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KNES 323 > Midterm Blood > Flashcards

Midterm Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Formed elements of blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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2
Q

Blood components: *percentages

A 
WHOLE BLOOD 8% : 
    Blood Plasma 55%-> water 91%, proteins 7%, other 
     solutes 2%
    Formed Elements 45%-> rbc 
    (millions), platelets- 100 000s, 
    wbc- thousands
OTHER FLUIDS/ TISSUES: 92%
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3
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • O2 & nutrient transport
  • defense
  • regulation/ homeostasis
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4
Q

Blood properties

A

pH- 7.35-7.45, slightly basic
38 degrees
8% of adult body weight
4-6L in body

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5
Q

Plasma Proteins, groups & role’s

A

3 major groups of plasma proteins
Albumin-> osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins-> antibodies and transport proteins
Fibrinogen-> blood clotting

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6
Q

Albumin

A
  • plasma protein made in liver
  • most abundant-54% of plasma
  • binding protein for transporting lipid soluble hormones
  • most significant contributor to osmotic pressure of blood -> pulls water into bloodstream from tissue (helping maintain blood volume and blood pressure)
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7
Q

Globulins

A
  • 38% of plasma proteins
  • heterogenous group
  • Alpha and Beta globulins are produced in liver
  • transport Iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins
  • aid Albumin with Osmotic pressure
  • Gamma Globulins produced by WBC (plasma cells)
  • part of immune response AKA ANTIBODIES or Immunoglobulins
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8
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • made in liver
  • 7% of plasma proteins
  • essential for clotting
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9
Q

Formation of Red Blood Cells before and after birth

A
  • homopoiesis
  • before birth-> yolk sac -> fetal liver-> spleen-> lymphatic tissue -> redbone marrow
  • after birth-> red bone marrow
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10
Q

Erythropoietin

A

EPO
glycoprotein hormone
secreted by interstitial fibroblast cells- kidney and liver
secreted as response to low O2

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11
Q

Control of Erythropoiesis STEPS

A
  • kidney detects reduced O2
  • Kidney secretes erythropoietin hormone
  • Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis in red marrow
  • therefore o2 capacity increases
  • detected increase of o2 stops erythropoietin secretion
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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • each hemoglobin has iron ion
  • 200-300million hemoglobin/cell
  • 4 heme groups + globin
  • Males 13.5-17.5 g/ dL
  • Females 11.5-15.5 g/dL
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13
Q

benefit of RBC with no organelles and biconcave shape

A

30% increase in SA

therefore increase O2 carrying

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14
Q

RBC in varying osmotic concentrations

A

hypertonic plasma- cell shrivels up and dries
hypotonic plasma- cells could lyse, expands
isotonic plasma- healthy happy cell

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15
Q

Nitric Oxide

A
  • NO
  • causes vasodilation to improve blood flow and ^ o2 delivery
  • regulates blood pressure and blood flow
  • regulated/ released by hemoglobin
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16
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase and Carbonic acid relation

A
  • carbonic anhydrase on RBC
  • catalyzes conversion of CO2 + H2O –>carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid transports 70+% of CO2 in plasma
17
Q

Macrophages

A
  • in bone marrow, spleen, liver

- recycle RBC parts for production of new ones

18
Q

Emigration

A

WBC move through the blood vessels’ walls to get to destination.
use blood vessels as highways

19
Q

Granular and Agranular WBC

A

Granular- have vesicles that show when stained: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes

20
Q

Granular WBC percentage and role

A

Neutrophils: 50-70%, rapid responders, phagocytes with bacteria preference
Eosinophils: 2-4%, antihistamine, parasitic infections
Basophils: <1%, ^ inflammation with histamine and heparin

21
Q

Agranular WBC percentage and role

A 
Lymphocytes: 20-30%, immune response. 
    ->made in lymphoid cells
    ->Natural killer cells, B cells, T 
       cells, memory cells (B&T)
Monocytes: 2-8%, macrophages, release antimicrobial and chemotactic signals to call other WBC to action
22
Q

Megakaryocyte

A
  • fragment of cell with plasma membrane
  • AKA PLATELETS
  • some stored in spleen in case of rupture, most circulate in blood
  • Once a platelet is activated, remains for 10 days, then phagocytized by macrophages
  • Critical for HEMOSTASIS (diff. then homeostasis)
23
Q

Hemostasis

A

3 steps:

  • Vascular spasm: smooth muscle in vessel wall contracts
  • platelet plug: platelets become sticky and spiked and bind to collagen. This and glycoprotein from blood plasma make plug. As they collect they release granules further contributing to hemostasis
  • coagulation (blood clotting): durable repairs, cascade of steps, end result= robust FIBRIN clot that traps platelets and blood cells
24
Q

Coagulation

A

Intrinsic: longer slower more fibrin
Extrinsic: shorter faster less fibrin (because thromboplastin)
->once a clot is healed it’s broken by Fibrinolysis w/ thrombin, plasminogen, tPA

25
Q

blood antigens and antibodies

A 
ABO
Rh
O people have A&B antibodies
A people have B antibodies
B people have A antibodies
AB people have no antibodies 
Rh negative people have antibodies
Rh positive people don't have antibodies
universal donor O-
universal recipient AB+

KNES 323 (12 decks)

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