Midterm

Question 1

1. What is responsible for the induction of PGF2α synthesis by the endometrium at the beginning of the luteolysis in the cow?
   a) Bovine IFN-tau produced by the embryo.
   b) Relaxin produced by the placenta.
   c) Progesterone produced by the luteal cells. d​) Oxytocin produced by the luteal cells.

Answer 1

d​) Oxytocin produced by the luteal cells.

Question 2

2. Indicate the incorrect statement
   a) Different group of neurons are responsible for the tonic and pre-ovulatory-like GnRH release from the hypothalamus.
   b) GnRH transported to the adenohypophysis via the portal plexus.
   c) GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary.
   d) Oxytocin is produced by the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Answer 2

c) GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary.

Question 3

3. What does puberty mean in domestic animals?
   a) Age for first breeding.
   b​) Maturation of genital organs and start of cyclic sexual activity. c) Reaching the full body size and conformation.
   d) Time of the first conception.

Answer 3

b​) Maturation of genital organs and start of cyclic sexual activity.

Question 4

4. What is typical for the equine estrous cycle?
   a) Polyoestrous species with 21-day-long cycles throughout the year. b) Polyoestrous species with 17-day-long cycles throughout the year. c) Seasonally polyoestrous long day breeder species.
   d) Seasonally polyoestrous short day breeder species.

Answer 4

c) Seasonally polyoestrous long day breeder species.

Question 5

5. What is the optimum time for insemination in cattle?
   a) By the first clinical signs of heat.
   b) At peak of the clinical heat symptoms.
   c) Second half/last third of the heat.
   d) 12-18 hours after the end of clinical signs of the estrous.

Answer 5

b) At peak of the clinical heat symptoms.

Question 6

6. I​n the sow, the maternal recognition of pregnancy is based on the production of:
   a) Progesterone
   b) Pregnancy specific hormone B
   c) Estradiol
   d) Pregnancy associated glycoprotein

Answer 6

c) Estradiol

Question 7

7. ​What is the time of ovulation in cattle?
   a) At the first clinical sign of heat.
   b) At the peak of clinical heat symptoms.
   c) Second half/last third of the heat.
   d) 12-18 hours after the end of clinical estrous signs.

Answer 7

c) Second half/last third of the heat.

Question 8

8. Which statement is true regarding the hormonal background of cattle ovulation?
   a) Ovulation takes place at maximal E2 level.
   b) Ovulation takes place when the P4 level exceed 2ng/ml.
   c) Ovulation is triggered by luteolysis levels of PGF2α.
   d) Ovulation takes place 24-30 hours after the LH peak.

Answer 8

a) Ovulation takes place at maximal E2 level.

Question 9

9. Which hormone elevation in the fetus is the very first signal inducing the parturition in bovine?
   a) ACTH + Cortisol
   b) PGF2α + Oxytocin
   c) Estradiol + Progesterone d) Relaxin

Answer 9

a) ACTH + Cortisol

Question 10

10. How many stages does the parturition have in the cow?
    a) 2
    b) 3
    c) 4
    d) 5

Answer 10

b) 3

Question 11

11. One of the below statements concerning the induction of parturition in the cow is incorrect. Parturition can be induced with:
    a) Relaxin
    b) Corticosteroids
    c) PGF2α and analogues
    d) PGF2α and corticosteroid

Answer 11

a) Relaxin

Question 12

12. How does a PGF2α treatment with therapeutic dose at the day after parturition act on the uterine contractility?
    a) Enhances
    b) Inhibits
    c) Does not act on it
    d) Enhances on the frequency of contractions but does not influence their intensity

Answer 12

c) Does not act on it

Question 13

13. What characterizes uterine contractility of normo-calemic cows with retinal foetal membranes as related to healthy controls within 2 days post-partum?
    a) Weaker
    b) Same magnitude
    c) Stronger
    d) Total inactivity

Answer 13

a) Weaker

Question 14

14. What would you use as first choice to treat puerperal paresis?
    a) IM vitamin D
    b) Diet rich in cations
    c) PO calcium chloride
    d) IV calcium gluconicum

Answer 14

d) IV calcium gluconicum

Question 15

15. ​ Indicate the correct statement:
    a) Involution in dairy cow is always completely finished before the first ovulation.
    b) Lochia in physiological conditions is a watery, brownish, foul smelling liquid.
    c) Blood progesterone (P4) level is high during early involution
    d) Size of the uterus is decreased to approx. its half within 10 days post-partum.
    e) Following physiological calving, the uterus can be considered sterile.

Answer 15

d) Size of the uterus is decreased to approx. its half within 10 days post-partum.

Question 16

16. Please choose the one of the bacterial species given below, which presence in the uterus on days 28-35 post-partum is linearly correlated with impaired reproduction performance later:
    a) Escherichia coli
    b) Streptococcus uberis
    c) Prevotella bivia
    d) Trueperella (Araconobacteriu,) pyogenes
    e) Histophilus somni

Answer 16

d) Trueperella (Araconobacteriu,) pyogenes

Question 17

17. Please evaluate the below statements about clinical examination of different forms of metritis. Indicate the correct statement:
    a) One clinical examination upon transfer from calving unit to production group (i.1. 4-6 days post-partum) is enough.
    b) General clinical examination, taking rectal temperature and observation of genitals provide good enough information for the diagnosis.
    c) To establish the diagnosis of sub-clinical endometritis, ultrasonography is necessary.
    d​) If no spontaneous shedding of discharge takes place, collection from the carnival orifice either manually or using appropriate tool is strongly advised.

Answer 17

d​) If no spontaneous shedding of discharge takes place, collection from the carnival orifice either manually or using appropriate tool is strongly advised.

Question 18

18. How can the post-partial negative energy balance be prevented or decreased?
    a) With maximal energy intake during the dry period.
    b) By restricted feeding during the dry period, followed by ad libitum feeding with maximal energy content during lactation.
    c) Maximal energy intake during the dry period and restricted feeding after calving.
    d) Feeding only with energy-rich concentrate after calving.

Answer 18

b) By restricted feeding during the dry period, followed by ad libitum feeding with maximal energy content during lactation.

Question 19

19. When does the estrous cycle reinitiate after parturition in dairy cows?
    a) 23+/- 7 days
    b) 42+/- 7 days
    c) 70+/- 7 days

Answer 19

b) 42+/- 7 days

Question 20

20. The order of hormonal treatments at the Co-Synch protocol?
    a) GnRH + PGF2α + GnRH + AI
    b) Progesterone + PGF2α
    c) PGF2α + PGF2α

Answer 20

a) GnRH + PGF2α + GnRH + AI

Question 21

21. For how many days the developing corpus luteum is not able to respond to prostaglandin treatment?
    a) 6 days
    b) 2 days
    c) 10 days
    d) It is able to respond immediately.

Answer 21

a) 6 days

Question 22

22. What does silent heat mean?
    a) No clinical signs of heat.
    b) No corpus luteum develops.
    c) No follicle develops.
    d) No sound is given by the animal.

Answer 22

a) No clinical signs of heat.

Question 23

23. How can you diagnose an internal uterine torsion in cow?
    a) Vaginal palpation
    b) Vaginoscopy
    c) Rectal palpation
    d) Laparotomy

Answer 23

c) Rectal palpation

Question 24

25. Which species is not polyoestrous?
    a) Cat
    b) Horse
    c) Ruminant
    d) Dog
    e) Swine

Answer 24

d) Dog

Question 25

27. Choose the proper answer for a fetus in (oblique) dorso-vertical presentation
    a) Only Krey-Schottler’s double hook can be used during reposition.
    b) The legs of the fetus are usually available.
    c) We can use a Caemerer’s torsion fork for reposition.
    d) We can try with halving the body of the fetus.

Answer 25

d) We can try with halving the body of the fetus.

Question 26

28. At what stage does the differentiation of cells starts?
    a) 4-8 cell stage
    b) 2-4 cell stage
    c) Fertilization
    d) Blastocyct stage

Answer 26

d) Blastocyct stage

Question 27

29. What type of placenta does cattle have?
    a) Haemochorial discoid
    b) Endotheliochorial diffuse
    c) Endotheliochorial cotelydon
    d) Epitheliochorial cotelydon

Answer 27

d) Epitheliochorial cotelydon

Question 28

30. What is the fertile lifespan of spermatozoa in dogs? a) 9-11 days
    b) 3-5 days
    c) 13-15 days

Answer 28

a) 9-11 days

Question 29

32. Does GnRH work successfully during deep anoestrous? a) Yes it generally works successfully
    b) No we can not use it successfully

Answer 29

32. Does GnRH work successfully during deep anoestrous? a) Yes it generally works successfully
    b) No we can not use it successfully

Question 30

33. Which statement is correct?
    a) In males both the tonic and the surge centre is found
    b) In females only the tonic centre is found
    c) In males there is only tonic centre, but no surge centre
    d) Female reproductive organs originate from Wolfian
    e) In males neither the tonic nor the surge center is found

Answer 30

c) In males there is only tonic centre, but no surge centre

Question 31

34. What is the palpation finding of a follicle in bovine?
    a) Fluctating
    b) Flaccid
    c) Elastic
    d) Densed elastic

Answer 31

a) Fluctating

Question 32

35. What structure in a cow can be described as: 20-25 cm long snake like, with the diameter and shape of a pencil point?
    a) Uterine body
    b) Uterine horn
    c) Oviduct?
    d) Cervix ?

Answer 32

c) Oviduct?

d) Cervix ?

Question 33

36. When should allowed force extraction not be used?
    a) Relatively large foetus
    b) Live foetus
    c) Dead foetus
    d) Dorso-vertical presentation

Answer 33

a) Relatively large foetus

b) Live foetus

Question 34

36. When should allowed force extraction not be used?
    a) Relatively large foetus
    b) Live foetus
    c) Dead foetus
    d) Dorso-vertical presentation

Answer 34

a) Relatively large foetus

b) Live foetus

Question 35

37. Choose the only one incorrect statement during the Götze-method of total fetotomy: -
    a) We use a diagonal backrunning cut for the thorax
    b) We cut the head and the neck
    c) We cut the pelvis between the legs
    d) Evisceration

Answer 35

a) We use a diagonal backrunning cut for the thorax

Question 36

39. What can be used to fix lateral head deviation?
    a) Saake snare
    b) Gagny loop
    c) ostertag eyehook
    d) Manually by hand only

Answer 36

b) Gagny loop

Question 37

42. How can be prevent the worst effects of NEB?
    a) Feeding only high energy concentrate after calving
    b) Restricting the feeding during the dry period, and feeding high energy feed during lactation
    c) Feed large quantity of high energy food during dry period

Answer 37

b) Restricting the feeding during the dry period, and feeding high energy feed during lactation

Question 38

43. Which one is not part of the abnormal forelimb postures?
    a) Shoulder flexion
    b) Incomplete elbow extension
    c) Head-breast posture
    d) Carpal flexion

Answer 38

c) Head-breast posture

Question 39

43. Which one is not part of the abnormal forelimb postures?
    a) Shoulder flexion
    b) Incomplete elbow extension
    c) Head-breast posture
    d) Carpal flexion

Answer 39

c) Head-breast posture

Question 40

46. When is methyl cellulose used in calving?
    a) To open birth canal
    b) If lubricant is needed
    c) If fluid therapy is necessary

Answer 40

b) If lubricant is needed

Question 41

47. Which is incorrect for primary follicle?
    a) Produces inhibin and estrogen
    b) Primary follicles can produce 17 beta-estradiol and inhibin

Answer 41

b) Primary follicles can produce 17 beta-estradiol and inhibin

Question 42

48. When is the foetal membranes expelled?
    a) At stage 1
    b) At stage 2
    c) At stage 3
    d) Together with foetus

Answer 42

c) At stage 3

Question 43

49. Which is a reflex ovulator?

Answer 43

a) Cat

Question 44

50. What is puberty?
    a) When the animal has reached adult body weight
    b) When the animal has mature sexual organs and starts cycling
    c) First calving

Answer 44

b) When the animal has mature sexual organs and starts cycling

Question 45

50. What is puberty?
    a) When the animal has reached adult body weight
    b) When the animal has mature sexual organs and starts cycling
    c) First calving

Answer 45

b) When the animal has mature sexual organs and starts cycling

Question 46

53. Maternal recognition in pigs:

Answer 46

a) Estradiol

Question 47

54. How can you diagnose internal uterine torsion in a cow?

Answer 47

a) By rectal palpation

Question 48

55. What is the optimum time for insemination in the cattle?

Answer 48

a) Second half / Last third of heat

Question 49

55. What is the optimum time for insemination in the cattle?

Answer 49

a) Second half / Last third of heat

Question 50

57. What is the time of ovulation in cattle?

Answer 50

a) 10-11 hours after END of estrus

Question 51

58. Which hormone level in the foetus is the first signal inducing parturition?

Answer 51

a) ACTH + Cortisol

Question 52

59. One of the below statements concerning induction of parturition in the cow is incorrect. Parturition can be induced with:

Answer 52

a) Relaxin

Question 53

60. What characterizes uterine contractility of normocalcemic cows with RFM as related to healthy controls within 2 days PP?

Answer 53

a) Weaker

Question 54

61. What does silent heat mean?

Answer 54

a) No clinical signs of heat

Question 55

10) Indicate the incorrect
a) In rabbit and ruminants the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration may be suitable to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak.
b) The hCG administration can mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak in most of the species
c) In dog and pig the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration, as a single method, is usually not reliable enough to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak
d) In horse the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration, as a single method, is usually reliable enough to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak
e) If we need FSH like effect, eCG containing preparation should be administered.

Answer 55

d) In horse the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration, as a single method, is usually reliable enough to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak

Question 56

11) Indicate the incorrect
a) Primordial follicles consist of ca. 30 flat granulose cells plus the oocyte, and surrounded by basal membrane
b) The size of primordial follicles is ca. 30-50 micrometer in diameter
c) Primary follicles consist of ca. 30-60 cuboidal granulose cells plus the oocyte.
d) Primary follicles need some local growth factors for their further differentiation
e) Primary follicles can produce 17 B estradiol and inhibin

Answer 56

e) Primary follicles can produce 17 B estradiol and inhibin

Question 57

12) Indicate which statement related to the antral (tertiary) …… follicles is correct
a) The theca interna cells can produce 17 B estradiol and inhibin
b) The granulose cells need inhibin for 17 B estradiol production
c) The IGF-1 and insulin content of the follicular fluid increases the 17 B estradiol producing aromatase activity of granulose cells.
d) The granulose cells need progesterone for the 17 B estradiol production
e) The theca interna cells need cortisol for 17 B estradiol production

Answer 57

c) The IGF-1 and insulin content of the follicular fluid increases the 17 B estradiol producing aromatase activity of granulose cells.

Question 58

13) Indicate the statement related to the estrus …. Is correct
a) During the estrus the quality of cervical discharge is grayish and sticky
b) At the beginning of the estrus cows tease the others, but at that time they are noe really sexually receptive
c) During the estrus the toricity? Of the myometrium is decreased
d) In cows the preovulatory follicle can be palpated rectally, as a smooth surfaced, spherically, tightly, softly fluctuation structure, <10mm in diameter
e) During the estrus the ion (Na and CL) content of the vaginal discharge decreases

Answer 58

b) At the beginning of the estrus cows tease the others, but at that time they are noe really sexually receptive

Question 59

14) Indicate which statement related to the various pathogens of bovine mastitis is incorrect
a) Str. Cuberis is one of the environmental mastitis pathogens.
b) Str. Dysgalactiae is one of the environmental mastitis pathogens although occasionally it can also be transferred from cow to cow.
c) corynebacterium bovis is one of the contagious mastitis pathogens.
d) E. coli is one of the contagious mastitis pathogens.
e) The capsule producing ability is as important characteristic of mastitis …. …. Strains.

Answer 59

b) Str. Dysgalactiae is one of the environmental mastitis pathogens although occasionally it can also be transferred from cow to cow.

Question 60

15) Indicate which one is related to the somatic cell count of the milk is incorrect
a) The SCC of the milk can be estimated also with California mastitis test
b) The SCC of the milk can increase if samples are stored above +4 degree C
c) The SCC of the milk is usually slightly higher at the end than at the beginning of the milking procedure
d) The SCC of the milk is more elevated at the end than during the peak lactation.
e) In corynebacterium bovis infected quarters the SCC may be normal.

Answer 60

b) The SCC of the milk can increase if samples are stored above +4 degree C

Question 61

1) Indicate the incorrect
a) The GnRH producing nuclei are located in the anterior pituitary
b) the oxytocin producing nuclei are located in the hypothalamus
c) Both the surge center and pulse center producing GnRH are located in the hypothalamus
d) GnRH is transported to the hypophyseal stalk on a perineureal way
e) Oxytocin is transported to the posterior pituitary gland on a perineureal way

Answer 61

a) The GnRH producing nuclei are located in the anterior pituitary

Question 62

2) Indicate the incorrect
a) Melatonin is produced in the corpus pineale
b) The daily melatonin pattern has an obvious circadian rhythm
c) The plasma level of melatonin decreases in daylight and increases in the dark period.
d) Cyclic ovarian function can be induced with melatonin administration in ewes out of the breeding season.
e) In mares the long periods of daily melatonin increases the cyclic ovarian activity

Answer 62

e) In mares the long periods of daily melatonin increases the cyclic ovarian activity

Question 63

3) Indicate the incorrect
a) The GnRH producing surge center of the hypothalamus must have an estradiol signal for GnRH release.
b) The GnRH producing surge center of the hypothalamus is active in males of seasonal breeder species during the breeding season.
c) The GnRH producing surge center of the hypothalamus is active in females of seasonal breeder species during breeding season.
d) The GnRH producing surge center of the hypothalamus is estradiol sensitive in females of seasonal breeder species during breeder season.
e) At the time of puberty the GnRH producing surge center of the hypothalamus becomes estradiol sensitive in females of seasonal breeder species during breeder season.

Answer 63

b) The GnRH producing surge center of the hypothalamus is active in males of seasonal breeder species during the breeding season.

Question 64

4) Indicate the incorrect
a) GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary
b) The hypophyseal vessels transporting the GnRH from a portal system.
c) In the hypothalamus separated nuclei are responsible for the tonic and preovulatory-like GnRH release.
d) The pulse frequency of the tonic GnRH release is suppressed by progesterone.
e) The preovulatory-like GnRH release s triggered by 17 B estradiol.

Answer 64

a) GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary

Question 65

5) Indicate the incorrect
a) The protein chains of gonadotrop hormones consist of two (a and b) subunits.
b) eCG is the recent synonym of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)
c) All gonadotrop hormones contain also significant quantity of carbohydrates.
d) The correct order of gonadotrops in increased molecular weight: LH/hCG/FSH/eCG
e) The molecular weight of LH is smaller than that of FSH

Answer 65

d) The correct order of gonadotrops in increased molecular weight: LH/hCG/FSH/eCG

Question 66

6) Indicate the incorrect
a) The molecular weight of FSH is smaller than that of hCG.
b) The LH may be filtrated via the urine.
c) The FSH may be filtrated via urine
d) The hCG may be filtrated via urine
e) The eCG may be filtrated vi urine

Answer 66

e) The eCG may be filtrated vi urine

Question 67

7) Indicate the incorrect
a) The biological half-life of FSH is ca. 120 min.
b) The biological half-life of LH is 20-30 min
c) The biological half-life of hCG is ca. 120 min
d) the biological half-life of LH is shorter than that of FSH
e) The biological half-life of eCG is ca. 26 hours.

Answer 67

c) The biological half-life of hCG is ca. 120 min

Question 68

8) Indicate the incorrect
a) In mare the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is ca. 3-5h
b) In rabbit the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is ca. 6-8h
c) In ruminants the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is ca. 6-8h
d) In dog the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is ca. 24h
e) In pig the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is ca. 24h

Answer 68

a) In mare the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is ca. 3-5h

Question 69

9) Indicate the incorrect
a) The dog ovulates ca. 24-48 (<72) hours after the preovulatory LH peak
b) The mare ovulates in the latest hours of the preovulatory LH peak (although the duration of The preovultory LH elevation is unusually long)
c) The ewe and goat ovulates in the latest hours of the preovulatory LH peak
d) The pig ovulates ca. 40 hours after the onset of the preovulatory LH peak
e) the cow ovulated about 24-48 hours after the preovulatory LH peak

Answer 69

b) The mare ovulates in the latest hours of the preovulatory LH peak (although the duration of The preovultory LH elevation is unusually long)

Question 70

Choose the only false statement concerning to the contraindication of the Caesarean section in the cow:
 Caesarean section is contraindicated in case of the long lasting operation which is diagnosed by the present calving difficulties.
 Bad condition of the mother.
 Extended damage of the genital organs.
 Severe foetal emphysema.
 Endotoxin shock.

Answer 70

• Caesarean section is contraindicated in case of the long lasting operation which is diagnosed by the present calving difficulties.

Question 71

Choose the only correct statement concerning to the anaesthesia during the Caesarean section on the cow:

Answer 71

Kalschmiot anaesthesia is used only in standing position.

Question 72

One or more of the below statements related to the antral (tercier or Graafian) follicles is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them:
 In cows, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 5-10 mm.
 In mares, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 20-25 mm.
 In cows, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 30-45 mm.
 When the antral follicle becomes gonadotroph sensitive, its size it about 2.0 – 2.5 mm in sheep and 3.0 – 4.0 mm in cattle.
 In mares, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 30-45 mm (sometimes larger).

Answer 72

 In cows, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 5-10 mm.
 In mares, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 20-25 mm.
 In cows, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 30-45 mm.

Question 73

One or more of the below statements related to the estrus cow is/are incorrect. Please
indicate it/them:
 In cows, the pre-ovulatory follicle can be palpated rectally, as a smooth-surfaced spherical, tightly, softly fluctuating structure, 10-20mm in diameter.
 During the oestrus the cervix is open, and the cervical discharge is transparent, with egg white- like consistency.
 During the oestrus the tonicity of the myometrium is increased, so the uterus is derogated.
 At the beginning of the oestrus, the cow tolerates the teasing of others, and later she starts to
tease her mates.
 During the oestrus the electric conductivity of the vaginal discharge decreases.

Answer 73

 During the oestrus the electric conductivity of the vaginal discharge decreases.

Question 74

One or more of the below statements related to the uterus is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them:
 Oxytocin and 17-Beta-Estardiol increase the tonicity of the myometrium.
 Inhibin relaxes the tonicity of myometrium
 The luteolytic PGF2α is synthesized in the endometrium.
 The type of bovine uterus is ‘uterus bicornis non-subseptus
 The type of equine uterus is ‘uterus bicornis non-subseptus’.

Answer 74

 Inhibin relaxes the tonicity of myometrium

 The type of bovine uterus is ‘uterus bicornis non-subseptus

Question 75

One or more of the below statements related to the ovulation is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them:
 The spontaneously ovulating domestic mammals: Ruminants, horse, pig, dog.
 In spontaneous ovulators the 17-Beta-estradiol production of the dominant follicle is the only pre- requisite for the formation of pre-ovulatory LH peak.
 Domestic mammals with induced (reflex) ovulation: Cat, ferret, camel.
 In induced (reflex) ovulators, the 17-Beta-estradiol induces estrus signs and predispose for ovulation, but the pre-ovulatory LH peak is triggered by the vaginal insult of mating/intromission plus the mating behaviour.

Answer 75

 In spontaneous ovulators the 17-Beta-estradiol production of the dominant follicle is the only pre- requisite for the formation of pre-ovulatory LH peak.

Question 76

One or more of the below statements related to the development and function of corpus luteum is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them:
 In a cow or mare about 8-10 days after the ovulation about 80% of the total quantity of progesterone is produced by the small luteal cells.
 During the formation of luteal tissue (luteinisation) the theca interna cells develop to small luteal cells, whereas the granulose cells differentiate directly to large luteal cells.
 In a cow about 8-10 days after the ovulation the corpus luteum is about 15-20 mm in diameter, and in most of the cases it is well-recognized by rectal palpation.
 The small luteal cells may have a further differentiation to large luteal cells.
 In a mare about 8-10 days after the ovulation, the corpus luteum is about 15-20 mm in diameter,
and in most cases it is well recognized by rectal palpation.

Answer 76

 In a cow or mare about 8-10 days after the ovulation about 80% of the total quantity of progesterone is produced by the small luteal cells.
 In a cow about 8-10 days after the ovulation the corpus luteum is about 15-20 mm in diameter, and in most of the cases it is well-recognized by rectal palpation.

Question 77

You have a synchronized group of ewes and you have to inseminate them with fresh semen during the breeding season. What is the right time to inseminate them with vaginal insemination technique?

Answer 77

50 hours after sponge removal

Question 78

How long is the estrus cycle in the ewe (in days)?

Answer 78

17 days

Question 79

How long is the estrus in the ewe (in hours)?

Answer 79

24-36 hours

Question 80

How long is the lifespan of the corpus luteum in the goat (in days)?

Answer 80

16 days

Question 81

Choose the correct answer:

Answer 81

The sheep / goat is a seasonally poly-estrus animal.

Question 82

Choose the right answer:

Answer 82

The physiologic events leading to puberty are analogous to those regulating the onset of the breeding season.

Question 83

Choose the right answer connected to the source of progesterone for pregnancy maintenance:

Answer 83

Until Day 50 of pregnancy, the sheep is a carpus luteum dependant animal after which the placenta takes over this task.

Question 84

You have to use frozen ram semen for artificial insemination ewe. Choose the right insemination technique:

Answer 84

Laparoscopic

Question 85

You have to use fresh diluted ram semen for artificial insemination in ewe. Choose the right insemination technique:

Answer 85

Vaginal

Question 86

You want to synchronize the estrous cycle of a group of ewes with progestogen sponge during breeding season. How long do you have to keep the sponges in the vaginas?

Answer 86

14 days

Question 87

What is the difference between the treatment protocols of estrous synchronisation and estrous induction?

Answer 87

Estrous induction is used in non-breeding season. The treatment with progestogen is combined with gonadotroph hormone (ECG / PMSG).

Question 88

Insemination technique not used in small ruminants: 
 Vaginal
 Cervical
 Rectovaginal
 Laparoscopic 
 Transvaginal

Answer 88

Rectovaginal

Question 89

What is the typical concentration of spermatozoa required for vaginal insemination in ewe?

Answer 89

400 x 105

Question 90

What is the typical concentration of spermatozoa required for intra-uterine laparoscopic insemination in ewe?

Answer 90

20x105

Question 91

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 The oxytocin producing nuclei are located in the hypothalamus.
 Both the surge center and the pulse center producing GnRH are located in the hypothalamus.
 The GnRH producing nuclei are located in the anterior pituitary.
 GnRH is transported to the hypophyseal stalk in a perineural way.
 Oxytocin is transported to the posterior pituitary gland in a perineural way.

Answer 91

 The GnRH producing nuclei are located in the anterior pituitary.

Question 92

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 Melatonin is produced by the corpus pineale.
 The daily melatonin pattern has an obvious circadian rhythm.
 The plasma level of melatonin decreases in daylight and increases in the dark period.
 Cyclic ovarian function ca be induced with melatonin administration in ewes out of breeding
season.
 In mares, the long periods of daily melatonin increase, increases the cyclic ovarian activity.

Answer 92

 In mares, the long periods of daily melatonin increase, increases the cyclic ovarian activity.

Question 93

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 The GnRH-producing surge center of the hypothalamus must have an estradiol signal for GnRH release.
 The GnRH-producing surge center of the hypothalamus is active in females of seasonal breeder species during breeding season.
 At the time of puberty, the GnRH-producing surge center of the hypothalamus becomes estradiol-sensitive in females of seasonal breeder species.
 The GnRH-producing surge center of the hypothalamus may be active in males of seasonal breeder species during breeding season.
 The GnRH-producing surge center of the hypothalamus is estradiol sensitive in female of seasonal breeder species during the breeding season.

Answer 93

 The GnRH-producing surge center of the hypothalamus may be active in males of seasonal breeder species during breeding season.

Question 94

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 The hypophyseal vessels transporting the GnRH from a portal system.
 In the hypothalamus, separated nuclei are responsible for tonic and pre-ovulatory-like GnRH
release.
 The pulse frequency of the tonic GnRH release is supressed by progesterone.
 The preovulatory-like GnRH release is triggered by 17β-estradiol.
 GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary.

Answer 94

GnRH is produced in the anterior pituitary.

Question 95

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 The correct order of gonadotroph in increasing molecular weight: LH / Hcg / FSH / Ecg
 The protein chains of gonadotroph hormones consists of two separate (α and β) sub-units.
 Ecg is the recent synonym of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG).
 All gonadotroph hormones contain also significant quantity of carbohydrates (for example; sialic
acid).
 The molecular weight of LH is smaller than that of FSH.

Answer 95

 The correct order of gonadotroph in increasing molecular weight: LH / Hcg / FSH / Ecg

Question 96

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 The molecular weight of FSH is smaller than that of HCG.
 The HCG may be filtered via the urine.
 The LH may be filtrated via the urine.
 The FSH may be filtrated via the urine.
 The ECG may be filtrated via the urine.

Answer 96

 The HCG may be filtered via the urine.

Question 97

Please indicate the incorrect statement:
 The biological half-life of HCG is approx.120 mins.
 The biological half-life of FSH is approx. 120 mins.
 The biological half-life of LH is < 20-30 mins.
 The biological half-life of LH is shorter than that of FSH.  The biological half-life of ECG is approx. 26 hours.

Answer 97

 The biological half-life of HCG is approx.120 mins.

Question 98

Please indicate the incorrect statement:

 In rabbit the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In ruminants the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In dog the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 24 hours.
 In mare, the duration of pre-ovulatory –like LH peak is about 3-5 hours.
 In pig the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 24 hours.

Answer 98

 In mare, the duration of pre-ovulatory –like LH peak is about 3-5 hours.

Question 99

Please indicate the incorrect statement.
 In rabbit and ruminants the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration may be suitable to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak.
 The hCG administration can mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak in most of the species.
 In dog and pig the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration, as a single method, is usually not reliable enough to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak.
 If we need FSH-like effect, eCG containing preparations should be administered.
 In horse the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration, as a single method, is usually reliable enough to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak.

Answer 99

 In horse the LH release challenged by a GnRH administration, as a single method, is usually reliable enough to mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak.

Question 100

Please indicate the incorrect statement.
 Primordial follicles consist of about 30 flat granulosa cells the oocyte and surrounded by basal membrane.
 The size of primordial follicles is about 30-50 um in diameter.
 Primary follicles can produce 17beta-estradiol and inhibin.
 Primary follicles consist of about 30-60 cuboidal granulose cells plus the oocyte.
 Primary follicles need some local growth factors for their further differentiation.

Answer 100

 Primary follicles can produce 17beta-estradiol and inhibin.

Question 101

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the antral (tertiary/Graafian) follicles, is incorrect.
 The wall of antral follicles consists of multiple layer of granulose cells, basement membrane, furthermore theca interna and externa cells.
 The cells of theca interna have, but the granulosa cells do not have direct connection with the capillary network.
 The cells of the theca interna are capable of cholesterol intake directly from the capillary network.
 Also the granulosa cells produce steroid hormones.
 The granulosa cells are capable of cholesterol intake directly from the follicular fluid.

Answer 101

 The granulosa cells are capable of cholesterol intake directly from the follicular fluid.

Question 102

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the antral (tertiary/Graafian) follicles, is correct.

Answer 102

The granulosa cells can produce 17beta-estradiol and inhibin.

Question 103

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the antral (tertiary/Graafian) follicles, is correct.

Answer 103

The theca interna cells can produce 17beta-estradiol and inhibin.

Question 104

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the estrus in cow is correct.

Answer 104

In cows the preovulatory follicle can be palpated rectally, as a smooth-surfaced, spherical, tightly -> softly fluctuating structure, <10 mm in diameter.
During the estrus the ion (Na+ and Cl-) content of the vaginal discharge decreases.

Question 105

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the uterus is incorrect.
 Oxytocin and 17beta-estradiol increase the tonicity of myometrium.
 Inhibin decreases the tonicity of myometrium.
 The luteolytic PGF2alpha is synthesized in the endometrium.
 The type of the bovine uterus is “Uterus bicornis subseptus”.
 The type of equine uterus is “Uterus bicornis non-subseptus”.

Answer 105

 Inhibin decreases the tonicity of myometrium.

Question 106

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the ovulation is incorrect.
 The spontaneously ovulating domestic mammals: ruminants, horse, pig, dog
 Domestic mammals with induced ovulation: Cat, ferret, camel
 In spontaneous ovulators the preovulatory LH peak is triggered by the 17beta-estradiol
production of the dominant follicle.
 In spontaneous ovulators the 17beta-estradiol production of the dominant follicle is the only prerequisite of the formation of preovulatory LH peak.
 In induced ovulators the 17beta-estradiol induces estrous signs and predispose for ovulation,
but the preovulatory LH peak is triggered by the vaginal insult of mating/intromission plus the mating behaviour.

Answer 106

 In spontaneous ovulators the 17beta-estradiol production of the dominant follicle is the only prerequisite of the formation of preovulatory LH peak.

Question 107

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the development and function of corpus luteum, is incorrect.
 During the formation of luteal tissue the theca interna cells develop to small luteal cells, whereas the granulosa cells differentiate directly to large luteal cells.
 The small luteal cells may have a further differentiation to large luteal cells.
 In a cow or mare about 8-10 days after the ovulation about 80% of the total quantity of progesterone is produced by the large luteal cells.
 The corpus luteum can never been palpated rectally in cattle.
 In a cow about 8-10 days after the ovulation the corpus luteum is about 15-20 mm in diameter,
and in most of the cases it is well-recognized by rectal palpation.

Answer 107

 In a cow or mare about 8-10 days after the ovulation about 80% of the total quantity of progesterone is produced by the large luteal cells.

Question 108

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the luteolytic process of corpus luteum, is incorrect.
 The PGF2alpha produced by the endometrium is the known main luteolytic agent in most of the domestic mammals.
 Oxytocin is involved in the regulation of endometrial PGF2alpha release.
 In ruminants there is a local utero-ovarian vascular couter-current diffusion system transporting the endometrial PGF2alpha into the corpus luteum. According to this mechanism the incidence of corpus luteum persistency is relatively seldom malfunction.
 Administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the endometrial and inflammatory production of PGF2alpha.
 Certain quantity of PGF2alpha is produced also in the inflammatory processes.

Answer 108

 Administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the endometrial and inflammatory production of PGF2alpha.

Question 109

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the luteolytic process of corpus luteum, is incorrect.
 In ruminants the corpus luteum becomes PGF2alpha-sensitive 4 days after the ovulation.  In mares the corpus luteum becomes PGF2alpha-sensitive 5 days after the ovulation.
 Luteolysis is the apoptotic degeneration of luteal cells.
 In pig the corpus luteum becomes PGF2alpha-sensitive 5 days after the ovulation.

 Most of the luteolytic effects of PGF2alpha are directed to the large luteal cells.

Answer 109

 In pig the corpus luteum becomes PGF2alpha-sensitive 5 days after the ovulation.

Question 110

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the wave like development of gonadotroph sensitive follicles is incorrect.
 In cattle there are usually 2-3 waves in growth of follicles per cycle.
 In pig there are usually 3-4 waves in growth of follicles per cycles.
 In sheep there are usually 3-4 waves in growth of follicles in most of the cycles, however, the individual variability is important.
 In mares there is only 1 (or perhaps 2) wave(s) in growth of follicles per cycle.
 In goat there are usually 3-5 waves in growth of follicles per cycle.

Answer 110

 In pig there are usually 3-4 waves in growth of follicles per cycles.

Question 111

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the fertilization and early embryonic development is incorrect.
 The pre-conception aging of oocyte predisposes for polyspermy.
 At ovulation the oocyte is in the metaphase of the 2nd meiotic cell division.
 After fertilization the main function of the zona reaction is to prevent the penetration of further
spermatozoa.
 The bovine embryo enters from the oviduct to the uterine horn as an early blastocyst 7 days after
the conception.
 The bovine embryo hatches from the zona pellucida on day 8-9 after conception.

Answer 111

 The pre-conception aging of oocyte predisposes for polyspermy.

Question 112

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the maternal recognition of pregnancy is incorrect.
 Some hours after hatching from the zona pellucida the ruminant and porcine embryos start an intensive longitudinal growth (elongation)
 In ruminants the embryonic signal of maternal recognition of pregnancy is a protein belonging to the interferon family (interferon-1)
 In pig the embryonic signal in maternal recognition of pregnancy is estrogenic-based.
 Some hours after hatching from the zone pellucida the equine embryo starts an intensive longitudinal growth. (elongation)
 In mares the embryonic signal of maternal recognition of pregnancy is a protein, however its
effect is combined/completed also with some oestrogens of embryonic origin.

Answer 112

 Some hours after hatching from the zone pellucida the equine embryo starts an intensive longitudinal growth. (elongation)

Question 113

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the various pathogens of bovine mastitis, is incorrect.
 Str. uberis is one of the environmental mastitis pathogens.
 Corynebacterium bovis is one of the contagious mastitis pathogens.
 E.coli is one of the contagious mastitis pathogens.
 The capsule-producing ability is an important characteristic of mastitis-pathogen S.ausreus
strains.
 Str. dysgalactiae is one of the environmental mastitis pathogens, although occasionally it can also be transferred from cow to cow.

Answer 113

 Str. dysgalactiae is one of the environmental mastitis pathogens, although occasionally it can also be transferred from cow to cow.

Question 114

Please indicate, what of the below statements related to the somatic cell count of the milk, is incorrect.
 The SCC of the milk can be estimated also with California Mastitis Test.
 The SCC of the milk is usually slightly higher at the end than at the beginning of the milking
procedure.
 The SCC of the milk is more elevated at the end than during the peak lactation.
 In Corynebacterium bovis infected quarters the SCC may be normal.
 The SCC of the milk can increase if samples are stored above +4 °C

Answer 114

 The SCC of the milk can increase if samples are stored above +4 °C

Question 115

Which sign is not characteristic for starting a delivery?
 Vulva-oedema
 Udder oedema and colostrum secretion
 Labour pains.
 Foul-smelling discharge from the vagina

Answer 115

 Foul-smelling discharge from the vagina

Question 116

Which species has a refracted broken final part of the soft birth canal?

Answer 116

Dog

Question 117

Which of these pain types is responsible for the expulsion of the placenta?

Answer 117

After pains

Question 118

How can you diagnose an internal uterine torsion in a cow?

Answer 118

By rectal palpation

Question 119

What is the rectal palpation finding of a bovine corpus luteum?

Answer 119

Liver-like

Question 120

Please indicate the incorrect statement. The case history in a parturient animal is not suitable for:
 Helping the veterinarian to set up a correct diagnosis
 Proving, whether anybody else a previous examination been performed
 Giving a correct diagnosis (as a single method), which has been set up by the owner/farmer
 To get information about the length of the recent pregnancy

Answer 120

 Giving a correct diagnosis (as a single method), which has been set up by the owner/farmer

Question 121

Which two diameters are important to determine the type of the pelvis?

Answer 121

Conjugata vera & Diameter transvers aperturae pelvis cranialis intermedia

Question 122

Please, indicate the incorrect statement. The possibilities of solving the uterine torsion in cows.
 Manual reposition through the vagina
 Rotation of the cow’s body (the wooden plank method)
 Laparoscopy
 Caesarean section

Answer 122

 Laparoscopy

Question 123

Which term is incorrect?
 Dorsal (upright) position 
 Foot-nape posture
 Vertical presentation
 Dorsal transverse position

Answer 123

 Dorsal transverse position

Question 124

Which statement is true?

Answer 124

The lack of eye and suckling reflexes do not obviously mean that the foetus has died

Question 125

Which is not an abnormal presentation?
 Double sided hip flexion of a small calf foetus
 Normal presentation - Ventral position of a foal foetus during the second trimester of pregnancy
 Harms dog sitting position
 Shoulder flexion of a piglet

Answer 125

 Normal presentation - Ventral position of a foal foetus during the second trimester of pregnancy

Question 126

Please mark the inappropriate statement.
 (Oblique) ventro vertical presentation is also called as two horn pregnancy.
 The ventral surfaces of the hoofs are looking laterally.
 The most frequently occurring abnormal posture of the head is its lateral deviation:
 The back of the foetus might be palpated in the birth canal during dorso transverse presentation

Answer 126

 (Oblique) ventro vertical presentation is also called as two horn pregnancy.

Question 127

Please mark the synonym for Harm’s dog sitting position.

Answer 127

Ventro-vertical presentation

Question 128

Which statement is not correct?
 The posterior presentation is abnormal
 Ventral position of a foetus during the expulsive stage is abnormal
 Anterior presentation is normal
 Foot-nape posture is the milder (less severe) form of the downward displacement of the head,
during this, the two front-legs are in the pelvic cavity, and the skull is pushed to the pecten.

Answer 128

 The posterior presentation is abnormal

Question 129

Which statement is not correct?
 During a longitudinal posterior presentation, the flexion direction of the fetlock is opposite to that of the first joint proximal to it.
 There is a bony knob on the second joint proximal to the fetlock on the hind legs
 The plantar surfaces of the hoofs/claws are facing upwards if the position is dorsal
 In posterior presentation, the flexion direction of the metatarsophalangeal joint is the same as
that of the second joint proximal to it.

Answer 129

 There is a bony knob on the second joint proximal to the fetlock on the hind legs

Question 130

Which of these is a double monster?

Answer 130

Diprosopus

Question 131

Which monster type does not have an enlarged diameter of the head?
 Hydrocephalus internus 
 Amorphus globosus 
 Hydrocephalokele
 Hydrocephalus externus

Answer 131

 Amorphus globosus

Question 132

Which statement characterizes the amniotic fluid?

Answer 132

Egg-yolk-like consistency

Question 133

What is methylcellulose?

Answer 133

The main component of modern lubricants

Question 134

In which case do we have to apply a test traction in the cow?

Answer 134

Relative large foetus

Question 135

The following statement is true for the allowed forced extraction:

Answer 135

3 to 4 medium power persons alternatingly pull the obstetrical chains/ropes, which have been fixed to the legs and head of the foetus

Question 136

Please mark the right statement.

Answer 136

Episiotomy has to be performed along the medial line between the vulva and the anal ring in bitches (episiotomia media)

Question 137

When would you perform an episiotomy in the cow?

Answer 137

If only the last critical part of the soft birth canal is narrow and the foetus could pass the pony part and the cervix.

Question 138

Please mark the right statement.

In postpartum suckling beef cows the formation of preovulatory-like LH release is under a beta-endorphin blockade

Answer 138

For at least 3545 days after calving

Question 139

Please mark the right statement.

In postpartum suckling beef cows the time of first postpartum ovulation is influenced by the:

Answer 139

Body condition at calving, rather than the postpartum body condition loss

Question 140

Please mark the right statement.
In postpartum (non-suckling) dairy cows:

Answer 140

The GnRh -> FSH + LH release is under a complete beta-endorphin blockade for max. 5 days after calving

Question 141

Please mark the right statement.
On day 28 after calving your cow has abundant, mucopurulent cervical discharge (estimated pus content: > 60%) and the diameter of cervix at the external orifice is about 8 cm. What is your diagnosis?

Answer 141

Clinical endometritis

Question 142

Please mark the incorrect statement.
In postpartum cows the most important predisposing factors for puerperal metritis:
 Calving on a pasture land
 Retained fatal membranes
 At calving: (unhygienic) manual assistance within the birth canal
 At and just after calving: elevated levels of blood ketone

Answer 142

 Calving on a pasture land

Question 143

Please mark the incorrect statement.
In therapy of puerperal metritis
 The local administration of first generation cephalosporin (Cephapirin) is the most proper way antimicrobial therapy.
 The intrauterine administration of Oxyteteracycline is the most traditional (but currently less effective) antimicrobial therapy.
 Due to the less sensitive character of the most uterine pathogens the dose of Oxyteteracycline is about 2-4 g/animal currently.
 It would be better not to use the high-dose (2-4 g/animal) intrauterine Oxyteteracycline administration.

Answer 143

 The local administration of first generation cephalosporin (Cephapirin) is the most proper way antimicrobial therapy.

Question 144

Please mark the right statement.

The proper technique for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in cattle:

Answer 144

Week 8-9 after calving or later: cytology of smear samples taken from the surface of the endometrium with cytobrush technique or small volume lavage.

Question 145

Please mark, which of the below mastitis pathogens has minimal chance to survive in the mammary gland during the dry period.

Answer 145

E.coli

Question 146

Please mark, which of the below mastitis pathogens has minimal chance for adherence on the epithelial cells during the inframammary invasion:

Answer 146

Staph. Aureus

Question 147

One or more of the below statements related to the hypothalamic regulation of reproduction is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them.
 The nucleus supraopticus can produce GnRH.
 The GnRH producing nuclei of hypothalamus are located in the ventrolateral wall of the third ventricle.
 The nucleus arcuatus can produce oxytocin.
 The nucleus paraventricularis can produce oxytocin.
 The producer neurons transport the GnRH trough their axons to the superior hypophyseal
arteries located in the stalk of the pituitary.

Answer 147

 The nucleus arcuatus can produce oxytocin.

 The nucleus supraopticus can produce GnRH.

Question 148

One or more of the below statements related to the gonadotroph hormones is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them.
 eCG is the recent synonym of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin.
 The correct order of gonadotroph in increasing molecular weight: LH/hCG/FSH/eCG
 The correct order of gonadotroph in increasing carbohydrate (sialic acid) content of their
molecules: FSH/eCG/LH/hCG
 The correct order of gonadotroph in increasing biological half-life: eCG/LH/hCG/FSH
 The protein chains of gonadotroph hormones consist of two separate (alpha & beta) subunits.

Answer 148

 The protein chains of gonadotroph hormones consist of two separate (alpha & beta) subunits.

Question 149

One or more of the below statements related to the gonadotroph hormones is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them.
 The biological half-life of LH is <20-30 min
 The biological half-life of hCG is approx. 120 min
 The biological half-life of FSH is approx. 120 min
 The biological half-life of eCG is approx. 11 hours
 The biological half-life of FSH is <20-30 min

Answer 149

 The biological half-life of LH is <20-30 min
 The biological half-life of hCG is approx. 120 min
 The biological half-life of FSH is approx. 120 min
 The biological half-life of eCG is approx. 11 hours

Question 150

One or more of the below statements related to the gonadotroph hormones is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them.
 In mare the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In rabbit the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In ruminants the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In dog the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In pig the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.

Answer 150

 In mare the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In dog the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.
 In pig the duration of preovulatory-like LH peak is about 6-8 hours.

Question 151

One or more of the below statements related to the gonadotroph hormones is/are incorrect.
Please indicate it/them.
 In cyclic females the pulse frequency of the tonic LH release is suppressed by 17beta-estradiol.
 The hCG administration can mimic/induce the biological effects of tonic Lh release in females.
 The pulse frequency of the tonic LH release is suppressed by progesterone.
 The eCG administration can mimic/induce the biological effects of tonic LH release in females.
 The eCG administration can mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak in
females.

Answer 151

 In cyclic females the pulse frequency of the tonic LH release is suppressed by 17beta-estradiol.
 The eCG administration can mimic/induce the biological effects of preovulatory LH peak in
females.

Question 152

One or more of the below statements related to the secondary follicles is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them.
 The granulose cells in a secondary follicle have a multi-layer character.
 In cattle the number of secondary follicles can be identified with rectal palpation.
 Regardless of the species the size of secondary follicles is about 200-300 um in diameter.
 In mares the secondary follicles can be identified only with trans rectal ultrasonography.
 The size of secondary follicles is larger in mares than in cows.

Answer 152

 In cattle the number of secondary follicles can be identified with rectal palpation.
 In mares the secondary follicles can be identified only with trans rectal ultrasonography.  The size of secondary follicles is larger in mares than in cows.

Question 153

Which of these animals has the most optimal pelvic bone?

Answer 153

Shetland pony mare

Question 154

What does not belong to the soft birth canal?
 Vagina 
 Hymen 
 Broad ligaments of pelvis
 Cervix

Answer 154

 Broad ligaments of pelvis

Question 155

What does vaginoscopy mean?

Answer 155

Inserting a vaginoscope and applying a light source into the vagina, for internal observation of the organ

Question 156

No critical size of the soft birth canal.

Answer 156

Pelvic inlet & shoulder region of foetus

Question 157

When can the foetus have a good prognosis?

Answer 157

During lateral deviation of head

Question 158

Definition of posture of a foetus.

Answer 158

Relation of head and legs as compared to trunk of foetus

Question 159

Clear sign of a dead foetus is:

Answer 159

Foetus is emphysematic

Question 160

Which monster type does not have a deformed skull?
 Hydrocephalokele 
 Cyclops parasiticus
 Hydrocephalus internus 
 Hydrocephalus externus

Answer 160

 Hydrocephalokele

Question 161

What is characteristic for the Harms dog sitting position in the mare?

Answer 161

Hoofs of the foetus can perforate the uterine wall

Question 162

Which statement is not correct?
 Ventral position of foetus during the expulsion stage is abnormal
 Anterior presentation is normal
 Posterior presentation is abnormal
 Foot-nape posture is milder form of the downward displacement of the head. During this two
front legs are in the pelvic cavity and the scull is pushed to the pecten.

Answer 162

Posterior presentation is abnormal

Question 163

Which statement is surely incorrect?
 A hydramniotic foetus cannot survive after birth
 Oedema of the fatal membranes often accompany brucellosis
 A hydrallantoic foetus can survive, but its vitality is usually weak
 The cause of hydramnion is the abnormal function of the fatal kidneys.

Answer 163

The cause of hydramnion is the abnormal function of the fatal kidneys.

Question 164

Please mark the inappropriate statement.
 Infiltration analgesia is used to anaesthetize the planned operation line
 During epidural anaesthesia usually 15-20 ml Lidocaine is administered into the vertebral canal
of the cow
 The direction of the needle during epidural anaesthesia in cattle has an angle of 60 to 75 ° to the body surface
 Analgesia of the abdominal wall can even be ensured by administering a paravertebral
anaesthesia

Answer 164

 The direction of the needle during epidural anaesthesia in cattle has an angle of 60 to 75 ° to the body surface

Question 165

In which case do we have to apply a test traction in the cow?

Answer 165

Relative large foetus

Question 166

How do we perform a test traction in the cow?

Answer 166

Only with a standing animal, using the help of a medium power person

Question 167

Which step is incorrect for episiotomy in the cow?
 Lateral incision of the vulva
 Suture the tissues after extraction of foetus
 Dorsal incision of vulva starting at comissura labiorum dorsale
 Using scissors for cuttings

Answer 167

 Dorsal incision of vulva starting at comissura labiorum dorsale

Question 168

In postpartum suckling beef cows the time of the first postpartum ovulation is influenced by the:

Answer 168

Long-lasting suckling

Question 169

Mark right statement.

Beef heifers are bred one month before the onset of the arbitrary breeding season of older herd mates, because:

Answer 169

They need longer period for resumption of cyclic ovarian function after their first calving

Question 170

Mark incorrect statement.
In postpartum, non- suckling dairy cows.
 The first dominant follicle is present on the ovary on day 8-10 after calving
 The first dominant follicle may ovulate, may undergo atretic degeneration or may become cystic
 The first dominant follicle needs IGF-1 for its final maturation
 The first dominant follicle can never produce sufficient quantity of 17beta-estradiol

Answer 170

 The first dominant follicle can never produce sufficient quantity of 17beta-estradiol

Question 171

Mark incorrect statement.
In postpartum, non-suckling dairy cows the first ovulation may be postponed by: 
 The late nadir of energetic imbalance 
 The outbreak of severe mastitis
 Puerperal metritis
 Manganese deficiency

Answer 171

 Manganese deficiency

Question 172

Mark the right statement.

In cattle the most important (pathognosic) clinical signs of puerperal metritis is:

Answer 172

The fetid, malodorous, bad-smelling character of the cervical discharge

Question 173

Mark the incorrect statement.
In therapy of puerperal metritis:
 Currently also broad spectrum aminopenicillins (amoxicillin) are frequently used, but their effect is quite questionable
 The intrauterine administration of broad spectrum aminopenicillins (amoxicillin) can be combined with clavulanic acid successfully also in therapy of puerperal metritis.
 currently also aminoglycosides (neomycin, gentamycin) are frequently administered, but it would be better not to use them
 The administration of uterotonic drugs is always justified

Answer 173

 The intrauterine administration of broad spectrum aminopenicillins (amoxicillin) can be combined with clavulanic acid successfully also in therapy of puerperal metritis.

Question 174

One of the statements related to freemartinism is correct.

Answer 174

There is an early (30days) anastomosis between the amniotic vesicles

Question 175

One of the statements related to the segmental aplasia of the Müllerian tract is false.
 Usually both uterine horns are affected
 The ovaries are functioning
 Usually one uterine horn is affected
 The ovarian function is usually physiological
 It is a hereditary developmental lesion

Answer 175

 Usually both uterine horns are affected

Question 176

One of the statements related to the follicle theca cyst is false.
 They are usually larger than 2,5 cm in diameter
 Usually they have a thin wall
 Usually they have a thick wall
 they can occur in both ovaries
 Usually we can find several cysts

Answer 176

 Usually they have a thick wall

Question 177

One of the statements related to the medical prevention of follicle cysts is correct.

Answer 177

We can give GnRH 12-14 days after calving

Question 178

What is the most optimal condition for solving abnormal position and presentation in large animals?

Answer 178

Epidural analgesia, uterus relaxation, copious lubricant, sedatives.

Question 179

According to the chorionic villi distribution, how can we classify the equine placenta?

Answer 179

Placenta diffuse with microcotyledons

Question 180

Which could be the consequence of asphyxia?

Answer 180

Cerebral haemorrhage and oedema

Question 181

According to the microscopic appearance, what kind of placenta has the cow?

Answer 181

Placenta syndesmochorialis / epitheliochorialis

Question 182

Which species has refracted (broken) type of the soft part of the birth canal?

Answer 182

The bitch

Question 183

What are the binculeate cells?

Answer 183

Pregnancy specific protein producing cells in the cow.

Question 184

When could we talk about retention of foetal membranes in the mare?

Answer 184

After 3 hours post-partum.

Question 185

2. In which stage of parturition is the calf born?

Answer 185

2nd

Question 186

3. What is the first effect which is responsible for the induction of the parturition?

Answer 186

Foetal CRH/Acth production.

Question 187

4. What is the main cause of oxytocin Release?

Answer 187

Stimulation of the sensory neurons in the cervix

Question 188

5. What is the task of Relaxin?

Answer 188

Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments

Question 189

6. What can be used to induce parturition in the cow?

Answer 189

Corticosteroid and PGF2α

Question 190

7. What is the most important disadvantage of the induction of parturition?

Answer 190

Foetal membrane retention

Question 191

8. What is the cause of secondary placental retention?

Answer 191

Mechanical difficulty in expelling already separated foetal membranes

Question 192

9. What is the determination of the secondary placental retention?

Answer 192

Mechanical difficulty in expelling already separated foetal membranes

Question 193

10. Factors involved in the separation of maternal and foetal membranes
    Wrong answer?

Answer 193

Progesterone.

Question 194

11. How many hrs. After parturition must the foetal membranes leave the cow?

Answer 194

24 hours

Question 195

12. The metabolic or resp. acidosis can be corrected sooner?

Answer 195

Metabolic

Question 196

13. How long is the 1st stage of calving?

Answer 196

8-10 hrs.

Question 197

15. What is the reason of milk fever?

Answer 197

Ca deficit

Question 198

13. How long is the 1st stage of calving?

Answer 198

2-6h

Question 199

What is the transition period?

Answer 199

3wks before and 3wks after parturition

Question 200

18. Milk fever predisposing factor?

FALSE answer

Answer 200

“Twin pregnancy”
CORRECT answers
Older beef cows, dairy cows and autumn calving cows.

Question 201

19. Normal Ca level?

Answer 201

2.2 - 2.6 mmol/l

Question 202

20. Metabolic alkalosis may cause milk fever?

Answer 202

True

Question 203

21. During late pregnancy , low Ca level must be provided in diet? T/F

Answer 203

True

Question 204

22. The conc. Of Ca is 12 times higher in milk than in blood? T/F

Answer 204

True

Question 205

23. Normal P level?

Answer 205

1.4 - 2.5 mmol/L

Question 206

24. In 10ml of colostrum there is 23g Ca which is 9 times higher than he total plasma pool of Ca ? T/F

Answer 206

True

Question 207

25. There is cca 60g of Ca in the daily produced 40L milk?

Answer 207

True

Question 208

26. At Parturition the cow must bring more than 30g Ca per day into the plasma?

Answer 208

True

Question 209

27. What is the Ca Requirements of 40L of milk produced a day?

Answer 209

80g

Question 210

28. What is the effect of PTH?

Answer 210

Increase Ca Level

Question 211

29. What is the effect of Calcitonin?

Answer 211

Decrease Ca level

Question 212

30. What should the Ca levels be during the dry period?

Answer 212

low

Question 213

31. In which period of the gestation does the milk fever generally occur?

Answer 213

Around parturition

Question 214

32. What does the clinical signs of fever occur, At Ca level of….. ?

Answer 214

<1.5 mmol/L

Question 215

33. What is the P levels in hypophosphatemia?

Answer 215

<1.0 mmol/L

Question 216

1. What is the treatment in the case of milk fever?

Answer 216

400 ml of 40% Calcium

Question 217

35. What about eh milking in case of Fever?

Answer 217

No milking for 24 hours

Question 218

36. What is a good body condition score?

Answer 218

2.5 - 3.0

Question 219

37. What is the correct Ca level that should be provided in the transitional dry period?

Answer 219

30-50g/head/day

Question 220

38. What is the Ca level when the clinical signs of milk fever occur?

Answer 220

<1/5 mmol/L

Question 221

39. What is the main reason of Ketosis?

Answer 221

Low Lipid intake

Question 222

40. The ketone bodies are produced from?

Answer 222

From NEFA (non esterified fatty acids)

Question 223

41. What is the effect of Niacin?

Answer 223

Limits lipolysis

Question 224

42. What is the effect of Monensin?

Answer 224

Reduces the production of Ketone bodies

Question 225

44. What is the Zona Pellucida?

Answer 225

The thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.

Question 226

45. Time of attachment in horse?

Answer 226

36-38 days

Question 227

46. Which part of the spermatozoa fuse with the oolemma of the oocyte?

Answer 227

Equatorial segment

Question 228

47. What does syngamy mean?

Answer 228

Fusion of male and female pronucleus

Question 229

48. Material which reroutes PGF2a to prevent luteolysis?

Answer 229

E2

Question 230

49. Process which prevents luteolysis in mare?

Answer 230

Transuterine migration

Question 231

50. What signal for maternal recognition in dog?

Answer 231

NO signal

Question 232

51. Factor for maternal recognition in woman?

Answer 232

hCG

Question 233

52. When starts biochemical signal in bovine?

Answer 233

Day 15-18

Question 234

53. When starts biochemical signal in sow?

Answer 234

Day 10-12

Question 235

54. Time of attachment in bovine?

Answer 235

Day 18-22

Question 236

55. What does recognition of maternal pregnancy mean?

Answer 236

A process in which some type of signal prevents luteal regression, allowing the corpus luteum to persist and continue to secrete progesterone.

Question 237

56. Time of attachment in woman?

Answer 237

Day 9-12

Question 238

57. What is a typical c section in a cow?

Answer 238

The pregnant uterine horn must be opened near the tip of the horn.

Question 239

58. What do we do with the placentas during C section?

Answer 239

Cut the parts that hang out of the wound and leave the rest in the uterus , give antibiotic….

Question 240

59. How to close uterine wounds?

Answer 240

Two layers. Using seromuscular sutures

Question 241

138. Where do you open the abdominal wall in the cow for a regular caesarian section?
     a. Almost exclusively on the left paralumbar area
     b. Possibly along the ventral midline
     c. Equal if on the left or right paralumbar area
     d. In the perineal area, with a dorsolateral cut from the upper comissura of the vulva
     e. Only along the ventral midline

Answer 241

a. Almost exclusively on the left paralumbar area

Question 242

62. Instruments used in a cow C section?

Answer 242

Obstetrical chains.

Question 243

65. What is NOT recommended for retained foetal membranes?

Answer 243

Flushing the Uterus.

Question 244

66. Drug with no uterotonic effect?

Answer 244

Oxytetracyclin

Question 245

67. Most commonly used transducer in US examination in mares?

Answer 245

Linear 5-7 MHz

Question 246

68. Earliest pregnancy detection in mares?

Answer 246

9 - 12 days after ovulation

Question 247

69. What layers of uterus to take samples from?

Answer 247

Mucous membranes

Question 248

70. In oestrus mares what does cross section of uterine horns look like?

Answer 248

Sliced lemon

Question 249

71. What organs are protecting seals of tubular genitals in mare?

Answer 249

Vulval lips, cervix, vestibular seal

Question 250

72. What is true about corpus luteum?

Answer 250

most successfully examined in US

Question 251

73. True statement about the tertiary or Antral follicles in mares?

Answer 251

They appear on the US as a non-echogenic area

Question 252

74. True statement about the tertiary or Antral follicles in mares?

Answer 252

US only allows the antral follicles to be examined

Question 253

75. FALSE statement about the tertiary or Antral follicles in mares?

Answer 253

Usual size of preovulatory follicle is about 100mm in diameter

Question 254

76. True statement about the follicles in mares?

Answer 254

At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40mm in diameter.

Question 255

77. When must samples be taken for endometrial bacteriology in mares?

Answer 255

During oestrus

Question 256

78. How must samples be taken for endometrial bacteriology in mares?

Answer 256

With sterile swab

Question 257

92. Relation between heat and ovulation in Swine ?

Answer 257

Heat is 3 days and ovulation is 46-54hours.

Question 258

93. Oestrus cycle in gilts can be synchronised by?

Answer 258

Feeding synthetic progestagen (i.e regumate) for 10-15 days

Question 259

94. For maintaining porcine pregnancy , luteal progesterone is required?

Answer 259

Throughout the entire pregnant because the swine is cl dependant species.

Question 260

95. Which hormone used to detect cow pregnancy?

Answer 260

E2

Question 261

99. When can the vagina prolapse?

Answer 261

Before calving

Question 262

100. Which hormone deca-peptide?

Answer 262

GnRH

Question 263

103. Tx of uterus prolapse?

Answer 263

Put it back Same for vagina prolapse

Question 264

104. Sedation of cow?

Answer 264

Xylazine

Question 265

105. Synthesis of GnRH where?

Answer 265

Hypothalamus

Question 266

113. Diagnosis of uterine torsion?

Answer 266

Rectal palpation

Question 267

115. How do you check after calving the uterus if there is membranes are inside or bacterial infection?

Answer 267

Rectal palpitation

Question 268

116. Synchronisation of heat?

Answer 268

GnRH then pgf2 alpha the GnRH then insemination

Question 269

115. How do you check after calving the uterus if there is membranes are inside or bacterial infection?

Answer 269

Rectal palpation

Question 270

120. How do you know if there is silent heat?

Answer 270

No signs

Question 271

121. Decapeptide

Answer 271

GnRH

Question 272

128. Time of ovulation in cattle :

Answer 272

Oestrus cycle - Length: 18-24 days
Length of oestrus: 12 – 19 h
Time of ovulation: 10-11 h after the end of estrus
Time of AI: 7-18 h after the onset of estrus

Question 273

129. True regarding hormonal background of cattle ovulation:

Answer 273

Metoestrus: first 2-4 days
Ovulation: after the end of estrus - E2 ↓
CL forming from corpus haemorrhagicum - P4 ↑
Preparing the uterus for the embryo (4-7 days)
FSH: follicular wave

Question 274

133. Parturient Paresis in Cows:

Answer 274

Ca Gluconate

Question 275

135. What do we do with the placentas during caesarian section in the cow before closing the uterine wound?
     a. We remove all of them
     b. We cut those parts that hang out of the wound and leave the rest in the uterus, and we put antibioticcontaining uterine tablets into the uterus before closing the wound
     c. We manually detach the easily accessible caruncles from the uterus
     d. We remove most of them, and flush the uterus with saline solution
     e. We do not touch them

Answer 275

b. We cut those parts that hang out of the wound and leave the rest in the uterus, and we put antibioticcontaining uterine tablets into the uterus before closing the wound

Question 276

153. Which statement is true in the connection with the follicles in mares?
     a. Ultrasonography allows the primary, the secondary and the terciar (antral) follicles to be examined
     b. Ultrasonography only allows the primary and the secondary follicles to be examined
     c. Ultrasonography only allows the terciar (antral) follicles to be examined
     d. The primary and secondary follicles can only be examined rectally
     e. Only the primary follicles can be examined rectally

Answer 276

b. Ultrasonography only allows the primary and the secondary follicles to be examined

Question 277

154. Which statement is false in connection with the follicles in mares?
     a. The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 3040 mm in diameter
     b. The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter
     c. The maximal (but unusual) size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter
     d. Follicles 15 mm in diameter are usually not sensitive to gonadotroph hormones
     e. Follicles 15 mm in diameter usually do not produce significant quantity of estrogens

Answer 277

b. The usual size of a preovulatory follicle is = 100 mm in diameter

Question 278

159. Choose the right answer:
     a. Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used for synchronization in double dose as compared to ruminants because the CL is insensitive to the prostaglandins during the first 12 days
     b. Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used in one third to half dose as compared to the ruminants because the horse is very sensitive to the prostaglandin side effects
     c. Prostaglandins in the mares cannot be used for controlling the estrous cycle, only for induction of parturition
     d. Twin pregnancy in the mare can be eliminated by single prostaglandin injection administered after 40 days
     e. The location of the equine CL is deep in the ovary therefore the prostaglandins are not effective in the mare

Answer 278

b. Natural prostaglandins in the mare can only be used in one third to half dose as compared to the ruminants because the horse is very sensitive to the prostaglandin side effects

Question 279

161. Choose the right answer:
     a. In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary throughout the entire pregnancy (CL dependent species)
     b. In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary only during the first 5 months, therafter the foetoplacental unit produces enough sexualsteroid hormones for maintaining the pregnancy
     c. In pregnant mares, both the primary and the accessory corpora lutea are retained throughout but after the day 250 they do not play role in maintaining the pregnancy
     d. The horse pregnancy is throughout maintained by eCG (PMSG) produced by the endometrial cups
     e. The horse pregnancy is throughout maintained by estrogens synthesized by the fetal gonads

Answer 279

b. In the horse, presence of the corpus luteum is necessary only during the first 5 months, therafter the foetoplacental unit produces enough sexualsteroid hormones for maintaining the pregnancy

Question 280

162. Choose the right answer:
     a. Artificial insemination in the mare is successful only with undiluted fresh semen
     b. Insemination of the mare with deep frozen semen is successful only when the sperm is deposited deep into the uterus
     c. Insemination of the mare is possible both with fresh and chilled semen which can be stored in special containers for 24-72 hours without significant loss of fertility
     d. Artificial insemination of the mare is similar to the cattle: 0,25 ml deep frozen semen is deposited partly into the uterine body, partly into the cervix

Answer 280

c. Insemination of the mare is possible both with fresh and chilled semen which can be stored in special containers for 24-72 hours without significant loss of fertility

Question 281

163. Choose the right answer:
     a. Double ovulation never occur in mares
     b. Twin pregnancy never occur in mares
     c. In mares the only outcome of twin pregnancy is the abortion
     d. In mares the only outcome of twin pregnancy is the embryonic/early fetal loss
     e. In mares the embryonic / early fetal loss, abortion and stillbirth are the possible consequences of twin pregnancy

Answer 281

e. In mares the embryonic / early fetal loss, abortion and stillbirth are the possible consequences of twin pregnancy

Question 282

164. Choose the right answer: in mares the endometrial cups produce
     a. eCG (PMSG)
     b. hCG
     c. PSPB (pregnancy specific protein B)
     d. PAG (pregnancy associated glycoprotein)
     e. The endometrial cups produce GnRH

Answer 282

a. eCG (PMSG)

Question 283

165. Choose the right answer: the embryos enter the uterus
     a. In mares: on days 56 of gestation
     b. In cows: on day 8 of gestation
     c. In gilts/sows: on day 5 of gestation
     d. In ewes: on days 23 of gestation
     e. In she-goats: on days 23 of gestation

Answer 283

a. In mares: on days 56 of gestation

Question 284

166. Choose the false statement: in the mare
     a. The corpus luteum graviditatis is formed after recognition of pregnancy
     b. After day 20 of gestation the progesterone concentration decreases
     c. The P4 production of the primary corpus luteum is increased by eCG
     d. The P4 production of the secondary corpus luteum is increased by eCG
     e. Only the P4 producing of the placenta is increasing to the effect of eCG

Answer 284

e. Only the P4 producing of the placenta is increasing to the effect of eCG

Question 285

167. Choose the false statement: in the mare
     a. After fertilization the oestrogen (E2) level is increased and can be detected as a
     b. secondary postovulatory peak
     c. The signals for recognition of pregnancy are produced by oestrogens/proteins
     d. The oestrogen concentration on the 36th day is higher than at ovulation
     e. Oestrogens are only produced by the secondary follicles
     f. Oestrogens are also produced by corpus luteum graviditatis

Answer 285

e. Oestrogens are only produced by the secondary follicles

Question 286

170. Choose the right answer! In the goat the easiest and most accurate method to diagnose early pregnancy is the:
     a. Amode ultrasound techniques
     b. Bmode ultrasound techniques
     c. Doppler techniques
     d. Measuring of progesterone concentration
     e. Measuring of oestrogen concentration

Answer 286

b. Bmode ultrasound techniques

Question 287

171. What is the relation between the heat and ovulation in the swine?
     a. Duration of the heat is 24-36 h, ovulation at the beginning of estrus
     b. Duration of the heat is 3 days, ovulation between 46-54 h
     c. Duration of the heat is 24 h, ovulation 12 h after the end of clinical oestrus
     d. Duration of the heat is 57 days, ovulation 24 h before the end of clinical oestrus
     e. Duration of the heat is 9 days, ovulation between day 24

Answer 287

b. Duration of the heat is 3 days, ovulation between 46-54 h

Question 288

172. Oestrus cycle of the gilts can be synchronized by:
     a. Single luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2a (or analogue)
     b. Two luteolytic injections of prostaglandin F2a (or analogue) 11 days apart
     c. Long term use of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) or subcutaneous implant
     d. Feeding synthetic progestagen (e.g. Regumate) for 10-15 days
     e. GnRH - PGF2a - GnRH treatment (Ovsynch method)

Answer 288

d. Feeding synthetic progestagen (e.g. Regumate) for 10-15 days

Question 289

173. For maintaining the porcine pregnancy luteal progesterone is required:
     a. During the first 3540 days, thereafter the foetoplacental unit is enough
     b. Throughout the entire pregnancy, because the swine if CL dependent species
     c. For approx. 100 days, later stage of the pregnancy is maintained even after ovariectomy
     d. Second half of the pregnancy can be maintained by corticosteroid hormones alone
     e. The porcine pregnancy is maintained by oestrogen hormones

Answer 289

b. Throughout the entire pregnancy, because the swine if CL dependent species

Question 290

174. One or more of the below statements related to the antral (tercier or Graafian) follicles is/are incorrect:
     a. When the antral follicles becomes gonadotrop sensitive, its size is about 2,02,5 mm in sheep and 3,04,0 mm in cattle
     b. In cows the size of the preovulatory follicle is about 5-10 mm
     c. In mares the size of the preovulatory follicle is about 20-25 mm
     d. In cows the size of the preovulatory follicle is about 30-45 mm
     e. In mares the size of the preovulatory follicle is about 30-45 mm (sometimes larger)

Answer 290

 In cows, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 5-10 mm.
 In mares, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 20-25 mm.
 In cows, the size of the pre-ovulatory follicle is about 30-45 mm.

Question 291

175. One or more of the below statements related to the estrous cow is/are incorrect. Please indicate it/them:
     a. In cows the preovulatory follicle can be palpated rectally, as a smooth surfaced spherical, tightly → fluctuating structure, 1020 mm in diameter
     b. During the estrus the cervix is open, and the cervical discharge is transparent, with egg white like consistency
     c. During the estrus the tonicity of the myometrium is increased, so the uterus is erigated
     d. During the estrus the electric conductivity of the vaginal discharge decreases
     e. At the beginning of the estrus the cow tolerates the teasing of the others, and later she starts to tease her mates

Answer 291

d. During the estrus the electric conductivity of the vaginal discharge decreases

Question 292

176. One or more of the below statements related to the uterus is/are incorrect. Please, indicate it/them:
     a. Oxytocin and 17 beta estradiol increase the tonicity of the myometrium
     b. Inhibin relaxes the tonicity of myometrium
     c. The luteolytic PGF2a is synthetized in the endometrium
     d. The type of the bovine uterus is “uterus bicornis nonsubseptus”
     e. The type of the equine uterus is “uterus bicornis nonsubseptus”

Answer 292

b. Inhibin relaxes the tonicity of myometrium

d. The type of the bovine uterus is “uterus bicornis nonsubseptus”

Question 293

177. One or more of the below statements related to the ovulation is/are incorrect. Please, indicate it/them:
     a. The spontaneously ovulating domestic mammals: ruminants, horse, pig, dog
     b. Domestic mammals with induced (reflex) ovulation: cat, ferret, camel
     c. In spontaneous ovulators the preovulatory LH peak is triggered by the 17 beta estradiol production of the dominant follicle
     d. In spontaneous ovulators the 17 beta estradiol production of the dominant follicle is the only prerequisite of the formation of preovulatory LH peak
     e. In induced (reflex) ovulators the 17 beta estradiol induces estrous signs and predispose for ovulation, but the preovulatory LH peak is triggered by the vaginal insult of mating / intromission plus the mating behaviour

Answer 293

d. In spontaneous ovulators the 17 beta estradiol production of the dominant follicle is the only prerequisite of the formation of preovulatory LH peak

Question 294

179. Choose the only false statement concerning to the contraindications of the caesarian section in the cow:
     a. Caesarian section is contraindicated in the case of the bad condition of the mother
     b. Caesarian section is contraindicated in the case of the extended damage of the genital organs
     c. Caesarian section is contraindicated in the case of the severe fetal emphysema
     d. Caesarian section is contraindicated in the case of the endotoxin shock
     e. Caesarian section is contraindicated in the case of the long lasting operation which is prognosed by the present calving difficulties

Answer 294

e. Caesarian section is contraindicated in the case of the long lasting operation which is prognosed by the present calving difficulties

Question 295

180. Choose the only correct statement concerning to the anaesthesia during the caesarian section in the cow:
     a. Kalschmiot-anaesthesia is used only in standing position
     b. The best medicine for epidural anaesthesia is 70 % alcohol
     c. Using local anaesthesia around the suture wound decreases the possibility of kicking injuries
     d. We can use swine blood collection needle for epidural anaesthesia
     e. Using clenbuterol before the operation the relaxation of the abdominal muscles can be reached

Answer 295

a. Kalschmiot-anaesthesia is used only in standing position

Question 296

187. What can be considered as a primary indication for a csection?
     a. Fresh dead fetus in the uterus
     b. Carpal flexion
     c. Relatively large living fetus
     d. Absolutely large dead fetus

Answer 296

c. Relatively large living fetus

Question 297

188. What is typical for csection in swine?
     a. It is performed in standing position
     b. The pregnant uterine horn has to be opened near the tip of the horn
     c. The uterus should preferably be opened intra abdominally

Answer 297

d. Usually it is performed in anaesthetized animals

Question 298

189. What do we do with the placentas during csection in the sow before closing the uterine wound?
     a. We remove all of them
     b. We cut those parts that hang out of the wound and leave the rest in the uterus and we put uterine pills containing antibiotics into the lumen
     c. We detach the easily detachable cotyledons from the caruncles
     d. We remove them and flush the uterus with saline solution

Answer 298

b. We cut those parts that hang out of the wound and leave the rest in the uterus and we put uterine pills containing antibiotics into the lumen

Question 299

190. How do we close uterine wound in the sow?
     a. Using interrupted sutures
     b. The first step is to apply continuous suture through all layers
     c. Using a running suture with absorbable material
     d. Usually in two layers, using seromuscular sutures

Answer 299

d. Usually in two layers, using seromuscular sutures

Question 300

191. How do you remove piglets from the uterus of the sow?
     a. I always fix the head of the piglet and take it out through the uterine wound
     b. With one hand I fix the head, or the hind legs, while with the other hand I apply a massage to the outside of the uterus
     c. I inject oxytocin and wait until the piglets appear in the wound after each other, then I gently take them out
     d. I open the uterus above every piglet, then close the wound immediately after removing each piglet

Answer 300

b. With one hand I fix the head, or the hind legs, while with the other hand I apply a massage to the outside of the uterus

Question 301

194. When do I not necessarily need to perform a csection in a sow?
     a. During uterine torsion
     b. Usually, it can be applied in presentation failures, but it is not often indicated since often these can be solved in another way as well
     c. If fetuses have died
     d. If piglets do not born after the administration of oxytocin

Answer 301

b. Usually, it can be applied in presentation failures, but it is not often indicated since often these can be solved in another way as well

Question 302

195. The following instruments can be used during csection in the sow:
     a. Ostertag’s eye hooks
     b. Obstetrical chains
     c. Needle holder
     d. Kühnes crutch

Answer 302

c. Needle holder

Question 303

197. How can you mechanically stimulate respiration in the newborns?

Answer 303

Mouth to mouth expired air, tracheal tube with AMBU balloon

Question 304

197. How can you mechanically stimulate respiration in the newborns?

Answer 304

Mouth to mouth expired air, tracheal tube with AMBU balloon

Question 305

198. Which treatment protocols are suitable for the retention of fetal membranes in dogs and cats?

Answer 305

Ergot alkaloids, antimicrobials, in case of need hysterotomy

Question 306

199. Which sign is not characteristic for starting a delivery?

Answer 306

Smelling discharge from the vagina

Question 307

200. Which one is an abnormal labour pain?

Answer 307

Violent pains

Question 308

201. Instruments or manoeuvers which are not used in ventral position

Answer 308

Wood planks

Question 309

202. When would you perform an episiotomy in the cow?

Answer 309

If only the last critical part of the soft birth canal is narrow and the foetus could pass the bony part and the cervix

Question 310

204. What kind of instrument would you not use for the reposition of a laterally deviated head in the horse?

Answer 310

Kaemmerer torsion fork.

Question 311

206. What is characteristic for Harms dog sitting in horses?

Answer 311

Hoofs of the foetus can perforate the uterine wall

Question 312

207. You should not perform embriotomy in case of a

Answer 312

Living foetus

Question 313

208. Which drugs can be used for the treatment of secondary uterine inertia in the dog?

Answer 313

Oxytocin glucose (oxytocin + calcium)

Question 314

210. What does surfactant expression mean?

Answer 314

Surface active lipoprotein in the lung

Question 315

211. What kind of acidbase stance is characteristic for a healthy neonate?

Answer 315

Slight respiratory metabolic acidosis

Question 316

212. What is the first thing you have to do with an asphyxiated neonate?

Answer 316

Airway aspiration

Question 317

213. What does the ARD test mean?

Answer 317

Appetite, rumination defecation

Question 318

214. Which is true for the numerical scoring system to quantify the vitality of newborn calves?

Answer 318

V1 - toneless, head dropping, limbs extended, cardiac activity present

Question 319

215. Which one is the first step to resuscitate asphyxiated newborns?

Answer 319

Aspirate nti-inflamma and tracheal fluid

Question 320

216. What is the marginal haematoma?

Answer 320

Haematoma at the edge of placenta zonaria in carnivores

Question 321

217. Which one is a correct treatment for low meconium retention in a foal?

Answer 321

Acetylcysteine solution into the rectum, fluid therapy p.o. Pain control

Question 322

218. What does hypercapnia mean?

Answer 322

Blood carbonate concentration increase

Question 323

220. What is the optimal condition for solving abnormal position and presentation in large animals?

Answer 323

Epidural analgesia, uterus relaxation, copious lubricant sedatives

Question 324

221. According to the chrorionic vili distribution how can we classify the equine placenta?

Answer 324

Placenta diffuse with microcotyledons

Question 325

222. Which could be the consequence of asphyxiate?

Answer 325

Cerebral haemorrhage and edema

Question 326

223. According to the microscopic appearance what kind of placenta has the cow?

Answer 326

Placenta syndesmochorialis/ epitheliochorialis

Question 327

225. What are the binucleate cells?

Answer 327

Pregnancy specific protein producing cells in the cow

Question 328

226. When could we talk about retention of fetal membranes in the mare?

Answer 328

After 3 hours post partum

Question 329

227. Which step is incorrect for episiotomy in the bitch?

Answer 329

Unilateral incision of the vulva

Question 330

228. What is the best method for correction of abnormal presentation in large animals?

Answer 330

The nearest limbs have to be pulled into the birth canal, if the hind and the front legs are in equal distance we always try for a longitudinal posterior presentation

Question 331

229. Which obstetrical snare is not correct to use in the mare?

Answer 331

Jöhnk snare

Question 332

230. What is the incorrect method for correction of hock flexion in case of large animals?

Answer 332

In the case of small foetus extraction without correction

Question 333

231. What is the incorrect method for traction without reposition of the hip flexion in the mare?

Answer 333

In the case of abortion, premature partus or if the foetus is small pull out the foetus with Jöhnk snare

Question 334

232. Which abnormality is an absolute indication for csection in the mare?

Answer 334

Dorsotransverse presentation

Question 335

235. How long is the estrus in the ewe (in hours)?
     a. 10-20
     b. 24-48
     c. 24-36
     d. 30-40
     e. 40-50

Answer 335

c. 24-36

Question 336

236. How long is the life span of the corpus luteum in the goat (in days)?
     a. 21
     b. 16
     c. 19
     d. 14
     e. 10

Answer 336

b. 16

Question 337

239. Choose the right answer connected to the source of progesterone for pregnancy maintenance:
     a. The sheep is a placenta dependent animal
     b. The goat is a placenta dependent animal
     c. Until day 50 of the pregnancy, the sheep is a corpus luteum dependent animal, after which the placenta takes over this task
     d. The goat is a placenta dependent animal till day 50 of the pregnancy
     e. From day 50 of pregnancy, the sheep is corpus luteum dependent animal

Answer 337

c. Until day 50 of the pregnancy, the sheep is a corpus luteum dependent animal, after which the placenta takes over this task

Question 338

274. Choose the only false statement concerning to the csection in the sow:

Answer 338

Vaginal prolapse is a rare indication

Question 339

275. Choose the only correct statement concerning to the csection in the sow:

Answer 339

We do it either in deep sedation combined with local anaesthesia or in general anaesthesia

Question 340

276. Choose the only false statement concerning to the complications of the csection in the sow:

Answer 340

Obstipation never occurs

Question 341

277. Choose the only false statement concerning to the csection in the mare:

Answer 341

• We open the nonpregnant uterine horn and pull the fetus from the pregnant horn
• Putting uterine tablets into the lumen provides sufficient protection in the post operative therapy

Question 342

279. At what gestational age can you first see a heartbeat of an equine embryo?

Answer 342

25-28 days

Question 343

280. At what gestational age should you ideally evaluate a mare for twins?

Answer 343

13-15 days

Question 344

281. At what gestational age do the endometrial cups form in the mare?

Answer 344

35-38 days

Question 345

282. At what gestational age are we able to determine fetal gender in horse?

Answer 345

60-70 days

Question 346

283. What drug would you give this mare today?

Answer 346

hCG

Question 347

284. What would you recommend doing today with this mare?

Answer 347

Order semen for tomorrow

Question 348

289. Which statement is true in connection with the follicles in mares?

Answer 348

At the beginning of the atretic degeneration the size of a follicle still may be 30-40 mm in diameter

Question 349

307. Which method cannot be used for detecting pregnancy in small ruminants?

Answer 349

Measure fibrinogen concentration in peripheral blood

Question 350

308. Which statement is correct concerning the ewes?

Answer 350

On the xray the fetal skeleton can be seen from the 60th day

Question 351

309. What are the most important rules during obstetrical examination in the case of dystocia?

Answer 351

Be clean, be gentle, and use a lot of lubrication

Question 352

310. What should be given to acidotic lambs?

Answer 352

Sodium bicarbonate and glucose

Question 353

312. What should be given to the doe 4 weeks before parturition?

Answer 353

Vaccination against tetanus and enterotoxaemia