’s basic principles. 2.) Symbolized that the emperor was at the center of the world. 3.) City was gridded, measured by standard measurements.

Question 17

17

Answer 17

The second temple. Jerusalem, Israel. Architect unknown, patron unknown.953 BC – 70CE. 1.) Not viewed as a home for god. 2.) Temple was destroyed and eventually replaced by the Dome of the Rock. 3.) was the home of the Ark of the covenant.

Question 18

18

Answer 18

Portonaccio temple. The Etruscans. Northern Italy. Architect unknown, patron unknown. 515–490 BC. 1.) introduced the principle of an axial connection between temple and alter. 2.) no stone used in construction. 3.) Only meant to be viewed from the front and sides so no rear facades.

Question 19

19

Answer 19

Temple of Poseidon. Isthmia, Greece. Patron unknown, architect unknown. 700 BC – 470 BC. 1.) One of the earliest known Greek temples. 2.) Represents the standardization of masonry elements. Blocks laid in regular courses. 3.) The cella was of stone but the rest was of oak.

Question 20

20

Answer 20

Persepolis. Achaemenid empire. Iran. Patron by Cyrus the great and Darius. Architect Darius. 550–330 BC. 1.) On the staircase leading to the audience hall has reliefs of emissaries soldiers and chariot drivers all paying respects to the king. 2.) Interestingly no shrine or temple has been found in the complex. 3.) Had complex drainage systems and water channels.

Question 21

21

Answer 21

Greek Urbanism. Urban planning. Hippodamus. Miletus, turkey. No patron, Hippodamus architect. 498-408 BC. 1.) Pioneer of urban planning. 2.) Divided citizens into soldiers, artisans, and husbandmen, and the city in sacred, private, and public. 3.) Designed ideal city for 10,000 free males plus slaves, wives, and children.

Question 22

22

Answer 22

Delphi. Temple of Apollo. The City as Religious Complex. Delphi, Greece. Patron unknown, architect unknown. 400. 1.) Most important holy cite in ancient Greece. 2.) Sculptures at the sight tell us a lot about Greek religion. 3.) Built entirely for religious reasons.

Question 23

23

Answer 23

The Parthenon. The Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Patron Pericles, Architect Ictinus. 495-429. 1.) Largest Greek temple at the time. 2.) Home of the Pythian Games. 3.) Structure slightly warped to appear perfectly geometrical.

Question 24

24

Answer 24

The Altar of Zeus. Hellenistic Urbanism. Pergamon, Turkey. Patron unknown, architect unknown. 399-133. 1.) Showed a change in art style to more dynamic and expressive. 2.) Has a story told in the images surrounding it. 3.) The altar is becoming a building.

Question 25

25

Answer 25

Temple of Horus. Ptolemaic Egypt. Edfu, Aswan, Egypt. Patron unknown, architect unknown. 237-57. 1.) Mix of Greek and Egyptian styles. 2.) Less emphasis on the Pharaoh, more emphasis on worship. 3.) Blackened ceilings caused by arson.

Question 26

26

Answer 26

Temple of Apollo. Hellenism. Didyma, Turkey. Architects Paeonius and Demetrios, patron unknown. 300BC-385CE. 1.) Had a standardized ratio/proportion system etched in wall. 2.) Unusual open court style. 3.) Folded one temple compound into another.

Question 27

27

Answer 27

The Roman Forum. Rome, Italy. Architect unknown, patron unknown. 753BC-476CE. 1.) Grew organically over time. 2.) Was political and economic heart of Rome. 3.) Replaced by Imperial Forums.

Question 28

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Answer 28

Pompeii. Italy. Architect unknown, patron unknown. 4th Century BC-79CE. 1.) Was well preserved under ash, giving us an amazing insight into Roman life. 2.) Designed for war veterans. 3.) Has a basilica without an apse.

Question 29

29

Answer 29

Vitruvius. De Architectura libri decem. Architect Vitruvius, patron Vitruvius. 15 BC. 1.) Only ancient architect we have any writing from. 2.) Said architecture is an imitation of nature. 3.) Architecture must have three parts: firmitas, utilitas, venustas.

Question 30

30

Answer 30

Flavian Amphitheater. Roman Colosseum. Rome. Patron Flavian emperors, architect unknown. 72-80CE. 1.) First theater designed as a free standing object. 2.) Divided into Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian layers. 3.) Could hole 50,000 people.

Question 31

31

Answer 31

Forum of Trajan. Imperial Rome. Patron Trajan, architect Apollodorus. 72-80CE. 1.) Larger than any other forum. 2.) Home of Trojan’s column, a pillar with reliefs of Trajan’s military campaigns. 3.) Ended in Trajan’s temple, a growing religious view of emperors.

Question 32

32

Answer 32

Baths of Trajan. Opian Hill. Imperial Rome. Patron Emperor Trajan, Architect Apollodorus. 104CE-109CE. 1.) Underground complex to heat the pools. 2.) Built over Nero’s palace. 3.) Major center of roman life.