Final Flashcards

Question

- Catherine Lutz research in Iftak people | - Iftak differences -

Answer 1

- Girl who dances - They should not display kerr (happiness) instead they should be sitting quietly as a good socially intelligent person do - Their, song, or justifiable anger occurs with a public breach of social rules - In West - anger arises from violation of a right but in Ifaluk it is person’s duty to express song if they notice anything that disrupt social harmony - Proper response to song - metagu: anxious concern for others

Answer 2

- culture: system of ideas and practices that are held in common in a particular society or set of societies - Society: group of people who live in particular place at particular time Distrust of Emotions in West - Plato - emotions arise from lower mind - Darwin - implied human adults, expressions of emotions are obsolete , vestiges of evolution from our hominid predecessors

Answer 3

- appreciation during Romanticism - emotions valued in personal life, politics, ..

Answer 4

- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: religious sensibility based on how you feel rather than authority or Scripture - Criticized cultivated pursuits as artificial and corrupting - Education should be natural and emotions should dictate what is right - In Social Contract: Man is born free and is everywhere in chains became part of revolution

Answer 5

- She eloped at 16 - Frankenstein is about emotional themes of Romanticism - about artificial creature’s initial natural emotions of kindness - Frankenstein has themes of Romanticism - setting amid wild scenery, distrust of artificial, apprehension of human arrogance overstepping their boundaries

Answer 6

- cultural background elements: country of origin, geographical location, ethnicity, race, social class, religion, gender - Values, concepts, ideas about self which are part of cultural background shape how members of society experience emotion - Beliefs emotion both irrational and authentic are products of culture of N.America and Europe Cultural Approach to Emotion - Assumption emotions are constructed primary by processes of culture - How emotions are valued to how they are elicited are shaped by culture specific boundaries which in turn have been affected by historical and economic forces - Radical claim: emotions derive from human meaning; they are radically different across cultures - Emotion can be thought as roles people fulfill to play our culture specific identities (i.e. Hochchild in Chapter 1) - Falling in love like all emotions acts like temporary social role - Provides an outline script for role of lover in which it is permisible for other social roles to be suspended

Answer 7

- Potential - asking people in different cultures to show certain expressions in terms of experience, expression, and physiology (consistent with evolutionary approach) - Practice - what happens in people’s daily life (cultural approaches) - I.e. some culture permit public expression of anger while others don’t ( Utki people ) - I.e. shame damaging and to be avoided (Western) vs. more positive and in particularly displayed by lower status person ( - People similar in emotion potential but concrete emotional realities might vary ( Peng, 2011)

Answer 8

- Declaration of Independence vs. Analects of Confucius - Declaration: emphasized rights and freedoms of person and protects person from having those rights and liberties infringed upon others - Confucius: knowing one place in society, honoring traditions, and thinking of others before self - West - people concerned about individuality, self-actualizing, freedoms, and self-expression

Answer 9

- it affects emotions and there are 2 types - Independent self-construal - individualism where we assert one’s distinctiveness and independence and define oneself according to unique traits and preferences with focus on internal causes like one’s own disposition or preferences which are thought of as stable across time and social context - Interdependent or collectivist - self is connected to other people - Imperative: find one status, identity,, and roles within community and other collectives like families and organizations - One thinks of self as embedded within social relationships, roles, and duties C Construals

Answer 10

``` Independent I am autonomous, separate I have unique traits and preferences My behavior is caused by internal causes Who I am is stable across contexts ``` ``` Interdependent I am connected to others I fulfill roles and duties My behavior is result of social context Who I am varies across contexts ```

Answer 11

- In Japan - an attachment emotion - Emotion of interdependence, experienced as merged togetherness and deriving comfort in other person’s complete acceptance - Not a fully approved place in Western adult life - Original chinese ideogram of amae: breast on which babe sucked - So, westerners might think we should have grown out of it because it seems a bit regressed - In Japan, this can be emotion of accepting relationship within family - Lebra (1983) - dependence a less powerful person feels in relation to more powerful one which allows the less powerful person to be passive with satisfying knowledge of being accepted - Amae - mutual dependency between lovers

Answer 12

- Given different ways of constructing the self, one would expect large differences in emotional lives of people in independent vs. interdependent cultures - Emotions can be social disengaging (connects to people) or socially disengaging (creating distance) - Japanese interdependent students reported more positive social engaging emotions (respect, sympathy) and more negative socially engaging (shame and guilt which recognize evaluation of self and motivate behaviors that restore social relationships) - Americans reported intense experience of positive socially disengaging emotion (pride, high self-esteem) and more negative, socially disengaging emotions (anger, frustration)

Answer 13

- Studies guided by self construal perspective reveal how culture influence emotion and which emotion we privilege and value - Study: Japanese and American 11 month infants paired toy and mother’s voice expressing joy, anger, or fear - Angry voice: American infants moved toward toy on average 18 sec later, but Japanese infants took longer on average of 48 seconds to start moving - Why? Within socially interdependent cultures, anger is infrequent and highly negative because it disrupts social harmony - Jap babies more inhibited because such negative events are rare - No difference in how fast they moved if mother’s voice was happy and fearful - Suh (1998) - interdependent culutres find greater happiness in fulfilling duties and abiding by cultural norms - Where people in independent cultures found greater happiness in expression of positive emotion

Answer 14

- Members of different cultures, should experience different elicitors of emotions related to that value - Jealousy - in West - is felt when sexual attention of primary partner turns toward someone else - Hupka - monogamy is valued in west because it leads to economic security, housing, rearing of children - In other society, self is more interdependent, collective, and extended - Cooperative effort support everyone: elderly, childrearing is distributed among several people - Adult companionship derives from many relatives - Monogamy is not cherished - In such societies, extra marital recreational sex is customary - Toda in India - not jealous when spouse had sex with someone from their group but jealous when spouse slept with non-Toda man OR if second born got married before first born

Answer 15

- cultures vary as to which emotions are focal or prominent in daily life - Members of particular group maybe more prone to express certain emotions - Focal emotions more readily elicited and experienced more intensely and signaled in more intense display of behavior

Answer 16

- Value of honor focal in some cultures: involves paying respect to others in politeness and deference - Rodrigues (2000) - cultures where concerns are prioritizes over honnor shame and anger are more focal - High honor cultures - responded with greater shame and anger when insulted because emotions protect honor or face - Anger protects person’s social standing in face of insults - Not showing anger one is weal - U.S. south - more emphasis on honor - When south insulted, showed more anger in expression, higher testosterone, than students from north - Osterman - certain kind of interpersonal violence more widely tolerated in high honor societies but so is violence against self - Suicide more frequent in high honor American states - High honor cultures, suicide preferable when compared to living life lacking respect

Answer 17

- Cultural differences influence spontaneous emotional response - Emotional control more valued in East Asian Cultures - spontaneous expression of emotion is thought to risk disrupting social harmony and is discouraged - Spontaneous expression more valued in Western Europe cultures (from Romantic Tradition) which is seen as ability to express their authentic self

Answer 18

- Anger influenced by cultural difference in value attached to emotional control because anger might disrupt social relationships - East Asian cultures inhibit their expression of anger - Highly stressful task, interrupted several times by rude experimenter who points out mistakes (European vs. Asian Americans) - European American participants expressed more intense anger in face, but there was no difference in physiological response

Answer 19

Affect Evaluation Theory - extent that emotions reinforce particular values of importance to culture those emotions should be highly valued - Affect Evaluation Theory: emotions promote specific cultural values and ideals are valued more and as result should play more prominent role in social lives of individuals - US - greater value placed on excitement because enables individuals to pursue cultural ideal of self-expression and achievement - East Asian cultures - greater value is attached to feelings of calmness and contentedness because these positive emotions more readily enable people to fold harmonious relationships and groups - Differences in how emotions are valued = cultural differences in emotional behavior - US - likely to participate in risky recreational practices (mountain biking); advertise consumer products with intense smiles, addicted to excitement enhancing drugs (cocaine), - In Christian Gospels texts - high arousal, positive emotions (proud) are valued more - But classical Buddhists texts - low arousal positive emotions (sere, peace) Context of Emotions - how emotion is expressed, understood, and its implications depend on context - context depends on different factors: gender of people, their power relationships, practice of culture in which it occurs

Answer 20

- epistemologies - ways of knowing; knowledge structures and theories, that guide emotion and behavior in domain specific ways - Peng (1999) - East Asians guided by knowledge and thought by holistic, dialectical system of thought that has its roots in traditions of East Asia (Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism) East Asian Epistemology - Epistemology based on 5 principles - 1) change, so nothing is static - 2) contradiction, opposites are often consistent and both true - 3) covariation, events are interrelated in complex fields or system - 4) compromise so truth may life in synthesis of opposites

Answer 21

- Hypothesis: Asian find greater meaning in contradictory ideas than Americans - Chinese proverbs involved more contradiction (Half humble is half proud) than American which are more one sided (Half loaf is better than no bread) - Chinese found contradictory, dialectical proverbs to be more comprehensive

Answer 22

- simultaneous experience of contradictory emotions (happiness and sadness) - Hypothesis: East asians more willing to endorse multiple, contradictory meanings for social situations and experience contradictory emotions - Westerners might focus on singular meanings of situations and experience simpler emotions Findings - how culture related epistemologies shape emotional experience - Experience sampling studies - students beeped electronically and reported on their current emotions and lab studies - , East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, South Korean) more likely than Western European students to report feeling + and - emotions in particular moment - Western, say only experienced one type of emotions

Answer 23

- similar tendencies for contradictory emotion in romantic partners - European American’s experience of love negatively correlated with contempt and anger - Asian Americans showed more positive correlations between these emotions - Westerner strive to maximize positive emotions and minimize negative where Asians seek balanced emotional state

Answer 24

- context - People in East Asian cultures, in particular, pay greater attention to context - Western European cultures focus more on individuals - Evident in artistic traditions: East Asian paintaings - devote greater space to background while Western - greater space to people’s faces

Answer 25

- East Asian people experience gratitude as a result of contextual cases - favorable economy, part of collective gathering - People from North European experience gratitude because of actions of specific person - Same cultural difference in focus on context should influence kind of emotions people experience - People in East Asian can experience collective pride and Western European experience individual pride (Chpt 4)

Answer 26

- Researchers gave participants terms (emotions a.k.a anger) and asked them to describe situation which would produce such emotion - Other what emotions feel like - Other given pictures of emotion and asked what event would produce them Disengaging vs. Engaging - Cultures differ in emotional response if emotional elicitor is engaging or disengaging - Interdependent culture (Japanese, Turkish) experience positive emotions (calm, elation) when they are in context of what is socially engaging (informal exchange with friends) - Independent cultures (American, Dutch) - experience positive emotions in contexts that are about expression of personal preference or individual achievement

Answer 27

- Bergson - laughter solely human and by that he meant social (We don’t laught at landscapes or we at animals when they seem human) - Bergson - find it funny to see humans behaving in a machine way because to be human is fragile state - Bergson - need to be detached to laugh - don’t laugh when we feel sympathy - Bergson - Laughter needs social echo - laught only when we are in touch with others - Laughter says a lot about culture - Panksepp - laughter as social - Begin in infancy and continues in child’s play - Rats make chirping sound when they play with each other - animal precursor of laughter ? - When humans tickle them, rats become more bonded

Answer 28

- asked participants about their tendency to suppress emotions - Highly hierarchical societies - more likely to suppress emotions - More egalitarian, individualistic cultures - reported they suppressed emotions less - Individualistic cultures are free to express emotions in spirit of expressing authentic self - Matsumoto: the more people supressed emotion, the less one observed problems of adjustment - drug use and violence - But across cultures with greater suppression - lower happiness and well-being

Answer 29

thought to influence how and to whom it is appropriate to express emotions - On Ifaluk - not appropriate to express too much happiness - People can deintensify emotional expression - suppressing urge to laughter - Can intensify expression - smiling more appreciatively when hearing boss telling you same story for yet another time

Answer 30

- Asian cultures: inappropriate to talk about personal accomplishment or pride so they deintensify their expressions - Chewong: small aboriginal hunters - prohibition against expressing all emotions except fear and shyness - Explicit rules about what to do and not to do and thought that severe ills happen if rules not adhered - Chewong emotionally inexpressive with each other

Answer 31

- 23 Males - Americans and Japanese - Phase 1 - watched clip of canoe trip, ritual circumcision, suction aided delivery of baby, or nasal sinus surgery - Phase 2- grad student from participant’s society entered room and interviewed participant about his experience viewing clips - Phase 3: asked participant experience while viewing films right now Results - American and Japanese displayed similar facial expression of fear and disgust in exactly same time during Phase 1 - Phase 3, Japanese smiled more and inhibited their negative expression more than Americans

Answer 32

- display rules between Canadian, U.S., American, and Japanese students - Japanese display rules tended to to inhibit expression powerful emotions (anger, contempt...) - Japanese people varied displays of powerful emotions depending on who their interaction partners were - Emotional expression shaped by greater extent by concerns by social context - Japanese thought they should express happiness and surprise less than Canadian sample

Answer 33

- in-depth descriptions of social lives of members of particular culture - written by anthropologists who did intensive study of history, language.. - focus on discourse - means by which people use language in many forms to make sense of emotional experience - study - apologies, gossip, songs and meetings about disruptive people

Answer 34

- tiny Pacific atoll - Lutz - wants to find out how people organize society in a way to avoid inequality of gender and class and violence - Ifaluk - interdependent, people rely on each other in Island (get water together not ask them to get water) - Ker - happiness - is not personal right, they should avoid it - Ker - not contentment or interpersonal pleasantness, which are common - Ker - too pleased with him or her = showing off - Apparently, if man visits your hut at night, it is okay - visitor is anti-thesis of fear - Most valued emotion - fargo = compassion/love/fear - Primary index of positive relationships with children, relatives, sexual partners - Felt when loved ones are absent - It expresses sadness that a needful state implies and compassion has transmitted this sadness to more resourceful person in relationship - Lutz showed particular cultures can differ in value they attach to emotions and elicitors of emotions

Answer 35

On Literature and Children and Fear - Stearn (1991) - 1850-1950 survey of American advice manuals - Before 1900: warnings to parents about dangers of arousing fear in children, silence on subject of childhood fears, boy stories aimed at inspiring courage and acting properly despite fear - 20th century - avoid frightening children as disciplinary device but also parents should master their emotions lest they give disturbing signals - Spock (1945) - manual where childhood fears as needing careful management - separation from toddlers arouse fears in them - If fears arouse, they should be met with patience and affection - 1940s - boy stories about acting despite fear replaced by tough guys who felt no fear

Answer 36

- Corporal and Wife who fell in love at first sight on a bus - 30 years later: 40% of adults said they had experience conforming to these idea and 40% said their experience of love did not conform to it - Latter 40% had unfavorable view of it so they were influenced by this ideal - This love has Western features - Passionate sexual love occurs world wide - Jankowiak (19920 - found 88.5 out of 166 cultures there was evidence of passionate late - attributes: a) personal anguish b) love songs c) elopement due to mutual affection d) indigenous longing e) anthropologists affirmation love like this happened - Averill - Western ideal of love has western features - courtly love in Provence - courtly - occurring in Royal court - occurs outside of marriage where knight sees lady and he has to offer his service or whatever she might wish and he should worship her (Lancelot) - Romance of Rose = First part allegory where lovers represented by set of emotions and psychophysiological - Man in garden finds a lady and his consciousness represented by appearance of distinct characters: Hope, Sweet Thought, Reasons - Bible - Jacob devoted to Rachel for Long period before they unite

Answer 37

- falling in love suddenly unexpectedly, involuntary - Devotion becomes worship ( Romeo and Juliet) - People see each other; words not necessary fantasize, meet again, confirm fantasies are mutual and bam they are in love - State includes devotion - Role that helps people overcome difficulties and relinquish previous commitments and relationship - Averill and Nunley (1992) - doubt if anyone would fall in love if they had not heard of it

Answer 38

Similarities - Start with assumption emotion contribute solutions to basic problems of social living - Assume emotions help humans form attachments, take care of offspring, fold into hierarchies, and maintain long term friendship - Assume emotions serve important functions - Evolutionary focusing on how emotion enable survival and gene replication - Cultural on how function are particular to social life of culture - Both assume emotions are functional and adaptive (Gone is view emotions are maladaptive)

Answer 39

What is emotion? - Evolutionary: emotions are universal affect programs that solve threats and survival - Emotions are: species - characteristic patterns of response and action derived from natural selection - Cultural: core of emotional experience is social unfolding of emotion within slice of cultural social life, often manifest in acts of communication - So, metaphors and concepts permeate conscious experience of emotions - Emotions discourse processes and fulfill roles within relationships - Some elements of emotion might be universal - But, cultural differences in emotion are socially learned in process of social discourse and social practice - Believe experience of emotions not comparable amongst cultures (Fago is distinctive to Ifaluk, you can describe it but can’t experience it if you are not part of group) - Or Averill (1985) - cannot experience falling in love with mixture of sexual attraction, devotion, feelings of altruism, and making of lifelong commitment unless you have lived in West

Answer 40

- Evolution: how emotions serve function for species by way of species-characteristic mechanisms possessed by people - Individual level: emotions prepare people for action in his or her best interest - Dyadic: focus on communication and coordination of emotion through facial, vocal, and postural channels - At this level, emotion communicate info about current emotions, intentions, and dispositions to help accomplish mutuality or conflict responses to problems in environment

Answer 41

- Evolution: biological biases of embarrassment - blush (characteristic non verbal display ) and how these aspects are universal - Evolutionaries claim embarrassment informs person of transgressions to avoid, that it signals others a sense of remorse for transgression, thus evoking forgiveness, and prompts reconciliation - Cultural: how it is represented in words, how it is valued, and how it is associated with important values like: deference, modesty, and submissiveness - Want to document how meaning, value, and elicitors of embarassment vary across cultures’s construals or values or epistemologies - Or identify origins of specific embarrassment within culture’s social history - Cultural approach would suggest embarrassment serves important function for particular group - Communicates person’s position within group and conveys commitments to cultural mores and standards

Answer 42

: Grammar of social relationships, as core element of interaction -Internal qualities of emotion guide our decision making, as the same time emotion are social -Use emotion to communicate with others with facial signals / voice • Approach to understand social emotion in two directions: 1) How emotion create specific social relationship, as building blocks of social exchange and relationship 2) Ask how relationship shape social dimension of emotions -Emotion shifts as moving into different relationship (boss vs. parents)

Answer 43

• Romantic love is founded jointly on social motivation of Attachment and Affiliation • Romantic partnership: Involved with sexual desire and romantic love -Healthy relationship is one of the strongest determinants of happiness -Object of attraction ‎ When one feels unique desire and chemistry for another -Speed dates ‎ Tend to feel sexual attraction for many people, with little desire or chemistry • Early feelings of sexual desire are responsive to specific cues -Skin, physical signs of youth or strength in men • Romantic partner spend more time together, with intense feeling of sexual desire -They feel can give way to experience of Romantic love = Feelings of deep intimacy -Most participants excluded word of lust and infatuation as not in category of love

Answer 44

Feelings of sexual desire ‎ Romantic love ‎ Long-term commitments within marriage • Gottman & Levenson: Found emotional patterns "Four Horsemen of Apocalypse" 1) Toxic emotional behaviour: Most damaging and likely to predict divorce - Criticism: Partners continue to find fault with their partners and have less satisfaction - Defensiveness and Stonewalling: Resist dealing with problems, unable to talk about difficulties - Contempt: Expressed in sneers and eye-rolls and disparagement 2) Capitalizing upon the good: Pattern of share goods in life with your partner -Romantic partner who share joy and respond to each other's, engage enthusiasm - More likely to feel committed to one another 3) Compassionate love: Positive regard for partner and appreciation of partner's foibles and weakness -Partners with high compassionate love for another, then to less likely to be divorced - Compassion: Feeling of concern for another, accompanied by desire to enhance that person's welfare 4) Forgiveness: Involves shift in feeling toward someone who has harmed you / away from revenge - Towards more positive understanding of humanity of the person - Involves recognizing err is human, but not mindless glossing over harm - Tend to have reduce blood pressure and anger - Three dimensions related to forgiveness: 1) Urger for revenge 2) Desire to avoid the partner 3) Compassionate view of mistake

Answer 45

• Based on human social goal of affiliation, to have friendly cooperation • Trivers: Proposed that cooperative alliances emerged in evolution, with reciprocal giving and affection -Love and gratitude promote cooperative, affectionate alliances between friends • Gratitude: -Adam Smith = Argued that gratitude is sentiment that hold people together, as glue of cooperative social living -Gratitude: Serves as barometer, helps to keep track of which friends are generous -Motivates altruistic and affectionate behaviour, produce generosity - Tend to give more time to both strangers and benefactor (ppl helped them) when feel gratitude - Expression of Gratitude: Either verbally / non-verbally can act as reward o reinforces affectionate behaviour -Able to promote friendship & Predict increased closeness among group members over time • Mimicry: Emotional mimicry / Feelings of similarity is central ingredient of friendship -People tend to imitate each other's facial expression, postures, tone of voice -Simply hearing other people laugh can trigger laughter -Valdesello et al.: Asked to tap finger to the tones while listening to earphones Page 8 of 40 - Participants and confederate listen to same pattern / different pattern of tone - Confederate mimicked participant's tap = More like a friend to participant, with higher compassion level - Physical mimicry = Basis of increased closeness among potential friends - Roommate have similar emotion when mimic one another - Emotional mimicry help build close relationship + Predict increased friendship closeness - Different kinds of laugh: Have gender differences - Men more likely than women to produce "grunts" than women - Laugh of friends tend to mimic others when in participating amusing task

Answer 46

Strong emotion gives individuals sense of social support ‎ Buffer emotional breakdowns - Social support is beneficial to physical health, with lower cortisol level - Able to calm HPA that activated in fight and flight / situation that trigger anxiety responses - Show less stress-related cardiovascular response to challenging tasks when friend is present

Answer 47

Russell: Argued that different relationships are shaped by differences in power -Power: Motive or assertion, desire to gain influences and part of every relationship • Emotion politics: Refer to processes by which people experience, express emotion in ways that define their own status -Hierarchies are ubiquitous among mammals -Assertive power differences within social context influence emotional response • Status: Rank or level one can occupy in hierarchy

Answer 48

• Anger: High power emotion, has force and strength behind it -Anger expression lead to gains in power within group, which ppl attribute elevated status to ppl who display anger -Assume high-power people respond to difficulties with anger -Occur when have sense of being wronged / status has been diminished / to readjust something in relationship • Pride: Power-related emotion, Signalled in dominance behaviour -Expressed by chest expansions, arms akimbo, and backward head-tilts -People who experienced pride = More likely to be judged to be more powerful, with increased social rank • Embarrassment: Low-power emotional counterpart to anger and pride -People who display embarrassment = Likely to be judged to have lower status and physically smaller • Highly emotional exchanges allow group members to negotiate status difference through display - High power people: More likely to smile with pleasure, show anger and contempt display - Low power people: Tend to show submissive emotion of fear and pain display

Answer 49

• Low rank individual = Tend to face greater threats, and anxious / on guards • High rank individual = Tend to enjoy greater access to resources and freedom, less dependent on others • Power: Influences on emotions people feel moment by moment -Influences how people respond to emotions of others -Associated with increased rewards and freedoms - High power = Tend to experience greater positive emotion in different situation - Less responsive to others' emotions, decrease compassion as partner disclose distress - Lower power = Tend to experience negative emotion - Tend to mimic their friends' emotions, more careful in judging others emotion

Answer 50

Social class: Refers to wealth, education, and prestige of work that individual enjoys within society -Imbued with sense of rank / high and low • Lower class people: Tend to respond to situations with threat-related emotion (anxiety) -Better judges of own friends' negative emotions than upper class people -Tend to response to others emotions empathically, and with greater compassions • In-group: Feel close emotional connections and similarities with members of groups to which we belong -Tend to exaggerate difference between us and other groups • Group: Principal arenas of 3 social motivations 1) Group affords focus of attachments, as place of safety 2) Based on affiliative motivation of cooperation, as network of cooperation 3) Organized in hierarchy of assertion, afford roles with sense of identity and feelings of generosity • Berkowitz: Suggest anger is spark of violence -Women who felt anger by pain = Less likely to reward others, more likely to punish them -High level of anger ten to give rise to violence • More likely to direct anger to outgroup when feel their own group is stronger compared to outgroup -More likely to direct anger when one self very identified with the group -Incidental feelings of anger tend to increase prejudice and hatred toward outgroup

Answer 51

• Disgust: Toxic emotions between groups, fuel violence and prejudice -Often extends from protecting body from disease, to protect against contamination of all kinds -Group in conflict will dehumanize one another as disgusting vermin • Infrahumanization: Tendency for ingroup members to attribute animal-like qualities to outgroup members -Group members tend to assumer own group member experience more complex and unique emotion • Joint project: Goal can only be achieved by cooperation of two groups -Able to build stronger relations between groups • Forgiveness: One of solutions to group conflict -Roots in reconciliation process nonhuman primates to maintain peaceful communities Page 10 of 40 -Central process to repair relations between group in conflict • Emotional intelligence: People vary in terms of verbal, quantitative, analytic or artistic intelligence -Involves four different skills: 1) Ability to accurately perceive others' emotions through reading of facial expression / vocalization 2) Ability to understand one's own emotions 3) Ability to use current feelings in making decisions 4) Ability to manage one's emotions in ways that fitting to current situation (Regulation) - Higher emotional intelligence tend to be more socially adjusted and with better social support

Answer 52

: a disease that started in Europe in the winter of 1916–1917 and spread throughout the world. o Continued for more than 10 years and affected five million people. o Caused by a virus that attacked the striatal regions of the brain, where there are networks of dopamine receptors, which are important to motivation, action, and the feeling of pleasure. o With administration of L-DOPA, transmitter functions in the striatal system were restored.

Answer 53

includes regions that control basic physiological processes. o The medulla regulates cardiovascular activity. o The pons controls sleep and breathing. o The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination and automatic movements.

Answer 54

The thalamus integrates sensory information. o The hippocampus is critical for memory processes. o The hypothalamus is important for regulating biological functions like eating, sexual behavior, aggression, and bodily temperature. o Also includes the limbic system and the cerebral cortex.  Frontal lobes of the cortex are involved in planning, decision-making, and intentional action as well as in emotion regulation

Answer 55

cats deprived of their cerebral cortex were liable to make sudden, inappropriate, and illdirected attacks.

Answer 56

One goes to the striatal region, the stream of movement. o One goes to the cerebral cortex, the stream of thought. o One goes to the limbic system with its many connections to the hypothalamus, the stream of feeling.

Answer 57

Became enlarged with the evolution of reptiles. o Huntington’s chorea: patients become unable to organize daily activities; they tend to sit and do nothing, though they happily partake in activities planned for them.  Striatal areas are damaged in humans, in the early stages of Huntington’s. o Striatal region was also damaged in the patients who suffered encephalitis lethargica.

Answer 58

has argued that the amygdala is the central emotional computer for the brain: it evaluates sensory input for its emotional significance. o Amygdala receives inputs from regions of the cortex that support visual perception of objects and auditory perception of sounds. o Amygdala has rich interconnections with the hypo- thalamus, which regulates emotion-laden behaviors like sex, eating, and aggression. o Can think of the amygdala as one region in which primary appraisals, or automatic evaluation of events in relation to goals, occur.  Responsible for assigning emotional significance to events. o Three kinds of neuroimaging studies of humans support LeDoux’s claims.  The amygdala is often activated during momentary emotional reactions to evocative stimuli.  Increased amygdala activation in depression  Depressives suffering from bipolar disorders have enlarged amygdalae.  Amygdala activation predicts whether people will recall emotionally evocative stimuli.  Canli et al. (1999) presented participants with slides evocative of positive emotion (for example, pictures of ice cream) and negative emotion (for example, pictures of guns or gore), and recorded brain activation in response to the slides.  They later asked participants to try to recall the slides they had seen.  Memory for the negative slides was correlated with activation in the find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com amygdala and the insula.  A good deal of evidence suggests that the amygdala is resp  A good deal of evidence suggests that the amygdala is responsive to the appraised fearfulness and valence of a stimulus, whereas new studies suggest it may be more precise to say that the amygdala responds to the emotional intensity or salience of the stimulus.

Answer 59

o Ventral medial prefrontal cortex o Ventral striatum  Receives neural input from the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the hippocampus and sends signals to regions such as the hypothalamus, which controls more basic bodily processes related to eating, sleep, and sex. o Nucleus accumbens o Ventral tegmental areas

Answer 60

Rich in dopamine and opioid neurotransmitter pathways. o Nucleus accumbens and dopamine are central to the experience of pleasure.  Dopamine and activation in the nucleus accumbens are central to wanting; they motivate the approach to rewards.  In contrast, the opiates are central to our experience of liking stimuli. o Distal affiliative cues like smiles and gestures serve as incentive stimuli; they motivate approach-related tendencies served by dopamine release.  These cues trigger dopamine, which promotes actions that bring individuals into close proximity with one another. o Once in proximity, affiliative behaviors like touch and soothing vocalizations elicit the release of opiates.  The opiates in turn bring about the powerful feelings of warmth, calmness, and intimacy.

Answer 61

Appears to be involved in three different processes related to emotion:  Involved in the release of opioids  Opioids inhibit ascending pain signals before they reach the cortex, which allows the individual to escape threat before attending to bodily harm.  The periaqueductal gray, then, helps the individual regulate pain.  Activated by images that evoke negative emotions, more broadly defined, along with pain.  May be part of a caregiving system in the mammalian brain.  Engages caregiving tendencies.

Answer 62

Certain regions of the medial prefrontal cortex, in particular regions of the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate, are engaged when people respond empathically to the emotions of others. o Theory of mind—the cognitive understanding of others’ mental states—engages different regions of the cortex.  This cognitive empathy network includes the medial prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, and the temporal parietal junction, an associative region of the cortex that receives input from the prefrontal cortex.  More likely to be involved when we understand cognitively, in the abstract, what others are feeling, and that they feel different states than we do. o Frontal temporal lobar dementia: organic brain disease that devastates specific regions of the prefrontal cortex as well as the temporal lobes.  Patients show deficits in empathic behaviors:  Less accurate in reading the emotions of others.  Engage in less mutual gaze with their romantic partners.  Don’t show the usual levels of embarrassment—an emotion that is rooted in the understanding of others’ judgments.

Answer 63

Involved in the representation of goals, rewards, and approach- and withdrawal-related tendencies, and is thought to represent anticipated rewards and punishments in find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com consciousness.  Receives input from different sensory modalities as well as the amygdala.  May in turn send signals to the dorsolateral prefrontal region, which has more robust connections to motor cortex regions, which enable action.  Patients with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex have problems regulating their emotional behavior; their emotional reactions are often wildly inappropriate to the social context.  E.g., Phineas Gage, and J.S

Answer 64

Involved in selecting what to attend to and where to focus attention, as well as left lateralized regions of the frontal cortex.  When people engage in a reappraisal of their emotional response there tends to be activation in the dorsal prefrontal cortex.

Answer 65

Involved in self-representation, empathy, and experiences of reward, receiving input from the nucleus accumbens.

Answer 66

Thought of metaphorically as the mind’s alarm system. o Dorsal ACC is also active during the experience of physical pain, or noxious physical sensations, and seems to track the felt unpleasantness of such pain.

Answer 67

Approach-related states, mostly positive, engage cortical processes in the left regions of the frontal lobes. o Withdrawal-related states, mostly negative, are lateralized on the right side of the frontal cortex. o Affective styles: genetically based asymmetries of function

Answer 68

Neurotransmitters o Hormones: substances carried in the blood to affect organs that are sensitive to them.  Hormones take longer to act than NTs and their effects last longer.  The principal gland that controls most hormonal systems is the pituitary, which is joined to, and largely controlled by, the hypothalamus. o Neuromodulators  Many are peptides.  Endogenous opiates (chemically similar to drugs like opium and heroin), for example, modulate the pain system, and other peptides (such as cholecystokinin) have important emotional effects.

Answer 69

Serotonin: a NT produced widely throughout the brain, in particular targeting subcortical areas (amygdala, ventral striatum, hypothalamus) as well as regions of the prefrontal cortex.  Brain mechanisms that use serotonin are involved in the balance between:  Fast, emotional, associationistic processing in the subcortex (heuristic process)  Slower, deliberate, language-based processing in the frontal lobes (deliberative process)  Low levels of serotonin are associated with two kinds of emotional disorders:  Antisocial tendencies  Depression  When serotonin levels are low, subcortical regions override the prefrontal regulation of impulses. o Oxytocin: a peptide of nine amino acids  Produced in the hypothalamus and released into both brain and bloodstream.  Involved in lactation, maternal bonding, and sexual interaction.  Promotes bonding behavior possibly by reducing anxiety and making social contact and affiliation pleasant.  Prairie voles display pair-bonding  Montane voles don’t pair-bond

Answer 70

``` For at least two weeks, the sufferer is unbearably sad or depressed, or has lost pleasure in nearly all activities.  Along with at least four other symptoms that include:  Being unable to sleep  Being slowed down in one’s actions  Lack of energy to do ordinary things  Inability to concentrate  Feelings of worthlessness or guilt  Thoughts or plans of suicide ```

Answer 71

Major depression is the most prevalent single diagnosis among the emotional disorders. o Bipolar disorder: alternating periods of depression and at least one period of mania.  Mania: a disorder of happiness, exhilaration, and pride.  Self-esteem is inflated; patients sometimes become grandiose.  Hypomania: milder than full mania  No gender difference o Three brain areas seem to be important to depression:  Frontal lobe  Hippocampus  Amygdala o Kindling: the mechanism by which people become progressively more vulnerable to depression with each episode.  Mental patterns become established as habits, so that after each episode future activation is made more likely by progressively less severe events. o Emotions change the organization of the brain to produce biases of processing; emotional disorders prolong such changes. o Rumination: dwelling on symptoms of distress in a passive and repetitive manner rather than in a problem-solving way.  Depression is prolonged by rumination.  Two aspects to rumination:  Brooding  Maladaptive  Reflective pondering  Thinking through problems that led to incidents that caused depression.  This can resolve and shorten episodes of depression.

Answer 72

: excessive uneasiness and apprehension, typically with compulsive behavior or panic attacks. o Panic attacks: sudden terror or dread, often with bodily symptoms such as racing heart, dizziness, and shortness of breath. o Phobias: almost-irresistible urges to avoid certain places, objects, or activities.  Agoraphobia: fear of being away from home. o Obsessions and compulsions  Obsessions: intrusive anxious thoughts.  Occur repeatedly and the person cannot stop them even though he or she might know them to be irrational.  Compulsions: repeated actions or rituals.  Performing the action temporarily diminishes anxiety, but only temporarily. o Post-traumatic stress disorder: intense anxiety, disturbed sleep, flashbacks in which a traumatic event is remembered and repeatedly re-experienced, together with avoidance of anything that might remind one of it.  The traumas are represented in memory in verbal and nonverbal systems, which are find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com repeatedly activated, and they do not necessarily correspond to each other.  The confusion adds to the intense fears that are experienced. o Anxiety states are more likely than depression to become chronic.  Whereas the cognitive mechanism for sustaining depression is influenced strongly by memory of events and circumstances, mechanisms that sustain anxiety are mostly based on attention.  Fear produces a focus on fear-inducing items and also causes avoidance.

Answer 73

a disorder is typically caused by a stress in the presence of one or more inherent factors that make a person vulnerable, called diatheses. o Adversity in environment = stress o Genetic predisposition = diathesis  Adversities that cause depressive and anxiety disorders o Loss o Humiliation o Entrapment o Danger  Many studies of twins support the theory that interactions between a person’s genes and the environment can lead to depression and/or anxiety. o Gene–environment interaction o Genetic influences on depression seem not to affect depression directly; among mediating factors is the experience of adverse life events.

Answer 74

an emotional disorder with strong links to aggression. o Two components:  Callousness and lack of emotional connection to others  Antisocial behavior o Associated with thrill seeking, sadism, fearlessness, impulsivity, lack of anger control, antisocial lifestyle, and lack of guilt or remorse. o The prototypical psychopath is male and socially antagonistic.

Answer 75

``` For a diagnosis according to DSM-IV, a disturbance has to last for at least six months, and to cause severe dysfunction socially and at work.  Symptoms of schizophrenia include:  Delusions  Hallucinations  Disorganized behavior  Deteriorating relationships  Blunted emotions ```

Answer 76

: Proposed that Emotions fill field of consciousness • Consciousness: Process by which we can decide what to do and then do it (Misleading) -Libet = Action is initiated before corresponding conscious voluntary decision to act occurs

Answer 77

Proposed function of consciousness is to maintain ongoing simulation of ourselves -which interrelates memory, current social & emotional understandings, and evaluation of future actions

Answer 78

Made 3 measures of residents of Vincenza 1) Whether they are for or against the proposal / as yet undecided 2) What their conscious beliefs were, from questionnaires on environmental, social & economic consequences 3) How they made automatic associations in implicit association test -Decided conscious thoughts at time 1 predicted choice make and automatic association at time 2 - Undecided automatic associations at time 1 predicted both choice would make & conscious thought - Conscious thinking able to affect automatic association & decision making, not immediately

Answer 79

- Found gap between what we consciously think about ourselves & our automatic emotional response - Asked self-identified white & Asian to complete survey about would they be upset by racist act ‎ They predicted they would be ‎ Heard confederate made racist comment afterwards -No more upset than those condition in which no comment had been made for intensity of emotion - But will reject the man who made racist remark when ask them who would choose to collaborate with - People's predictions of their future feelings are often inaccurate -But good at knowing whether they would be more/less upset by some kind of future events • Consciousness can affect action indirectly by influencing settings of our automatic thought process

Answer 80

e: Used in explanation - Narrative mode of thinking when we talk to others about an emotion - The mode in which we understand ourselves ad others as people who have intentions that meet vicissitude - Meaning-making = Occurs by casting emotional events into narratives about social world - Narrative meaning-making = Occurs with turning over emotions in our minds, or with a friends -Also in novel reading and poetry / watching plays & movies

Answer 81

Problem with goals and intention, Events that tend to cause emotion

Answer 82

- Events in which emotions in a person meet with community | - Particular group of people is reenacted to enable people who take part in ritual to reflect on it

Answer 83

er: Proposed stages through which emotionally significant event can pass to create ritual 1) Breach of ordinary social relation occurs ‎ Leads to Crisis that may escalate ‎ Regressive social action that vary from personal advice to action within formal legal system ‎Ritual that accomplishes reintegration of disturbed person back to community

Answer 84

Surveyed stories around the world, from before age of European colonization -Found 3 prototypical stories , which all based on emotions 1) Love story: Two lovers long to be united, but impeded by a male relative / powerful suitor 2) Story of angry conflict: Usually between 2 male members of family 3) Story of community: Disintegrating in terrible distress until someone arise to diagnose problem

Answer 85

Refers to changing emotion's intensity / duration - can attempt to move from unpleasant toward pleasant - Some argued regulatory processes affect every stage of emotion process

Answer 86

1) Situational selection 2) Situational modification 3) Attentional deployment 4) Cognitive change 5) Response modulation - By distraction / re-appraisal / seek to suppress or emphasize emotion expression - Distraction = Operates early in emotion processing - Appraisal = Follows after distraction, affects prefrontal cortex -Suppression = Affect prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula, tend to come later in process • Watched unpleasant film clip, female participants are either asked to suppressed / reappraise / act naturally -Suppressed condition = Have increased blood pressure as compared with other 2 conditions Page 38 of 40 -Reduced rapport, since emotional responsiveness is important for communication - Found to be ineffective in decrease intensity of emotion that experienced - In Ultimatum Game, reappraise-condition people are less likely to reject unfair offer -Suggest reappraisal is powerful regulation strategy than suppression

Answer 87

More vulnerable to depression

Answer 88

: Ability to understand others' thoughts and feelings • Belief in free will = Associated with thoughtfulness and helpfulness to other -Exercising the will reduces level of glucose (it's effortful) • Campos et al.: Proposed that we should regard emotion in terms of our relationship, not individual • Regulation of emotion can either be about pleasantness / concerns about goals • When people anticipated acting in pursuit of confrontational goal: -Preferred activities that increase their level of anger, although its unpleasant -"Emotion regulation" = Define as activation of goal to modify emotion-generative proces

Answer 89

- People are suffer from Inner conflict = Feelings that are conflicted are not aware - Attracted bit adherents and detractors for this theory - Detractors: Argued that psychoanalysis was less therapeutic procedure

Answer 90

Incorporate different aspects of therapy

Answer 91

Interaction with another person in which patient can discover properties of their emotion schemas

Answer 92

: Idea of transference is discussed by Freud - Refer as "impulses and phantasies which replace some person by the person of physician" - Manifestation of emotion schemas, mental models that embody ways of relating to others become habitual - Attitudes and emotions are projected onto people in present (e.g. therapist)

Answer 93

- Our relationships are fundamental to our emotional health, which based on figures from the past - Might have emotion schema derived from childhood - Important to interpret transference = As effects of emotion-relational schema bring into therapeutic relationship

Answer 94

Innovative form of psychodynamic theory - Important for people with borderline personality disorder, with difficulties in regulate emotion - Aim to develop empathy and theory of mind

Answer 95

Father of counselling therapy, formulated principles of "Non-directive therapy" -Non-directive therapy: or "person-centered" / Humanistic therapy - Aim for client to experience relationship with therapist that is genuine & non-judgmental - Aim to listen to client with empathy, and be emotionally warm - Client can experience incongruence in self and started to change, when in absence of threat - Related to tradition of existentialist & phenomenological therapies - Less effective than cognitive-behavioural therapy

Answer 96

Based on enabling people to recognize and avoid errors of evaluation of incident, that lead to emotion - Asked to keep emotion diary in patients with anxiety or depression - Found patterns of appraisal cause anxiety and depression -Tend to involves evaluations that are arbitrary, absolute and personalizing - Able to break the cycle by thinking / attribute externally, local, impermanent - Effectiveness: Effective for depression and anxiety especially

Answer 97

y: Combination of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioural therapy - Used with patients who are suicidal / self-injuring - Enable people to learn how to disconnect emotion from urges to act

Answer 98

- Change an emotion by mean of another emotion - To recognize emotions that we have not allowed ourselves to experience fully enough - Consist of encouraging fuller experience of emotion = Primary emotion - Secondary emotion = Emotion that have been experienced too much (Defences in psychoanalysts) -Derived from / emerged to cover certain primary emotions that are not acceptable - Primary emotions that are not known / accepted = can metamorphose into secondary emotions - Instrumental emotion = Emotion people have learn to help them get their way - e.g. tears that elicit sympathy, irritation that makes other to be hesitate to challenge - Encourage patients not to experience secondary emotion - Same effectiveness with CBT

Answer 99

: Refer to psychological disorders in general | • Two types of systems used to assess and classify psychopathological disorders

Answer 100

Behaviour, experiences, and emotions are evaluated by trained clinician - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders = Main scheme used to classify psychiatric problem - Some part of countries used International Classification of Diseases - Classifications are based on medical model of illness, based on ideas: 1) Problem are discrete and well-differentiated from normal functioning 2) Have specific and recognized etiology and corresponding treatment for certain disorder 3) Course of illness is similar across children who suffer from it - Categorical approach = Lack of attention to developmental and gender differences - Inability to deal with subclinical emotional disturbance, questionable that disorder represent distinctively

Answer 101

Preferred by psychologists to conceptualize emotion-based disorder - Tendency to express anger is Quantitative, rather than qualitative distinction between normal and disorder - Information is gathered through Psychometric assessment - Measure provide continuous range of symptoms scores

Answer 102

1) Externalizing dimension: Characterized by disruptive behaviour ("acting out") 2) Internalizing dimension: Characterized by depressed mood and anxiety ("acting in")

Answer 103

seconds vs minustes or hours

Answer 104

: When one particular emotion / Family of emotions become prominent - Represent Imbalance among emotions, and become incongruent with actual events - Child vulnerable to anxiety = Show appraisal biases toward threats and misfortune - More likely to ruminate on negative events before and after - More likely to avoid negative situation or events = Avoidance goal - Non-depressed people will set goals for positive situation, but not avoiding negatives

Answer 105

-Children with disorder react to event atypically (crying when nothing is happened) -Emotional response are unsettling and others have difficulty understanding them • People with Externalizing symptoms : Watched film clips that elicit feelings - Lack of coherence between cardiac indicator of emotional reactivity & Internal subjective states • People with Internalizing symptoms: Coherence between heart rate and subjective report of negative affect -Negative emotion is elicited by clips that its not intended to provoke negative affect -Have atypical pattern of positive emotionality ‎ Happiness did not coincide with increased heart rate

Answer 106

- Children with disorder = Not capable of regulate their emotion adequately to meet situational demands - Internal and external risk factors affect self-regulatory system - Affect integrated network of cognitive, executive, attentional and affective control - Internalizing problem = Cannot inhibit self-blame and rumination, difficult to appraise positively - Externalizing problem = Hard to shift their focus to positive when frustrated - Children with developmental delays ‎ Harder time regulate their behaviour in response to frustration - Poor self-regulation ‎ Thinking and acting that perpetuate their inappropriate emotional expression

Answer 107

- Children reared in risky environment ‎ Develop insecure attachment relationship - Tend to have opportunistic ways of interacting with others & Rapid sexual development - Seen to be maladaptive when these children not confronted with competition and adverse environment

Answer 108

1) Predominance of none emotion system 2) Inappropriate emotional responses 3) Emotional adaptation to negative environment 4) Poor emotional regulation

Answer 109

- Concern with Prevalence & Incidence of disorder 1) Prevalence: Proportion of population who suffer from some disorder over particular time period 2) Incidence: Number of new onsets of particular disorder in given time period - Psychiatric problem in childhood and adolescence are common

Answer 110

-Boys show more externalizing problems, Girls experience more internalizing problems -Gender difference in prevalence continues to middle childhood Adolescence (age 13- 18): Half of all children meet criteria for a diagnosis at some point in their lives -Gender difference also continues, which girls more likely to have internalizing problems

Answer 111

- Presence of particular risk ‎ May increase probability of particular disorder, but never guarantees - Process involved in mental disorders development = Transactional -Children influence their context - Angrier of parent ‎ Worse of the person with externalizing problem

Answer 112

Children are influenced by multiple levels of their environments -Includes both Distal factor and Proximal factor -Distal factor: Macro-influences, such as cultures, neighbourhood and school - Proximal factor: Closer and more immediate influences (parents and friends) - Recognize all indirect effects occur between various aspect of child's environment 1) Microsystem: Include home, extracurricular, school, neighbourhood 2) Mesosystem: Include interaction between home and school / School and neighbourhood 3) Exosystem: Include interaction between mass media, school board, local industry and government 4) Macrosystem: Include all the interactions in microsystem, mesosystems, and exosystem

Answer 113

-Child is difficult for environment & Environment is difficult for the child -Children with difficulties ‎ Elicit more harshness and negativity from parents ‎ Increase parent's marital conflict -Both harshness and marital conflict from parents ‎ Increase children's difficult behaviour -Children with problematic emotion ‎ Choose friends who share own characteristics • Sroufe: Proposed Developmental framework for thinking psychopathology Page 25 of 40 -Suggest initially child's behaviour may only be little bit deviant -Little more oppositional by temperament / Show poorer language development than other children -Context cannot support the child ‎ Problematic behaviour becomes more deviant over time - Context = Political and Cultural factors, Neighborhood, school & workplace - Interaction between person and his context ‎ Set trajectory of good or poor mental health

Answer 114

First to take epidemiological studies of children's disorder

Answer 115

Include experiencing abuse, poverty, mental health problems or substance abuse -Cumulative risk = Summed number of adversities children have faced -Physiological indicator of stress increases as number of risks in environment increases -Relationship in childhood and adulthood = Most significant factor in helping people cope with adversity • Children exposed to negative event + Close sibling relationship protecting them -Have fewer internalizing symptoms than expected -Both relationship with parents, teachers, and sibling have protective effects

Answer 116

Conceptualization of differential vulnerability to environmental risk - Assume effect of positive environments will be similar for all persons - When individual are vulnerable ‎ Show greater reaction to negative environmental influences

Answer 117

Neurobiologically based -Influenced by both heritable factors and early developmental experience -Suggest certain people are more influenced by both positive and negative environment they encounter -Reflect heightened reactivity of stress-response system ‎ Environment exert great influences in these people -Positive environment = Development-enhancing Negative = Psychopathology-promoting • Children have been referred as either "Orchids" or "Dandelions" -"Orchids": Thrive under optimal circumstances, but will wither and die if not cultivated properly -"Dandelions": Develop equally well whether they grow in what environment

Answer 118

Near at hand, bear directly on children -No 1-to-1 correspondence, only increase probability of the disorder with risk factor -e.g. Children raised in foster care with absence of attachment relationship • Parent-child relationship: Proximal contributors to emotion-based disorders -Parental hostility = Associated with children's disorders -Externalizing behaviour and Maternal negativity = Predict "Recursive feedback loop" -Difficult child behaviour ‎ Parents more negative toward them with harsh parent ‎ More negative - Effect of children in parents increased in size as children get older - "Negative coercion cycle": Reciprocal connection between negative parenting & child externalizing behaviour -Parent respond child misbehaviour with hostility and punitive discipline ‎ Escalates child misbehaviour -Children become more difficult ‎ Parent withdraw their demands ‎ Reinforce child's aversive • Trained parents to engage certain behaviour while children were preparing to write a speech: 1) Controlling: Children have negative expectation of their performance when highly controlling 2) Autonomy-granting behaviour

Answer 119

Estimates rates of heritability for particular disorder -Heritability estimates = Derived to indicate amount of variation attributable to genetics -By comparing frequencies of particular disorder between MZ and DZ twins (100% vs. 50% shared genes) -Highly heritable disorder = MZ twins are more similar to each other • Heritability estimates for most common childhood disorder range from 57%-71% (Social phobia ‎ GAD / MDD) • Genetic risk found to be operated across externalizing and internalizing disorder

Answer 120

es: See how variations in individual genes are related to particular emotion-based disorders - Tested MAOA gene = Promote enzyme that deactivates set of amine-based transmitter (5HT) - Gene with low MAOA & Maltreated = Tend to diagnosed with Conduct disorders & have committed violent crime - Higher aggression in male with low MAOA & maltreated, than High MAOA & maltreated

Answer 121

Examine whether certain people are more reactive to influences of negative and positive environment -Individuals with less efficient DA-related genes = Better outcomes when in supportive environments

Answer 122

Occur whereby environmental experience alter gene expression - Sequence of nucleotide = Produce particular AA ‎ Form neurochemicals that affect physiology or psychology - Environment can affect genome without changing the gene sequence, just the expression by methylation

Answer 123

r = Affects stress reactivity patterns of offspring through environmental programming effects -Absence of licking & grooming = Alter offspring's internal physiological environment -Reduce gene expression required for normal stress response (Glucocorticoid receptor gene) -Lower neural proteins level in brain areas associated with attention & impulsivity and social behaviour • Children raised in institutional care = Greater level of gene methylation than children raised by biological parents -More methylation in regions control Immune and cellular functioning, specific to neural development -Tend to have altered Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis development (Stress response)

Answer 124

In children who born prematurely / Exposed to poor uterine environment (smoke) - In children with poor nutrition / Maternal depression or anxiety - Associated with HPA-function / Size of prefrontal cortex / amygdala / Vagal tone / MAO NT in prefrontal cortex - Fearfulness and aggression = Related to heightened amygdala response & Suppressed cortical negative feedback

Answer 125

Affect volume of orbital-frontal cortex, cerebellum and neuroendocrine system (oxytocin & AVP)

Answer 126

: First sign of personality, may have biological basis - May represent biological underpinning of emotion-based disorders - Negative temperament = Predictor of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology

Answer 127

1) "Irritability-difficultness" 2) Behavioural inhibition-fearfulness 3) Impulsivity-unmanageability - Impulsivity-unmanageability = More likely to be associated with externalizing problems - Behavioural inhibition-fearfulness = More likely to be associated with internalizing problems - Children with negative affect = More difficult to parent than temperamentally easy ‎ Elicit aversive parenting

Answer 128

Parenting received by child's sibling is influential on well-being - Refer to child experiencing More warmth, love / More hostility and negative emotionality than their siblings - MZ twins who received more emotional negativity = Show more antisocial behaviour - High level of differential parenting ‎ Both favoured and disfavoured show higher levels of disturbance -Stronger effects when children are closer in age = Dynamic of family affect children as whole

Answer 129

Refer to presence of physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect or emotional maltreatment - Have widespread problems, include delays in development of affect regulation, higher-order cognition - Problem increases with age, as fail to develop necessary competencies at each stage of development

Answer 130

- Increase risk of developing externalizing and internalizing disorders - Externalizing problem = Occur before parents separate, and related to parental conflict before divorce

Answer 131

• More adverse the childhood experience, more likely individual suffer ischemic heart disease as adult -Adverse Childhood Experience (ACEs) = Linked to mental and physical health problem - Feeling of anger and depression increases with number of ACEs - Relation between ACE and heart disease reduce when emotions are accounted

Answer 132

Most strongest risk linked to psychopathology - Maltreatment = Strongest single predictor of disorganization - Absence or failure of attachment relationship is damaging -Longer period of institutionalization ‎ Worse the emotional outcomes

Answer 133

1) More likely to show indiscriminate friendliness 2) More abnormal patterns of attachment to adoptive parents 3) More externalizing symptoms - Found coherent syndrome in absence of attachment relationship -"Quasi-autism, Disinhibited or disorganized attachment, Cognitive impairment, Inattention-overactivity"

Answer 134

: Indirect influences, such as psychopathology and poverty of their parents - Serious mental disorder in parents increase risk of children developing all forms of psychopathology - Children more likely to have schizophrenia > Substance abuse > Psychiatric disorder

Answer 135

Associated with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology among children 1-82 months

Answer 136

1) Social control: Extent to which youth are monitored by collective community 2) Social cohesion: Measure of mutual trust and shared values - Inversely correlated with oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety problem - Lower cohesion = Poorer family functioning and more parental emotional distress

Answer 137

Comprised of two processes of social control and cohesion - Extent to which communities have influences on child outcomes - Positive effects on levels of prosocial behaviour & Involvement with non-delinquent friends -Associated with reduced risk of behaviour problems -Greater familiarity among individual in community = Predict lower rates of adolescent depression -Both social cohesion and control associated with more positive mental health outcome • Adults in neighbourhood serve as socialization agents for children, beyond parental influences • Children with persistent food insecurity = Twice likely to suffer externalizing problems

Answer 138

: Influences development through 3 pathways 1) Inequitable allocation of resources: Nutrition, healthcare, housing and education 2) Stress reactions: caused by parenting, environmental hazards, adverse life events 3) Health behaviour: Similar to tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance abuse and exercise - Poor socioeconomic condition = Increase parenting problems

Answer 139

: Related to rates of health problems in society - Greater equality of personal incomes in country = Higher level on UNICEF index of child-well being - No consistent relationship between average income in countries and child-well-being

Answer 140

Individual engage more in that activities when peers do so -Adolescents engage more smoking, drinking when those behaviours are common in peers P

Answer 141

Patterns of emotional reactivity can occur over months, years or lifetime • Stability in Affective biases: Similar to stability in temperament and personality -Strong continuities in internalizing and externalizing disorder (Continuities) -Discontinuities = Some show early signs of aggression, but stop being aggressive as mature

Answer 142

1) Children with high level of conduct problem = Persist across development and into adulthood & Violent - High persistent group exhibit more negative affect, high perinatal risk and poor intrafamilial relationship - Tend to have neurodevelopmental problems, Greater family adversity, show less fear in childhood 2) High or moderately high on Aggression in early / middle childhood ‎ Reduce conduct problem as mature 3) Persistently with low level of conduct problem throughout children and adulthood 4) "Adolescent limited" = Show conduct problem during adolescence, but t not as severe as children with high persistence - Problem reduce as they enter adulthood, but do not disappear entirely

Answer 143

• Continuities of internalizing problems is less marked than externalizing • 70-75% of children diagnosed with internalizing disorder ‎ Free of disorder at follow-up • Tend to be more episodic, which 2/3 of children show no anxiety after follow-up period -One third is Elevated-stable group = Characterized by initial decline in problem, followed by increase from age 6 -Most children show persistently low problems -Higher birthweight = Associated with fewer internalizing problems

Answer 144

Family therapy which is parent-focused - Parents are taught to use more effective parenting practices (Identify and punish problem behaviour) - Child conduct disorder = Result of maladaptive parent-child interactions - Antisocial behaviour can begin when children are reinforced for aggressive and antisocial behaviour

Answer 145

Family or child-focused, Treat for both internalizing and externalizing - Focus on children's cognitive distortions, emotion regulation, and social problem solving - Improve psychological adjustment by changing negative/ hostile appraisal biases - e.g. Child may view other as aggressive when actually are accident

Answer 146

Based on ecological system theory -Proposed that disorders are influenced by multiple layers of child's environment -Combination of cognitive distortion, ineffective parenting, poor teacher skills may all contribute the disorder • Interventions are more effective at younger age for children with conduct disorde

Answer 147

Aim at specific subgroup of individuals | -Advantageous in targeting each individual's needs, but expensive in screening phases

Answer 148

end to preemptive strategies that entire populations use with aim of preventing disorder - Beneficial which often address social roots that underlie adverse outcomes - Little beneficial to specific individual with vulnerability

Answer 149

: Developed by Matt Sanders, most effective - Effective at both improving parenting and reduce number of clinical problems - Combination of targeted and universal programs ‎ Provide minimally sufficient level of support - Improve parenting practices on large scales ‎ Reduce child behavioural and emotional problems - Have tiered continuum of increasing intensity and specificity - Level 1 = Broadest level, involves active provision of parenting information (media) - Believed to de-stigmatize parent's desire to seek help for their children - Level 5 = Specific skills training to treat problems in at-risk children

Answer 150

Design: o Exposed 72, 11-month old cross-cultural babies to fear and anger  Method: o Arm restraint to elicit anger o Growling gorilla to elicit fear o Looked at: Facial behaviour  Oster͛s ;Ϯ006Ϳ FaĐial AĐtioŶ Coding System  Identifies combination/degree of activity of muscles that underlie face expressions Body Language  Withdrawal  Stilling  Struggling  Turning to mom • Is there a difference in facial expression by condition? find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com o According to theory of differential emotion, if emotions are biological, babies of 11-months should be able to express different facial expressions o Early differentiation of emotion should lead to differences in expression of emotion o If it͛s just Ŷegatiǀe ǀs. positiǀe, eǆpressioŶ should ďe the saŵe for ďoth conditions • Results: o Finding: combinations of muscle activity strongly correlated across the two conditions – faces looked very similar o Most common combination in both conditions was:  Brow raised & drawn together o Against early differentiation hypothesis Body Behavior o Non-facial behaviour at baseline o Non-facial behaviour in response to elicitor  e.g., withdrawal, stilling, struggling, hiding face, squirming, etc. o There were differences in body language o Only similarity between body language was turning towards mom • Interpretation o Differences in body language suggest that there are underlying differences in emotion experience o Fear and anger are only distinctly expressed only in terms of body language o In line with functionalist theory of emotional development

Answer 151

How do Asians vs. European Americans express and experience anger?  2 factor between subject design (Asian American vs. European American)  Method: o Asian and European Americans completed task and were provoked to feel anger by experimenter – cognitive task on the computer, t he experimenter constantly interrupted them and was told they were not doing a good enough job, eventually, the experimenter just told them to stop the task because it was pointless. o Self-reports of emotion o Coded for emotional expression  Results: o Expressed anger  Asian Americans felt and expressed less anger than European Americans o Physiological response  Groups did not differ in physiological response  Interpretation: o Cultural norm to not to feel emotional or express emotion, therefore when he explicit elements were measures, Asians ranked less, but on the physiological leǀel, ĐaŶ’t ĐoŶtrol

Answer 152

``` Intimate relationships 1. Knowledge Able to share secret information with, confidential information 2. Caring Affection, motivated by affiliation 3. Interdependence Strong, enduring impact on each other 4. Mutuality ͞ǁe͟ Ŷot ͞Ǉou aŶd I͟ 5. Trust Etiquette no long applies 6. Commitment Presumed partnership ```

Answer 153

Study Design:  2 (spider phobics vs. controls) X 2 (pre vs. post therapy) X 3 (fear images vs. phobia images vs. neutral images) mixed design  Scan 1:  Participants scanned while viewing 3 types of videotaped stimuli: find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com  Neutral  Fear-relevant  Phobia-relevant  Therapy:  Spider-phobics only  One-session, 4-5 hours in length  Education followed by hierarchical exposure  Wanted to see if undergoing this therapy would change Scan 2  Scan 2:  Spider-phobics only  2 weeks post-therapy  Results:  Behavioral data (phobics):  Decrease in perceived threat after therapy  Imaging data:  Activity in response to spider – activity in response to average threat (snake)  During scan 1 there is high amygdala activity  Scan 2 looks similar to Scan 1 of control participants  Evolutionary response to perceived threat.

Answer 154

Method:  22 participants recruited for fMRI study find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com  Minimal groups paradigm (tigers vs. leopards)  Each team has 6 white and 6 black members  Participants study and memorize in-group and out-group faces  Participants completed categorization task, while fMRI activity was recorded.  Had to categorize faces as ingroup or outgroup members, and whether they were White or Black.  As a baseline, race is emotionally salient.  Trying to take the focus off race and change the emotional salience to recognition of ingroup members.  Results:  Greater amygdala activity was observed for ingroup member faces than for outgroup member faces.  No effect of race of amygdala activity.  Interpretation:  Amygdala may react to what is motivationally salient, or to what is particularly relevant in a given context.

Answer 155

Researchers were interested in testing the effectiveness of two different emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal and suppression.  Effects on emotional experience?  Effects on emotional expression?  Effects on brain activity (both limbic and prefrontal regions)?  Hypotheses: (for neural activity in limbic areas)  In the reappraisal condition, activity may start off as high, but as time goes on the emotional regulation strategy will decrease activity in limbic regions.  In the suppression condition, activity may start off low, but will observe a rebound effect—see more and more activity in limbic regions.  Method:  17 females recruited for imaging study  Viewed 30 disgust-inducing clips (surgical procedure) + 10 neutral images  10 “reappraise negative”  told to view clips in a detached way  10 “suppress negative”  asked to regulate facial expressions (neutral facial expression)  10 “watch negative”  10 “watch neutral” (baseline)  Behavioral Results:  Suggests that both strategies are effective at regulating emotion, but in different ways. find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com  Reappraisal is more effective for regulation of emotional experience.  Suppression is more effective for regulation of emotional expression.  Imaging Results:  Suppression may be effective for short-term (2-3 seconds) regulation, but has rebound effects.  PFC works in very inefficient way; PFC is working harder and emotion experience keeps increasing.  Reappraisal decreases limbic response 10-15 seconds after.  PFC works harder in the beginning but less during the appraisal condition.