midterm Flashcards
1
Q
- According to Darwin (1872) an emotional expression that uses the blood vessels expresses which one of the following emotions?
a. anger
b. shame
c. pleasure
d. resignation
A
B
2
Q
- According to Charles Darwin (1872) fear is expressed by way of changes in which of the following bodily systems?
a. the sweat glands.
b. the dermal apparatus.
c. the somatic muscles.
d. both b & c.
Source: Page 6, Table 1.1
A
D
3
Q
- Charles Darwin asked two broad questions that still guide emotion researchers today. These questions included:
a. How are emotions expressed in humans and other animals?
b. What would happen if we did not have emotions?
c. How can we cultivate emotions in our relationships, and through the life course?
d. How are emotions different in different cultures?
A
A
4
Q
- The physiological approach to emotions is associated with which one of the following scholars?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Sigmund Freud
c. William James
d. René Descartes
A
C
5
Q
- According to William James, the core of an emotion is:
a. the pattern of bodily responses associated with an experience.
b. the changes within one’s autonomic nervous system
c. the changes in how one’s muscles and joints move.
d. all of the above.
A
D
6
Q
- The psychotherapeutic approach assumes which of the following to be true?
a. The emotional life of adulthood derives from relationships we had in childhood with parents or other caregivers.
b. We are responsible for our emotions because we are responsible for our beliefs.
c. Emotions have useful functions; they help us navigate our social interactions.
d. All of the above are consistent with the psychotherapeutic approach.
A
A
7
Q
- According to Aristotle, tragic drama impacts people in important ways. Notably, when people are at the theater they:
a. sympathize with the main character.
b. learn to distance themselves from the emotions of the main character.
c. come out of the theater feeling more confident about their own lives.
d. experience a purgation or purification of emotions.
Source: Page 11
A
A
8
Q
- One could say the Epicureans and Stoics were the first emotion researchers in the West. The Epicureans taught that one should:
a. avoid becoming emotional.
b. extirpate almost all desires from one’s life.
c. live simply and enjoy simple pleasures.
d. strive for great things like wealth and fame.
A
C
9
Q
- One could say the Epicureans and Stoics were the first emotion researchers in the West. The Stoicstaught that one should:
a. avoid becoming emotional.
b. extirpate almost all desires from one’s life.
c. live simply and enjoy simple pleasures.
d. strive for great things like wealth and fame.
A
B
10
Q
- The philosophical approach to emotions is associated with which one of the following scholars?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Sigmund Freud
c. William James
d. René Descartes
A
D
11
Q
- Which fundamental emotions occur in the soul according to René Descartes?
a. fear, anger, sadness, resignation, and guilt
b. wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness
c. happiness, surprise, and love
d. disgust, curiosity, love, hatred, and shame
A
B
12
Q
- Greek doctors such as Hippocrates and Galen thought that disease was caused by an imbalance among the humors, with an increase of each humor giving rise to a distinct emotional state. Placidity was thought to derive from an excess of:
a. black bile
b. yellow bile
c. phlegm
d. blood
A
C
13
Q
- Greek doctors such as Hippocrates and Galen thought that disease was caused by an imbalance among the humors, with an increase of each humor giving rise to a distinct emotional state. Hope and vigor were thought to derive from an excess of:
a. black bile
b. yellow bile
c. phlegm
d. blood
A
D
14
Q
- According to George Eliot, literary art is important to the emotions because novels encourage readers to:
a. extend “sympathies” to people outside of their usual circle of friends and acquaintances.
b. more frequently express their emotions to others.
c. develop a more effective set of coping skills.
d. experience katharsis of their emotions.
Source: Page 16
A
A
15
Q
- Tania Singer and her collaborators (2004) assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful electric shock and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one – present in the same room – was receiving a similar shock. Singer et al. found that when a participant felt pain ____________ whereas when a participant was signaled that their loved one experienced pain ____________.
a. parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated; their somato-sensory cortex was activated.
b. their somato-sensory cortex and parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated; their somato-sensory cortex was activated.
c. their somato-sensory cortex and parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated; parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated.
d. parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated; their somato-sensory cortex and parts of their anterior cingulate cortex were activated.
A
C
16
Q
- The opposite of empathy is:
a. schadenfreude
b. contempt
c. condemnation
d. remorse
A
a
17
Q
- In the 1970s and 1980s Alice Isen studied how happiness influences people’s perception of the world. Based on findings from numerous studies, Isen concluded that happiness impacts cognition in which one of the following ways?
a. Happiness makes people more error-prone on simple tasks.
b. Feeling happy encourages people to be less critical about consumer goods.
c. Happiness encourages rapid decision-making.
d. Happiness makes people more cautious about loss when risks are low.
A
B
18
Q
- For understanding emotions, sociologist Erving Goffman’s most instructivework is perhaps the essay “Fun in games”. In this essay Goffman contends that happiness emerges when people:
a. interact recreationally with others.
b. act in accordance with the expectations of others.
c. act in accordance with their own personal values.
d. are fully engaged in what they are doing.
A
D
19
Q
- Sociologist Arlie Hochschild observed how “feeling rules” were instructed to Delta Airlines cabin staff as part of their training regimen. The “feeling rules” associated with this occupation:
a. aimed to produce staff who could play a particular emotional role.
b. aimed to encourage a particular emotional tone in passengers.
c. were ingrained by asking staff to practice particular expressions and recall memories to aid performances.
d. all of the above are true of Delta Airlines training observed by Hochschild.
A
D
20
Q
- The term ______ refers to a state that typically lasts for hours, days, or weeks, sometimes as a low- intensitybackground.
a. personality trait
b. emotional disorder
c. mood
d. emotional episode
A
C
21
Q
- Charles Darwin described evolution in terms of all but which one of the following processes?
a. superabundance
b. variation
c. adaptation
d. selection
A
C
22
Q
- According to Charles Darwin, selection refers to the fact that:
a. offspring are somewhat different from others and differences are passed on by heredity.
b. organisms choose to cooperate more often than they choose to compete.
c. organisms are more likely to consume low-energy foods associated with a low level of risk compared to high-energy foods associated with a high level of risk.
d. characteristics that allow better adaptation to the environment are selected because they enable survival, and hence are passed on.
A
D
23
Q
- Many systems such as our preferences for sweet foods and aversion to bitter foods developed in response to:
a. selection pressures.
b. social demands.
c. environmental load.
d. intersexual competition.
A
A
24
Q
- Stags lock horns and engage in battles that are at times violentto find who is dominant and who therefore has access to mates. This is an example of:
a. dominance
b. implicit aggression
c. intrasexual competition
d. intersexual competition
A
C
25
5. Which one of the following is an adaptation that has evolved to help humans find a fertile mate?
a. The perception that facial symmetry is beautiful.
b. A preference for males with status and resources.
c. A preference for a mate with a youthful appearance.
d. Both b & c.
C
26
6. Which one of the following is an adaptation that has evolved to help humans find a healthy mate?
a. The perception that facial symmetry is beautiful.
b. A preference for males with status and resources.
c. A preference for a mate with a youthful appearance.
d. Both b & c.
A
27
7. Which one of the following behaviors illustrates an exaptation?
a. A dog that avoids consuming bitter foods.
b. A brief raising of the eyebrows, lasting a fraction of a second, when people approach one another during greeting.
c. An adult human who laughs and feels happy when observing a baby who is cooing and laughing.
d. All of the above.
B
28
8. Working from the assumption that genes need the body of a plant or animal to contain them and enable them to reproduce, emotions play what role in animals?
a. Emotions help to ensure that genes will be protected and reproduced.
b. Emotions make us selfish and discourage altruistic actions that could compromise our genes.
c. Genes program our emotions so that all our actions are reflex-driven and none of our actions derive from attractions and urges that our culture can modify.
d. All of the above.
A
29
9. Attachment is:
a. a human form of imprinting.
b. a social motivation.
c. an adaptation that has been selected for during evolution.
d. all of the above.
D
30
10. Assertion is:
a. an antisocial motivation.
b. likely to inspire behaviors such as differential smiling andexploration away from the mother as a secure base in human infants.
c. associated with the social emotion of shame when one’s social status is diminished.
d. both a & c.
C
31
11. Affiliation is:
a. what encourages mothers to protect their offspring.
b. what inspires warmth and affection in human relationships.
c. more associated with the system of smell than the system of touch.
d. all of the above.
B
32
12. Which of the following is true about pair-bonding?
a. Pair-bonding is common amongst all primates.
b. A pair-bonded male and female maintain a lasting sexual interest in each other.
c. Pair-bonding is observed more often in urban as opposed to rural human communities.
d. Pair-bonding is observed between romantic partners and between platonic friends.
B
33
13. The loss or absence of an attachment figure inspires:
a. anxiety
b. sadness
c. anger
d. surprise
Source: Page 42 Figure 2.2
A
34
14. According to the textbook’s authors, our biggest handicap as a social species is the fact that:
a. we tend to compete with others.
b. we tend to territorial.
d. we tend to be highly emotional.
d. we feel emotions like contempt and social disgust.
D
35
15. High-status male chimpanzees:
a. maintain their status by monopolizing food.
b. are the largest animals within their group.
c. spend a good part of their time breaking up the conflicts of lower-status chimps.
d. avoid reconciliation following conflict with others in their group.
Source: Pages 46 & 47
C
36
16. The making of tools, the making of fire to prepare food, the use of language, and the making of art are human universals (Brown, 1991) that are similar because they:
a. are innovations that distinguish humans from other living primates.
b. are social.
c. have emotional aspects.
d. all of the above.
D
37
17. Robin Dunbar argues that conversational language emerged in human beings because:
a. Human groups became too large for grooming to be a practical way of maintaining social bonds; therefore, conversation developed as a necessary replacement for grooming.
b. Human beings naturally imitated noises in their environment, and these noises became words.
c. Humans developed tongue movements to mimic manual gestures, something that helped with the acquisition of increasingly sophisticated manual habits.
d. Humans needed words to help mediate conflicts within the group.
A
38
18. The varying environments of evolutionary adaptedness were primarily defined by their:
a. climate
b. terrain
c. social characteristics
d. all of the above
C
39
19. Feeling interested and surprised when we find ourselves exploring a novel environment is linked with which of the following motivations?
a. attachment
b. affiliation
c. assertion
d. non-social goals
D
40
20. Feeling jealous when we find ourselves threatened by an interloper is linked with which of the following motivations?
a. attachment
b. affiliation
c. assertion
d. non-social goals
A
41
1. According to studies about flirting completed by Givens (1983) and Perper (1985), the more that potential partners _______________________, the more likely they are to take the next step in the romantic encounter.
a. mimic each other’s emotional expressions
b. show off signs of their social status (e.g., raising their arms to show of a flashy watch)
c. gaze intently at each other
d. touch each other on the arm
A
42
2. An emblem is:
a. a nonverbal gesture that accompanies our speech, to make it vivid, visual, or emphatic.
b. a verbal behavior that expresses emotion.
c. a nonverbal gesture that directly translates into words.
d. a behavior that we use to coordinate conversation.
Source: Pages 84-86
C
43
3. The act of raising one’s eyebrows when articulating the most important point in a phrase is an example of a(n):
a. self-adaptor
b. emblem
c. illustrator
d. regulator
Source: Pages 84-86
C
44
4. A self-adaptor is:
a. emotional, in that it conveys emotion to others.
b. conscious, in that people are always aware of this type of behavior.
c. a behavior that lacks seeming intentions, and which may occur merely to release nervous energy.
d. all of the above are true of self-adaptors.
Source: Page 86
C
45
5. The following characteristic differentiates emotional expressions from other non-emotional, nonverbal behaviors:
a. Emotional expressions tend to be long-lasting, enduring for minutes at a time.
b. Facial expressions of emotion are exceptionally brief, lasting a quarter of a second.
c. Facial expressions of emotion involve involuntary muscle actions that people cannot suppress.
d. Emotional expressions of emotion tend to be more subtle than feigned expressions of emotion.
Source: Page 87
C
46
6. According to Charles Darwin emotional expressions can be explained by way of three principles, including the principle of antithesis which holds that:
a. expressive behaviors that helped individuals survive in the past will be more likely to reoccur in the future as compared to expressive behaviors that threatened an individual’s well-being in past situations.
b. opposing emotional states will be associated with opposing emotional expressions.
c. the more stressed an individual, the more likely they are to release undirected energy through random expressions.
d. the size of the familial group determines the level of competition between individuals as well as the intensity of the emotional expressions that develop in the offspring within that group.
Source: Page 87.
B
47
7. The decoding hypothesis implies that:
a. feeling happiness inspires smiling in every culture.
b. receiving a gift inspires happiness in every culture.
c. facial expressions of emotion are culturally specific.
d. people of different cultures will interpret a smile in the same way.
D
48
8. The encoding hypothesis implies that:
a. feeling happiness inspires smiling in every culture.
b. receiving a gift inspires happiness in every culture.
c. facial expressions of emotion are culturally specific.
d. people of different cultures will interpret a smile in the same way.
Source: Page 87.
A
49
9. In a study of the Fore, Ekman and Friesen (1971) devised emotionally themed stories and asked participants to match each story to one of three facial expressions of emotion. The results from this study:
a. provided evidence to suggest that there are 6 universal emotions.
b. were critiqued because the Fore had seen U.S. television and films and might thereby have learned about American emotions.
c. showed that adults but not children of the Fore were able to identify 6 universal emotions, suggesting that the ability to judge emotions from facial expressions occurs late in development.
d. all of the above are true.
Source: Pages 90-91
A
50
10. The fact that most of the research on recognition of facial expressions has used static pictures is at the core of the ______________ critique of studies of universal facial expressions.
a. reliability
b. free response
c. construct validity
d. ecological validity
D
51
11. Human embarrassment displays resemble the appeasement displays of other species in which of the following ways?
a. Gaze aversion occurs.
b. Head movements that reduce the size of one’s body relative to another individual are common.
c. Face touching is a characteristic behavior.
d. All of the above are common appeasement expressions in humans and non-human species.
D
52
12. Tracy and Matsumoto (2008) analyzed the emotional expressions of sighted and blind Olympic athletes from 20 different countries just after they had either won or lost a judo competition. Their results showed that:
a. after victory, sighted athletes were more likely to express pride by throwing their arms in the air than were blind athletes.
b. after loss, both groups of athletes dropped their heads and slumped their shoulders in similar displays of shame.
c. positive emotions are more socially constructed than are negative emotions.
d. all of the above are consistent with Tracy and Matsumoto’s (2008) study of Olympic athletes.
B
53
13. In a series of studies, Nancy Eisenberg and her colleagues carefully coded the facial actions of people witnessing someone suffer (Eisenberg et al., 1989). They found that the experience of sympathy is correlated with:
a. gaze aversion
b. increased helping behavior
c. heart rate acceleration
d. all of the above
B
54
14. Given two best friends, it has been found that such friends are likely to engage in antiphonal laughter which:
a. fills the empty gaps in conversation.
b. signals that one is tracking what the other is saying.
c. is contagious and sequential, such that the laughter of one is followed by the laughter of the other.
d. occurs in unison, such that there is an overlap in the friends’ bouts of laughter.
D
55
15. How might emotional states alter vocalization patterns? Klaus Scherer has argued that emotion-related physiological changes alter:
a. the variability in pitch of one’s speech.
b. the tempo or speed with which one speaks.
c. how softly or loudly one speaks.
d. all of the above.
Source: Page 98.
D
56
16. In a review of 60 studies assessing the recognition of voiced emotions cross-culturally, Juslin and Laukka (2003) concluded that hearers can judge five different emotions in the voice, including _________________ with accuracy rates approaching 70%, and that judgments are ________________.
a. anger, fear, happiness, sadness and tenderness; best when hearers listen to members of their own culture.
b. anger, fear, happiness, sadness and disgust; no different when hearers listen to members of their own culture compared to members of a different culture.
c. anger, fear, disappointment, sadness, and tenderness; no different when hearers listen to members of their own culture compared to members of a different culture.
d. fear, happiness, disappointment, surprise, and tenderness; best when hearers listen to members of their own culture.
A
57
17. A vocal burst is a(n) ________ and it is ________ to communicate emotions:
a. brief, non-word utterance that arises between speech incidents; not sufficient.
c. acceleration of tempo or amplification of the volume of multiple word utterances; not sufficient.
b. brief, non-word utterance that arises between speech incidents; sufficient.
d. acceleration of tempo or amplification of the volume of multiple word utterances; sufficient.
Source: Page 99.
B
58
18. Vervet monkeys have three main predators – the eagle, the snake and the leopard. If a vervet monkey sees a predator, he or she emits:
a. a specific alarm call that signals to other vervet monkeys the type of predator that has been spotted.
b. a general alarm call that does not distinguish the type of predator, but rather that a threat has been identified.
c. no alarm call, and instead takes cover in undergrowth in an effort to go undetected.
d. no alarm call, and instead approaches the predator in an effort to distract attention away from other members of its colony.
Source: Page 100.
A
59
19. Studies of nonhuman primate grooming and human touch reveal that a key function of tactile contact includes all but which one of the following?
a. soothe.
b. control subordinates.
c. signal safety.
d. increase cooperation.
Source: Pages 101-103.
B
60
20. Emotional expressions serve an incentive function that facilitates the coordination of social interactions by:
a. providing information about the sender’s current emotions.
b. triggering particular emotional responses in perceivers.
c. rewarding desirable social behaviors.
d. signalling the sender’s relationship with the target.
Source: Page 104.
C
61
1. Restorative processes are driven by the _______________ branch of the autonomic nervous system and include __________________.
a. sympathetic; the directing of inner resources to digestion.
b. parasympathetic; the directing of inner resources to digestion.
c. sympathetic; increases in blood pressure.
d. parasympathetic; increases in blood pressure.
Source: Page 115.
B
62
2. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system:
a. increases heart rate and cardiac output.
b. is involved in emotional responses that involve goosebumps.
c. reduces the activity of natural killer cells, which are involved in immune responses.
d. all of the above.
D
63
3. Which of the following is a method that psychologists use to measure the activity of the autonomic nervous system?
a. To capture activation in the vagus nerve, the relationship between respiration and heart-rate cycles is assessed.
b. The galvanic skin response is used to estimate the rate of digestion.
c. Vasoconstriction in the arteries and veins is estimated based on an individual’s sleep-wake cycle.
d. The ratio between face and finger temperature is used as an estimate of overall well-being of one’s autonomic nervous system.
Source: Page 118.
A
64
4. Evidence that supports William James’s claim regarding autonomic specificity and emotion includes all but which one of the following?
a. There are over a dozen distinct autonomic pathways that activate different regions of the body.
b. The same pattern of physiological arousal is present organisms that are encountering a threat and those receiving a reward.
c. There are many different ways that components of the autonomic nervous system might combine to produce different responses.
d. All of the above serve as evidence for James’ autonomic specificity thesis.
Source: Page 118.
B
65
5. Cannon criticized James’s autonomic specificity on the following grounds:
a. Physiological states are more vivid than emotional experiences; therefore the autonomic thesis overestimates the intensity of emotions.
b. Emotional and non-emotional states are marked by distinctly different physiological patterns; therefore the autonomic thesis fails to explain transitions between neutral and emotional moods.
c. Autonomic responses are too slow to account for the rapidity with which we experience emotion or move from one emotion to another.
d. People are very sensitive to changes within their bodies which leads them to misconstrue bodily for genuine emotional experiences.
Source: Page 118-119.
c
66
6. The two factors in Schachter and Singer’s (1962) two-factor theory are:
a. nature and nurture
b. arousal and construal
c. instinct and acquired drive
d. emotion and action
B
67
7. Levenson and colleagues employed a directed facial action task to study how autonomic activity corresponds with various facial expressions. Their results challenged:
a. William James’s autonomic specificity thesis.
b. Cannon’s critique of autonomic specificity.
c. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory.
d. Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis.
B
68
8. Results from studies employing Levenson and colleagues’sdirected facial action task reveal:
a. Large increases in heart rate occur for fear and anger but not for sadness.
b. Sweat activity is greater fear and anger than for disgust and sadness.
c. Finger temperature was greater for anger than fear.
d. Emotion-specific autonomic patterns seem to be different between cultures and when comparing elderly participants’ responses to those of middle-aged adults.
Source: Page 122.
C
69
9. Mark Leary and colleagues (1992) carefully analyzed situations that produce the blush. They discerned specific elicitors of the blush and proposed a specific cause:
a. overexcitement.
b. social attention.
c. positive self-focused attention.
d. negative self-focused attention.
Source: Page 123.
D
70
10. One branch of the neuroendocrine system particularly relevant to emotion is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whose activation results in the release of the stress-related hormone ________into the bloodstream.
a. cortisol
b. vasopressin
c. cytokinin
d. ABTH
A
71
11. Sally Dickerson and her colleagues (2004, 2009) asked participants to deliver a speech about why they would be the perfect applicant for a job in a condition of high social evaluative threat. They reported that increased social evaluative threat was associated with increases in the activity of the __________ system:
a. immune
b. cytokine
c. adrenal
d. both a & b.
Source: Page 126-127.
D
72
12. Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. A first stage produced the _________ which is present in _________.
a. sympathetic nervous system; mammals only.
b. dorsal vagal complex; all species.
c. ventral vagal complex; mammals only.
d. parasympathetic nervous system; all species.
B
73
13. Based on comparison of the autonomic nervous systems of different species, Steven Porges (1995, 1998) has made a case for three stages in the evolution of the autonomic nervous system. According to Porges, the last portion to evolve was the _____________ and it is this system that allows the actions necessary for _____________.
a. dorsal vagal complex; negative emotions
b. ventral vagal complex; negative emotions
c. dorsal vagal complex; positive emotions
d. ventral vagal complex; positive emotions
D
74
14. Kok and Fredrickson (2010) assessed people’s vagal tone at the beginning and end of a nine-week study, and in between these two assessments they had participants report on their daily experience of positive emotions and the strength of their social connections. The key finding from this study was that:
a. People with elevated vagal tone at the beginning of the study show greater increases over time in social connectedness and positive emotion.
b. Increases in social connections over the nine weeks led to rises in vagal tone at the end of the study.
c. Increases in positive emotion over the nine weeks led to rises in vagal tone at the end of the study.
d. All of the above.
Source: Page 128, Figure 5.5.
D
75
15. Studies of individuals with spinal injuries completed by Bermond et al. (1991) and Cobos et al. (2002)
indicate what about emotional experience given individuals’ reduced bodily input?
a. Participants reported significant decreases in the intensity of their experiences of fear, post-injury.
b. Participants reported no significant decreases in the intensity of their experiences of fear, anger, grief, sentimentality and joyfulness, post-injury.
c. In some cases participants reported an increase in the intensity of emotional experiences, post-injury.
d. both b & c.
D
76
16. Davis, Kevin Ochsner, and their colleagues (Davis et al., 2010) had middle-aged women view emotionally evocative film clips before and after a botox treatment and report on their positive and negative emotional responses to the clips. Their findings led them to conclude that a reduction in facial muscle movements:
a. diminishes all emotional experiences.
b. diminishes emotional responses to mildly positive clips.
c. does not diminish emotional responses to intensely positive and intensely negative clips.
b. both b & c.
Source: Page 131.
D
77
17. Paula Niedenthal (2007) offered an important line of theorizing on what is called embodiment and conducted studies in which participants were asked to match words (e.g., vomit,sun, fight) with emotion categories (e.g., “disgust” “anger” “joy”). Categorizing words related to anger led to activation of the ________ muscle(s):
a. corrugator
b. levator
c. orbicularis
d. zygomaticus
A
78
18. Paula Niedenthal (2007) offered an important line of theorizing on what is called embodiment and conducted studies in which participants were asked to match words (e.g., vomit,sun, fight) with emotion categories (e.g., “disgust” “anger” “joy”). Categorizing words related tojoy led to activation of the ________ muscle(s):
a. zygomaticus
b. orbicularis
c. levator
d. both a & b.
D
79
19. Damasio (1994) proposed the somatic marker hypothesis, a thesis that is supported by which of the following reported findings related to patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
a. These patients show extremely pronounced responses to emotional stimuli.
b. These patients are emotionally volatile but their judgment is unaffected.
c. These patients possess an emotional deficit such that they are relatively unresponsive to emotional stimuli.
d. These patients are likely to make risky choices during the Iowa Gambling Task and show a heightened sympathetic system response when making such risky choices.
A
80
20. GiacomoRizzolatti and colleagues (1996) reported that mirror neurons located in the ____________ of monkeys’ brains fire when _______________.
a. pre-motor cortex; an intended action by another monkey was observed or the same action was carried out by the monkey itself.
b. insula; an intended action by another monkey was observed or the same action was carried out by the monkey itself.
c. pre-motor cortex; they saw another monkey’s facial expression of disgust and when they themselves experienced disgust.
d. insula; they saw another monkey’s facial expression of disgust and when they themselves experienced disgust.
A
81
1. A split brain operation severs the:
a. corpus callosum
b. nerve fibers that connect the midbrain and the forebrain.
c. tissues that connect the motor and sensory cortices.
d. temporal lobe from the parietal lobe.
A
82
2. Primary appraisal is:
a. a form of evaluation in which events are assigned value in terms of an individual’s concerns.
b. automatic.
c. linguistic in that emotions are described in words.
d. both a & b.
D
83
3. Secondary appraisal is:
a. a form of evaluation in which events are assigned value in terms of an individual’s concerns.
b. automatic.
c. linguistic in that emotions are described in words.
d. both a &c.
D
84
4. The Stoic, Chrysippus, described second movements of emotion which are assumed to be:
a. cognitive and avoidable.
b. bodily and unavoidable.
c. automatic.
d. b & c.
A
85
5. Russell (2003) says that the heart of any emotion is:
a. feeling good or bad
b. feeling enervated or excited.
c. core affect.
d. all of the above.
D
86
6. When participants were presented with photographs of people smiling or displaying facial anger for a suboptimal length of time (i.e., 4 msec) they were:
a. less likely to be biased by subliminal priming when evaluating the facial expression than if the facial expression had been presented for an optimal length of time (i.e., 1 sec).
b. more likely to be biased by subliminal priming when evaluating the facial expression than if the facial expression had been presented for an optimal length of time (i.e., 1 sec).
c. able to remember whether the facial expression was happy or angry but were less accurate when remembering other features of the face (e.g., eyebrow shape and eye color).
d. better at recognizing anger in male faces in than female faces.
B
87
7. Research on primary appraisals of good and bad qualities of an event raises an intriguing question: which is stronger, good or bad? Reviews by Cacioppo and Gardner (1999), Baumeister et al. (2001) and Rozin and Royzman (2001) offer the following answer:
a. negative and positive evaluations are equally potent.
b. negative evaluations are more potent than positive evaluations.
c. positive evaluations are more potent than negative evaluations.
d. at this time it is not possible to come to a conclusive answer and more research is necessary.
B
88
8. Lazarus (1991) and Oatley and Johnson-Laird (1987, 2011) assume that appraisals give rise to distinct emotions. In so doing they are taking a ____________ approach to emotions.
a. dimensional
b. discrete
c. direct
d. determinate
B
89
9. Phoebe Ellsworth and Craig Smith (1985, 1988) developed a theory of appraisal that can account for interesting similarities among emotions. In so doing they are taking a ____________ approach to emotions.
a. direct
b. determinate
c. dimensional
d. discrete
Source: Page 167-169.
C
90
9. Phoebe Ellsworth and Craig Smith (1985, 1988) developed a theory of appraisal that can account for interesting similarities among emotions. In so doing they are taking a ____________ approach to emotions.
a. direct
b. determinate
c. dimensional
d. discrete
Source: Page 167-169.
B
91
11. According to the decision tree of appraisals associated with Lazarus’s approach to emotions, negative emotions may occur if an event is:
a. relevant to our goals.
b. incongruent with our goals.
c. likely to lead to a loss of self.
d. all of the above.
Source: Page 167, Figure 7.2
D
92
12. According to the decision tree of appraisals associated with Lazarus’s approach to emotions, sadness is said to be a product of events that:
a. are irrelevant to our goals.
b. damage self-esteem.
c. threaten the self.
d. lead to a loss of self.
D
93
13. As described by Lazarus (1991), the core relational theme associated with anxiety is:
a. a demeaning offense against me or mine.
b. facing an uncertain, existential threat.
c. facing an immediate, concrete, and overwhelming physical danger.
d. having failed to live up to an ego-ideal.
Source: Page 168, Figure 7.3
B
94
14. All but which one of the following is a feature of appraisal, as proposed by Smith and Ellsworth (1985)?
a. responsibility
b. anticipated effort
c. attention
d. potency
D
95
15. The emotion evoked by a situation can depend on perceived agency. An external attribution where events are seen to arise as a consequence of other people’s actions can lead to feelings of _______ when the event is negative and ______ when the event is positive.
a. fear; relief.
b. anger; gratitude.
c. sadness; guilt.
d. resentment; surprise.
Source: Page 170.
B
96
16. The triggers for some kinds of emotions have been found to vary widely across different cultures; however there are also substantial similarities. Comparisons of an American and Indian sample by Roseman et al. (1995) showed that appraisals of powerlessness:
a. trigger anger in Americans more often than sadness, which is the characteristic emotion felt by Indians when they feel powerless.
b. are more likely to trigger sadness than anger, regardless of culture.
c. are more likely to trigger fear than anger, regardless of culture.
d. both b & c.
Source: Page 171.
D
97
17. The third phase of appraisal is:
a. coping.
b. social sharing.
c. rationalization.
d. adjustment.
B
98
18. Some people have a condition called alexithymia which means that they:
a. neglect emotion terms when they are reading a text.
b. are more likely to recall emotionally valenced nouns (e.g., storm) in a memory recall task than neutral nouns (e.g., weather).
c. have problems putting into words how they feel.
d. tend to over-emphasize emotions and under-emphasize thoughts in their daily lives.
Source: Page 174.
C
99
19. The prototype perspective about emotion knowledge assumes that:
a. for each emotion there is a prototypical set of causes, feelings, expressions, thoughts and actions.
b. there is little to no overlap in people’s representations of emotions (e.g., sadness and anger are entirely different from each other).
c. there is a singular type of emotion within each category (e.g., there is one variety of anger).
d. all of the above.
A
100
20. Emotions or moods that occur without any relation to external events are said to be:
a. ur-emotions.
b. free-floating.
c. basic emotions.
d. differentiated arousal.
Source: Page 181.
B
101
1. It is _______________ signaling that interrupts action when we encounter something that we fear.
a. informational
b. organizational
c. phenomenological
d. subliminal
B
102
2. Moods and emotions are based on associative brain networks. In memory, pathways are devoted to each emotion; when you experience an emotion, all the associations (e.g., concepts, images), of that emotion become more accessible. This description is the foundation for which of the following perspectives about emotion and cognition?
a. styles of processing
b. evolutionary
c. feelings as information
d. emotion congruence
D
103
3. According to the Affect Infusion Model of Joseph Forgas, emotions infuse into a cognitive task, and are more likely to influence memory and judgment if the task is:
a. simple
b. complex
c. familiar
d. novel
B
104
4. Goel and Vartanian (2011) found an effect of mood infusion in their study of syllogistic reasoning. Specifically, Goel and Vartanian reported that __________ by their prior beliefs when judging syllogisms.
a. negative emotions helped reasoners to avoid being biased
b. positive emotions helped reasoners to avoid being biased.
c. negative emotions made it more likely that reasoners would be biased
d. positive emotions made it more likely that reasoners would be biased
Source: Page 243.
A
105
5. People often use affect as information when making judgments. This perspective is one that rests on the hypothesis that:
a. emotions are more reliable than thoughts.
b. emotions provide us with a signal, for instance that our goals are in jeopardy.
c. many of our judgments are too complex to enable us to review all the relevant evidence.
d. both b & c.
D
106
6. The claim that emotions are heuristics assumes that emotions are:
a. physiological states that intervene between situations and actions.
b. cognitive states that help us to learn and retain information.
c. guesses that work better than chance much of the time.
d. error-prone modes of reasoning about the world.
C
107
7. Schwarz and Clore (1983) studied the effects of bright sunny days and gloomy overcast days on people’s emotional lives. The key finding that emerged from this study was that:
a. people tend to be happier if they live in a warm climate.
b. the weather can unconsciously impact people’s sense of well-being.
c. Seasonal Affective Disorder is more common in cold climates.
d. actively thinking about the weather diminishes perceived life satisfaction when it is gloomy and overcast outside but does not enhance perceived life satisfaction when it is bright and sunny outside.
B
108
8. According to Dutton and Aron’s (1974) study, young male passers-by were most likely to contact a female confederate after meeting her:
a. in the presence of other men.
b. on a sturdy and secure bridge.
c. on an anxiety-inducing suspension bridge.
d. both a & c.
C
109
9. When making predictions about their future lives, people who are feeling angry expect to encounter ______________ more often than _______________ .
a. negative life events that have been caused by situational factors; unfair events that have been caused by other people.
b. unfair events that have been caused by other people; negative life events that have been caused by situational factors.
c. situations where they have to compete with others; situations in which others cooperate with them.
d. situations in which others cooperate with them; situations where they have to compete with others.
B
110
10. When making predictions about their future lives, people who are feeling sad expect to encounter ______________ more often than _______________ .
a. situations where they have to compete with others; situations in which others cooperate with them.
b. situations in which others cooperate with them; situations where they have to compete with others.
c. negative life events that have been caused by situational factors; unfair events that have been caused by other people.
d. unfair events that have been caused by other people; negative life events that have been caused by situational factors.
C
111
11. The styles of processing perspective assumes that:
a. distinct emotional modes correspond with the Big Five personality types.
b. different emotions lead to different forms of reasoning.
c. culture determines one’s emotional style.
d. women tend to be more intuitive than men due to evolutionarily distinct roles of women and men.
B
112
12. “What do cows drink?” If System 1 is engaged, the likely answer to this question is__________. According to Kahnemann and Tversky, humans naturally prefer to use __________ to make decisions about the world.
a. milk; System 1
b. milk; System 2
c. water; System 1
d. water; System 2
A
113
13. Damasio (1994) described how he suggested to a patient with frontal-lobe damage two possible dates for his next visit, and that “for the better part of half an hour the patient enumerated reasons for and against each of the two dates” (p. 193). This example in the textbook is used to illustrate which of the following points?
a. Sometimes System 2 overrides System 1.
b. Sometimes System 2 isn’t able to solve problems.
c. Heuristic processing is usually inferior to deliberative thinking.
d. All of the above.
B
114
14. A person who is feeling sad and anxious is likely to process events in the world in which one of the following ways?
a. They will rely on heuristic thinking.
b. They will rely on deliberative thinking.
c. They will be more apt to apply stereotypes than if they were in a happy mood.
d. They will attend to the big picture and pay less attention to little details.
B
115
15. How accurate are our memories? Wagenaar (1986) recorded an event from his own life every day for four years. He later attempted to recall in detail the events he had recorded. The results of Wagenaar’s autobiographical memory study suggest that events are best remembered if they are:
a. career-related.
b. thought-provoking instances that we experience in isolation from others.
c. salient, emotionally involving, and pleasant.
d. social and unpleasant.
C
116
16. A person may be persuaded to change their attitude about an issue (e.g., raising taxes) by reading a newspaper article. If the person is feeling sad when they are reading the article, what might we hypothesize about this person’s experience based on the research studies described in Chapter 10’s section about persuasion?
a. If the message in the article is sadness-framed it is more likely to promote attitude change than if the message is anger-framed.
b. If the message is happiness-framed it is more likely to promote attitude change than if the message is sadness-framed.
c. Being in a sad mood makes it unlikely that the person will be persuaded, regardless of what they read about in the newspaper.
d. Being in a sad mood makes it highly likely that the person will be persuaded, regardless of the quality or approach taken by the article.
A
117
17. Brinol, Petty and Barden (2007) found that emotion affects persuasion by influencing how confident people feel about their thoughts as well as their sensitivity to an argument’s quality. If one reads an argument and is then induced to feel _____ ,Brinol and colleagues would predict that ______________.
a. happy; one will be more confident about their thoughts and more likely to be swayed by a strong argument.
b. happy; one will be more confident about their thoughts and less likely to be swayed by a weak argument.
c. sad; one will be less confident about their thoughts and more likely to be swayed by a weak argument.
d. both a & b.
D
118
18. Jonathan Haidt (2007) discussed emotions and morality. He distinguished between the following categories of moral intuition:
a. sympathy and empathy.
b. emotions related to harm and emotions related to the condemnation of others.
c. basic and social emotions.
d. self-oriented and other-oriented emotions.
Source: Page 254.
B
119
19. In the Ultimatum Game there are two players: a proposer who offers to share some proportion of a sum of money, and a responder who decides to accept or reject the offer. Which of the following has been documented during studies using this paradigm?
a. When proposers offer to share the money equally, such offers are typically seen as fair and accepted.
b. When proposers offer to give a meager sum (e.g., a quarter of the money), such offers usually upset responders who reject the offer and consequently end up with no money at all.
c. When responders feel that an offer is unfair this judgment is normally accompanied by activity in the amygdala.
d. All of the above.
Source: Page 256.
D
120
20. Rejections of unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game are more usually prompted by emotions:
a. of withdrawal such as disgust, than by emotions of approach such as anger.
b. of approach such as anger, than by emotions of withdrawal such as disgust.
c. of high intensity , than by emotions of low intensity.
d. that are social in nature, such as embarrassment or shame, than by non-social emotions.
Source: Page 256.
A
121
How does disgust relate to morality?
those who are more disgust sensativte are more morally pair
122
How does emotion impact attention?
you hear what you want to hear emotion is used to anchor your attention and memory.
123
How does attention impact emotion
attention increases emotion
124
emotional change?
we forget emotional change, we dont judge our future emotions well
125
forecasting?
forecasters overestimate changes in happiness. probability of hapiness changes depending .
Winning something rare or unrare doesnt change hapiness, evven though we think it would
126
- Define endogenous and exogenous emotions (distinctions
f
127
What is RSA
respiratory sinus arrythmyia
128
- Primary and secondary theories of emotions + tertiary (definitions) 3 questions
f
129
- Who was the only philosopher with a positive stance towards emotions? - it was the only one she said is happy in lecture. (explicitly stated) P…
P
130
- Sexual selection (definition)
f
131
- Two factor theory of emotion (definition)
f
132
- Charles Darwin’s definition of natural selection
f
133
- Two aspects of looking at emotions (stoic etc)
f
134
… which of the following is an example of a similar dominance / submissive behaviou
CAT kneeling down in fear
| - Puffing of the chest signals dominance
135
- Know the results of EVERY study because they will ALL come up on the exam (80% of the exam is just studies and their results) -
f
136
o First use of word "emotion" was in France in the 1570s.
Esmotion (in French) = to set in motion, move the feelings.
137
• Sanguine
Blood
138
• Phlegmatic
phlegm calm
139
• Choleric
YEllow Fast and excitable
140
• Melancholic
quiet, reserved
141
Epicureanism:
* "Do not desire more than what is needed."
* Pursuit of simple pleasures.
* "Ataraxia" - freedom from fear and pain (the goal).
* We ought to prevent ourselves from desiring in excess.
142
Stoicism
Do not desire."
• Ultimate virtue = self-control.
• "Apatheia" - stoic or emotionless state of mind (the goal).
• We ought to suppress our emotions completely.
• Stoicism is obviously the more extreme school of thought.
143
• Sexy Cads or Good Dads? Study:
o Study Design:
Women were recruited to come into the lab for a 2x2 between-subjects design.
• First factor is whether the women is ovulating or not ovulating (determined by an ovulation test).
• Second factor is whether the man in the study that they are communicating with is a 'sexy cad' or a 'good dad.'
o Method:
Women interact with 2 "twin" males via webcam (one at a time).
• The men look pretty much the same, but one illustrates more emotional behaviour, whereas the other seems more fun and casual.
Independent raters observe and record women's flirting behaviour.
When women are not ovulating, they flirt about the same with both sexy cads and good dads.
When women are ovulating, they flirt much more with the sexy cads than they do with the good dads.
144
• Nice Guys Finish Last? Study:
o Study Design:
Women recruited to the lab for a 2-factor design (ovulating versus not ovulating) between-subjects design.
o Method:
Series of men recorded "dating profile" videos as part of study.
Women watched videos, rated men on series of traits.
Different group of women (half ovulating, half not) watched videos, and indicated their desire to have each man as a long-term partner or short-term sexual affair.
o Results:
Women desire influential, muscular, confrontative, arrogant, and physically attractive men for short-term sexual affairs.
• This desire is heightened when women are more fertile.
Women desire intelligent, financially successful, faithful, warm, father figure men for long-term relationships.
145
• Child Care:
```
1. Features that attract us to children promote care.
Big eyes.
Soft skin.
Large forehead.
Small chin.
Nice smell.
```
146
• How Anger Works (Study):
* Study that measured how participants reacted emotionally and behaviourally to witnessing unfair behaviour.
* Participants observed Trust Game.
* Kate gets 10 points (or $10) and sends all 10 to Jack.
* Points that are sent to Jack are tripled (10 x 3 = 30 points that Jack can now share).
* Jack chooses not to share (unfair behaviour).
* Participants report negative affect (i.e., anger) and have heart rate recorded.
* Some participants have chance to "gossip" and warn other participants about Jack.
* Anger --> Gossiping --> "Negative Affect Relief."
* The more angry participants felt (measured by self-report tests and heart rate), the more they would gossip and tell people not to pick Jack as a partner; this would lead to their heart rate slowing down and that person feeling better (i.e., relieved).
147
• Intuitive Fairness and Calculated Greed (Study):
* Participants played a game wherein they were asked to contribute some resource to their group; participants were constrained by time while making the decision on how much they should contribute.
* Results found that people are more cooperative when they don’t have time to think about their actions.
* This suggests that our "impulse" might be to act pro-socially.
* Results shown below.
148
• Intuitive Fairness and Calculated Greed (Study):
* Participants played a game wherein they were asked to contribute some resource to their group; participants were constrained by time while making the decision on how much they should contribute.
* Results found that people are more cooperative when they don’t have time to think about their actions.
* This suggests that our "impulse" might be to act pro-socially.
* Results shown below.
149
• Botox (Study):
o Study Design:
2 (Botox group vs. Control group) X 2 (Time 1 vs. Time 2) mixed-groups design.
o Method:
Females were injected with Botox two weeks prior to study and they were asked to make certain faces in a scanner (e.g., happiness, anger).
Researchers then measured amygdala activity in response to mimicking facial expressions.
o Results:
Women with Botox had less amygdala activity when mimicking these facial expressions than the control group.
• In other words, reduced amygdala during face expressions in the Botox Group from Time 1 to Time 2.
• Intensity of facial expression predicted more activity in the amygdala.
150
• Say Cheese! (Studies):
Researchers took females' yearbook photos and coded them for smiles (Duchenne vs. Non-Duchenne).
Duchenne smiles correlated to well-being and marital satisfaction at age 52.
In other words, if they had a Duchenne smile in their yearbook photo, their long-term well-being was enhanced.
o Study 2:
Professional baseball players' yearbook photos coded for smile intensity.
Smile intensity predicted longevity (explained 35% variability in survival).
151
• Physiological Manipulations and Emotions (Study):
o Study Design:
3 factor (epinephrine vs. chlorpromazine vs. placebo) between-subjects design.
Participants were injected with one of the three substances.
This design wouldn't be permissible today.
o Method:
Participants viewed funny film and asked to rate it on how funny it was.
o Results:
Artificial induction alters expressions but not perception
152
• Pride and Perseverance (Study):
o Study Design:
3 factor (pride vs. control + score vs. control) between-subjects design.
o Method:
Participants complete tedious, cognitively demanding mental rotation task on computer and can "give up" whenever they want.
Some participants are given feedback as they complete the task.
• Control condition: Participants were given no feedback and could give up whenever they wanted.
• Control + score condition: Still a control condition, but they were given a score ("You got 123 out of 147!").
• Pride condition: "You got 124 out of 147! Great job!" (verbal reinforcement).
o Results:
Those in the pride condition persevered much longer than those in both the control and control + score conditions.
This provides some evidence for the physiological functionality of pride --> perhaps we can better survive with pride.
153
• Fear Enhances Visual Accuracy (Study):
• Is Fear Basic?
Universally recognized.
Causes activations in subcortical brain regions.
Evidence for physiological functionality?
• Fear Enhances Visual Accuracy (Study):
o Participants were brought into a lab and were asked to stand in front of a screen.
o Their task was to judge the location of a target that would appear on the screen.
o There were three experimental conditions: 1/3 of participants made a disgust face, 1/3 made a neutral face (control group), and 1/3 made a fearful face.
o Their accuracy in identifying the location of the stimulus was then measured.
o Participants who made a "fearful" face were approximately 10% more accurate at guessing the location of the stimulus.
o Participants making the "disgust" face performed the poorest.
o It can be concluded that this was the case because when making a "fearful" face, your eyes are more widened than when making a disgust face, in which case your eyes are usually squinted.
Therefore, we see better.
o This study therefore provides evidence for the physiological functionality of fear.
154
• Approach/Avoid Behaviour and Emotional Expressions (Study):
o Study Design:
2 (fear versus anger) X 2 (congruent versus incongruent) within-subjects design.
Researchers wanted to study participants' reactions to different types of emotional faces (particularly anger and fear faces).
Studying for the communicative purpose of emotional expressions.
Congruent versus incongruent means
o Method:
Joystick task: move the world "ME" on screen to categorize the faces.
Note: Anger = approach emotion; fear = avoid emotion.
50% of trials: move "ME" toward the face to categorize anger, and "ME" away from the face to categorize fear.
• This is because fear is an approach emotion, whereas fear is an avoid emotion.
• This is therefore considered a congruent condition.
50% trials reversed.
• This is the incongruent condition because you are moving "ME" away from the face to categorize anger when anger is an approach emotion; alternatively, you are moving "ME" toward the face to categorize fear when fear is an avoid emotion.
• Withdrawal (avoid) - Should be easier to move "ME" away from the fear face.
• Approach - Should be easier to move "ME" toward the anger face.
• Intuitively, we would move toward the approach emotion (i.e., anger), and away from the avoid emotion (i.e., fear).
• These are the adaptive responses.
o Results:
155
• But... Good/Bad Distinction is Trivial:
The yellow bar represents those in condition 2 with a higher memorization load, and the blue represents those in condition 1 with a lower memorization load.
This graph shows that those in condition 2 were more honest when reporting back to the researcher (i.e., the yellow high load results show a more even distribution, whereas the low load results show more responses for higher numbers, suggesting the probably lied more).
Suggests that people with limited System 2 resources (who are using System 1) are more honest.
• Relying on System 1 seems to produce more honest or more pro-social decisions when it comes to moral, pro-social decision-making tasks.
156
• Beliefs About Capital Punishment (Study):
o How well was each study conducted? How convincing was the study?
Pro-capital punishment participants thought that the pro-deterrence study was better and more convincing.
Anti-capital punishment participants thought that the anti-deterrence study was better and more convincing.
All participants displayed more conviction in their beliefs after being confronted with this "ambiguous" information.
Moral judgements concerning rightness versus wrongness have a strong emotional component attached to them.
The study that supported and confirmed their beliefs was the "better" study, even though the two studies were fabricated and contained the exact same methodology.
This study is a strong example of confirmation bias, which is heavily based on emotion.
157
• Beliefs About Bush (Study):
o Liberals asked again: "Do you believe that George Bush banned stem cell research?"
Answer: "Yes!"
o Despite being given new information to consider, their position did not change - these issues remain highly emotional and views are difficult to change.
o This study and the one above suggests that reasoning is rarely a cold and unemotional process; it is a process that is inseparable from our emotional processes, and emotion shapes the way in which we reason.
o Our emotional desire to be right often outweighs accuracy.
158
o Endogenous Emotions
Elicited by current situation or immediate stimuli.
For example, you and your friend plan a dinner date and your friend is late. You get angry because your friend was late.
159
• Feelings as Information (Study):
Results showed that when there was no mention of the weather, participants reported feeling happier on sunny days than on overcast days.
When there was an attribution to the weather, this effect disappeared.
When there was a mention of the weather, it can be said that their emotions or happiness can be attributed to the weather (e.g., when the researcher pointed out that it was overcast, perhaps the participant reasoned that the weather is influencing their emotions).
Without mentioning weather, the participants have no explanation for their emotions.
160
• Emotions Bias Cognitions (Study):
o Study Design:
2 (sadness versus anger) X 2 (sad event versus unjust event) between-subjects design.
o Method:
Participants either read a sadness-inducing, or anger-inducing article - manipulation to make participants feel either angry or sad.
They are then asked to estimate likelihood of certain events happening:
A. How many children will become malnourished in Romania? (sad event).
B. How many violent criminals will be wrongfully set free? (unjust event).
o Results:
* The hypothesis was that if you were feeling sad already, you would overestimate the likelihood of sad events, and the same is true for sadness and unjust events.
* The results confirmed this hypothesis, as shown in the graph above.
* So, those induced with sadness by reading the sad article overestimated the likelihood of malnourishment in Romania, and those induced with anger by reading an anger-inducing article overestimated the likelihood of violent criminals being wrongfully set free.
* These results suggest that our feelings/emotions have an effect on unrelated situations.
* We use our emotional state as "information," which guides our perceptions and decisions.
161
EMOTION DIFFERENTIATERS
First photo meant to elicit a negative emotion, while the second is meant to elicit a positive emotion.
The participants were then asked to complete a self-report questionnaire like the one above.
• If the participants felt the same cluster of emotions for both photos, it would be said that they were not very good at emotion differentiation.
• If they're all different patterns based on the photo, it was inferred that they were good differentiators.
162
Autonomic specificity
each emotion has a discrete physiological signature different from any other (e.g., happiness has a unique bodily signature different from that of sadness or fear).
The VISCERA is the starting place of emotion.
The viscera sends signals to the brain via the afferent networks of the autonomic nervous system.
163
o Maronon
* 79% of 210 subjects.
* Subjective perception of somatic disturbance.
* Awareness of bodily arousal and autonomic symptomology of emotion (e.g., "My heart is racing")… BUT experienced incomplete emotion (e.g., "As if I were frightened, however, I am calm").
* Seemed as though these participants were confused about their emotions.
* Hot Reaction:
* Remaining 21%.
* Full-fledged emotional response.
* Psychological component to the experience, not just bodily arousal.
* Reports of sobbing, sighing, weeping.
* What was the difference for these participants?
* Often reported negative memories, such as loss of loved one (i.e., psychological motif).
* They were trying to make sense of what was going on in their bodies and assign some sort of psychological narrative.
* In other words, because they couldn't understand what they were feeling, they would try to come up with a reason.
164
• Attributions of Arousal (Study):
Participants were then asked to rate their emotions.
Note: No anger-misinformed carried out.
This is confirming the hypothesis that when the evaluative need is not met, you now think that you're euphoric or angry, because you're drawing on your social surroundings to make sense of your emotions.
If your evaluative needs are met, on the other hand, you do not have this same tendency.
165
• Emotions in Spinal Cord Patients (Study #1):
Observed reduction in emotional intensity for sexual desire, fear, and anger.
166
• Emotions in Spinal Cord Patients (Study #2):
* No difference in TAS-20 scores between groups.
| * Inhibiting bodily feedback via spinal cord may not impede experiences of emotion.
167
• Cross-Measure Coherence of Emotional Response (Study):
o Results:
Amusement:
• Experience, facial behaviour, and physiological response all correlated = coherence.
Sadness:
• Experience correlated with facial behaviour, but only slightly with physiological response = modest coherence.
• Intensity of emotion --> greater coherence (but only for amusement!)
• The researchers hypothesized that negative emotions may have been more suppressed than the positive ones, which is often true of humans; this could account for the difference in coherence.
168
o Porges' Polyvagal Theory (2003):
o Porges' Polyvagal Theory (2003):
Safe versus unsafe situations activate specific patterns of physiological responding.
We evaluate our environment and determine whether the environment is safe or unsafe.
Temporal cortex assesses environment, scans for "safe" cues --> physiological response.
Physiological expression of emotion depends on social complexity and demands of the situation.
169
• How Does Perceived Somatic Experience Affect Behaviour? (Study):
Interpretation of Results:
• People rely on perceived bodily cues as information about their emotional state - this affects behaviour.
• These false "cues" are less effective when people are mindful and aware of their own bodies.
