Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

hs 2711 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

defining age

A

Aging begins long before physical signs become obvious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

indicators of age

A

chronological age
functional capacity/ age
life stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chronological age

A

 Age since birth
 Used to determine eligibility for programs (e.g. Canada Pension – 65, retired)
 Remains dominant as legal definition of when a person becomes “older”
 Proxy for life experience and physical functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functional capacity/ age

A

 Observable individual attributes to assign people to age categories
o Physical appearance
o Mobility
o Strength
o Mental capacity
 Does not always match chronological age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

life stages

A

 Used to classify people into groups
 Broad age categories loosely based on ideas about effects on aging

middle age
later adulthood
oldage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

middle age

A

 When most people first become aware that physical aging has noticeably changed them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

later adulthood

A

 When declines in physical functioning and energy availability begin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

old age

A

 Late 70s – early 80s

 Characterized by physical frailty, slower mental processes, activity restrictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

life span

A

• Theoretical limit on length of life

 115 – 120 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

life expectancy

A

• Avg number of years a member of an age category is expected to live given the base-year mortality rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

life expectancy increased due to

A

improvements in public health
medical intervention
variations
morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

improvements in public health

A

Disease control
 Discovery that clean water and sewage control could reduce infectious disease
 Development of national systems of transportation
 Sanitary methods of storing food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

medical interventions

A
  • Antibiotics

* Immunizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

life expectancy variatiosn

A
  • Within and among cultures

* Between groups (differences by province and sex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

morbidity

A
  • Period of reduced function, disability, and illness

* Compression of morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Life expectancy at birth and age 65 – 2014/ 2016

Canada

A

At birth
 Both sexes – 82
 Males – 79.9
 Females – 84

At age 65 (yrs left)
 Both sexes – 20.8
 Males – 19.3
 Females – 22.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Life expectancy at birth and age 65 – 2014/ 2016

Ontario

A

At birth
 Both sexes – 82.5 – highest tied
 Males – 80.5 - highest
 Females – 84.5

At age 65
 Both sexes – 21.1
 Males – 19.6
 Females – 22.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Life expectancy at birth and age 65 – 2014/ 2016

BC

A

At birth
 Both sexes – 82.5 – highest tied
 Males – 80.4
 Females – 84.6 - highest

At age 65
 Both sexes – 21.2 - highest
 Males – 19.9 - highest
 Females – 22.5 - highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Life expectancy at birth and age 65 – 2014/ 2016

Nunavut

A

At birth
 Both sexes – 71.8 - lowest
 Males – 70.3 - lowest
 Females – 73.1 - lowest

At age 65
 Both sexes – 15.2 - lowest
 Males – 15.2 – lowest
 Females – 15 – lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Life expectancy at birth and age 65 – 2014/ 2016

overall

A

BC, ON, QC – highest
Nunavut, NWT, Yukon, Newfoundland – lowest
Yukon lower in at birth
Newfoundland lower in at 65

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Young children and older adults as % of global population

A

Older adults (65+) growing, young children (< 5) dropping
World’s older adults almost 500 million, 2006
1 billion older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Population aged 0 – 14 and 65+, July 1, 1995 – 2035, Canada

A

o 65+ is increasing; expected to continue increasing a lot
o 0 -14 is staying constant; expect to stay fairly constant
o Number of older adults surpassing number of kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Number of years for population age 65+ to increase from 7% to 14%

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

A
  • France – 115 – 1865-1980
  • Sweden – 85 – 1890-1975
  • Australia – 73 – 1938-2011
  • US – 69 – 1944-2013
  • Canada – 65 – 1944-2009
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Number of years for population age 65+ to increase from 7% to 14%

DEVLEOPING COUNTRIES

A
  • Azerbaijan – 41 – 2000-2041
  • Chile – 27 – 1998-2025
  • China – 26 – 2000-2026
  • Some countries in between – Jamaica, Tunisia, Sri Lanka, Thailand
  • Brazil – 21 – 2011-2032
  • Columbia – 20 – 2017-2037
  • Singapore – 19 – 2000-2019 – age increase fastest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Number of years for population age 65+ to increase from 7% to 14%

OVERALL TRENDS

A

Developed countries took more time for population to age
 Population aged a while ago – late 1800s, early 1900s
Developing countries have their population age faster/ in shorter amount of time
 Aging is more recent or is projected – started in 2000s
o E.g. Columbia started 2017

When country goes through industrial revolution/ demographic transition it is considered an old country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

singapore aging population

A

Singapore – 19 yrs from 7% of population to 14% is 65+
 In 19 yrs they’re doubling
 They don’t have enough time to get country’s policies in check to serve the aging population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • Projected increase in global population, 2005-2030
A 
o	0-64 – lowest - less than 50%
o	65+ - second - 100%
o	85+ - third – 150%
o	100+ - highest – more than 400%
o	Oldest old are fastest growing group of older adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Increasing burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases, 2002-2030

o Low- and middle-income countries

A

2002
 Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions – 44%
 Noncommunicable diseases – 44%
 Injuries – 12%

2030
 CMPN conditions – 32%
 Noncommunicable diseases – 54%
 Injuries – 14%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Increasing burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases, 2002-2030

high income countries

A

2002
 CMPN conditions – 6%
 Noncommunicable diseases – 85%
 Injuries – 9%

2030
 CMPN conditions – 3%
 Noncommunicable diseases – 89%
 Injuries – 7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Increasing burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases, 2002-2030

overall trends

A

Low/ middle countries have higher rates of communicable diseases
 High do not – more developed and available tech

Rise of noncommunicable diseases is most depressing
 E.g. Parkinson’s, dementia, cancer
 Come with a lot of healthcare costs
 New pandemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Projected population decline, 2006-2030

+ trends

A 
o	Russia → -18 mil
o	Japan → -11.1 mil
o	Ukraine → -7.1 mil
o	South Africa → -5.8 mil
o	Germany → -2.9 mil

Trends
• Not enough young people to care for older adults
• People having less kids → lower fertility rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

other key global trends in population aging

A

Changing family structure
• Fewer children, fewer family supports
• What policies need to be in place to support older adults without family?

Changes in work and retirement
• More time spent in retirement – need more money
• Pensions

Social insurance programs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2011 vs 2016 population cohort + trends

A

2011
• 14.8% of Canadians were 65+
• Highest part – between 40 – 50

2016
• 16.9% of Canadians were 65+
• Highest part – 50 - 55

Trends
• Large cohort that is aging
• No longer pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

causes of population aging

A

influenced by 3 demographic processes

fertility
mortality
migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

fertility

A

Low birth rates – more people are choosing to delay childbirth
o Main force behind population aging
Baby boom followed by low fertility rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why fertility declined in the west

A

Urbanization
 Declining value + increased costs of children
in cities

Decline of family wage and consequent increase in women’s labour force participation

Increasing levels of educations, particularly for women

Women’s movement

Increasingly available and effective means to control reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

mortality

A

Low death rates – more people survive into old age

  • Compression of morbidity hypothesis
  • gender
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

compression of morbidity hypothesis

A

More people can postpone the age of onset of chronic disability

Compress the number of years we are sick
•	Present morbidity – 55 (morbidity) – 76 (death)
•	Life extension – 55 – 80
•	Shift to the right – 60 – 81
•	Compression of morbidity – 65 - 78
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

mortality - gender

A

Older women will spend proportionately more of the remaining years of their lives (32.4%) in poor health than will men (21.1%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

migration

A

 Small role in aging of a population

 People move here and bring their parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

survival curves - rectangularization

A

Advancements in tech, medicine

Advancements in sanitation, housing, overall cleanliness

Live longer so survival curve looks like a rectangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

major factors that contributed to rectangularization

A

Ancient times - 1900
- improved housing, sanitation, antiseptics

1900 - 1935
- public health, hygiene, immunization

1935 - 1950-1960
- antibiotics, improved medical practice, nutrition, health edication

1950-1960 - 1970-1980
- recent biomedical breakthroughs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

longevity quiz

A

Bad diet makes you worse, good diet makes you better
• Smoking is bad, not smoking does nothing

Add scores, divide by 5, add 84

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

risk factors vs buffers

A

risk factors - make you worse + more likely to get sick

buffers - prevent + help u live a longer life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Factors that influence aging – from longevity quiz

RISK FACTORS

A
  • Smoking
  • Previous history of heart attack or stroke
  • Family history of poor health in later years
  • Overweight
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Air pollution
  • Excessive sun exposure
  • Excessive coffee consumption
  • Irregular bowel movements
  • Charred food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

factors that influence aging - from longevity quiz

BUFFERS

A
  • Family history of longevity
  • Positive coping skills – stress
  • Social support – family that lives close enough to drop by spontaneously
  • Exercise
  • Health diet
  • Vitamins
  • Tea
  • Moderate alcohol consumption
  • Dental care – flossing daily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Leading causes of death in Canada, 2016, both sexes

A

1) Malignant neoplasms (cancer) – 29.6% - 79 084
2) Diabetes mellitus – 19.2% - 51 396
3) Alzheimer’s – 5.1% - 13 551
4) Heart diseases – 4.7% - 12 524
5) Cerebrovascular diseases – 4.6% - 12 293
6) Influenza + pneumonia – 2.6% - 6838

Accidents are 10th – 1.3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

hp in relation to old age

A

Increasing health promo behaviours → influences health in older adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

name of documentary we watched

A
  • Andrew Jenks, rm 335
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

beliefs

A

Ideas about what is true
• Based on systematic knowledge
• Assumed to be true (because that’s what we’ve been told)

Our cultural beliefs can turn out to be inaccurate or misleading

Beliefs can be used to make interferences and draw conclusions that may or may not be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

stereotypes

A

Cognition
• Stereotypes are composites of beliefs that we attribute to categories of people

Culture specific

Categorize people to reflect the value hierarchies within culture

Can be positive, negative, neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

examples of positive stereotypes

A

 Patriotism
 Wise
 Generous
 Story-teller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

exmaples of negative stereotypes

A 
	Forgetful
	Poor drivers
	Dependent on family
	Inflexible
	Old fashioned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

aging in mass media

A

o Televisions – most important
o Feature films
o Print journalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

age prejudice/ ageism

A

Cognition and emotion

Negative attitudes toward older adults based on belief that aging makes people:
•	Unattractive
•	Unintelligent
•	Asexual
•	Unemployable
•	Mentally incompetent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

age discrimination

A

Behaviour

Treating people in an unjustly negative manner because of their chronological age (or appearance of age) and for no other reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Language-based age discrimination

A

– Gendron et al, 2016

Tweet about what you learned from your older adult mentor, then analyzed the tweets

Found that tweets were great opportunity to examine subtle language-based discrimination that captures age bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

THEMES

A 
Assumptions/ judgements
Older ppl as different
Uncharacteristic characteristics
"Old" as a negative
"Young" as a positive
Infantilizing
Internalized ageism
Internalized microaggression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

ASSUMPTIONS + JUDGEMENTS

A

Generalizations about older people based on assumptions and judgements

E.g. older patients don’t have many opportunities for touch, so give hugs!
 Assuming that older adults are socially isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

OLDER PEOPLE AS DIFF

A

Characterizes older people are thought of as different from other people

E.g. made me realize the importance of treating the elderly with the same attitude and approach as treating younger patients
 That we treat people differently based on age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

UNCHARACTERISTIC CHARACTERISTICS

A

Characterizes certain behaviour as unusual or outside the norm for an older person

E.g. 94 years old and still sharp as a tack! “Honey, you take Plavix”
 Age bias, wow you’re 94

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

OLD AS A NEGATIVE

A

Describes “old” as bad or a negative place or state

E.g. Just had an intriguing convo with a new friend, who just happens to be 80 years young
 Made it to 80 is an achievement, not something bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

YOUNG AS A POSITIVE

A

Describes looking and acting “young” as a positive attribute

E.g. It’s all about attitude. Her infectiously positive outlook is what keeps her looking younger every day
 Desire to look young
 Always searching for fountain of youth – ads for anti-aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

INFANTILIZING

A

Expresses childlike attributes

E.g. What a sweet woman! I especially love her little winks
 As if talking to a baby or pet – elder speak, secondary baby talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

INTERNALIZED AGEISM

A

Described ingroup discrimination

Older adults made judgements, assumptions, or denied commonality with other group members

E.g. There is still so much to learn, even at my age!
 Older adults are saying negative things
 Not wise yet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Language-based age discrimination – Gendron et al, 2016

INTERNALIZED MICROAGRESSION

A

Described ingroup discrimination that communicated hostility, derogatory, or negative slights and insults

E.g. Hang in there. We need people who are interested in someone older than themselves. I do not say the elderly, for that’s a naughty word. O-L-D and F-A-T are worse than four letter words
 Older adults are saying negative things
 Talks about insults, very subtle microaggressions
o Has subtle impact on one’s sense of self

67
Q

5 areas of age bias in healthcare

A

1) Healthcare professionals were ill-prepared to adequately care for older adults
2) Older adults rarely received preventative care
3) Older adults did not receive appropriate screening or preventative measures
4) Older adults, because of their age, were excluded from proven medical interventions
5) Older adults were excluded from clinical trials

68
Q

social disengagement

A

Process (slowly happens) through which society loses interest in and no longer seeks older individuals’ efforts or involvement

•	Older people no longer considered for leadership in organizations     	E.g. tell them you’re retiring, they won’t really ask you for help or your input after
•	Employers may no longer want their labour    •	Unions many not be interested in their financial problems
•	Government may not be responsive to needs of OA
69
Q

age stratification

A

Population is divided intro age strata such as youth, adulthood, and old age

Inequalities, differences, segregation, or conflict between age strata influence age relations
• No longer integrated

Age grading sorts people into age strata and channels them through age-graded roles and opportunity structures

70
Q

structural lag

A

Riley & Riley, 1989

Mismatch between role opportunities and capacities/ strength

Rebuttal to model of successful aging
• Model says our older adults look different – they’re doing things + excited about life + active
 But they don’t have enough opportunities – role opportunities
 Mismatch between their abilities/ strengths and the opportunities

age differentiated + age integrated states

71
Q

Age differentiated states

A
  • Young – education
  • Middle-aged – work
  • Old – leisure
72
Q

age integrated states

A

• Have education, work, and leisure spread across life

Do all three at same time

73
Q

encountering OA

A

Encounter older adult
→ recognition of old age cues
→ stereotyped expectations

74
Q

old age cues

A
  • Physical signs
  • Clothing/ aids
  • Social roles
  • Social context
  • Communication
75
Q

stereotyped expectations

A
  • Incompetence & dependency
  • Emotional instaibiltiy
  • Cognitive decline
  • Hearing defecit
  • Focus on negative stereotypes only
76
Q

Consequences of stereotypes for communication

A

o Encounter older adult → recognition of old age cues → steroetyped expectations → modified speech behaviour
o Modified speech behaviour (patronizing communication)

77
Q

modified speech beh / patronizing communication

A

Over-accommodation to older adults

Based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence

Paradox of over-accommodation
 Come in with good intentions, but by over-accommodating our good intentions, they have negative impacts

78
Q

Psycholinguistic features of patronizing speech/ elderspeak/ secondary baby talk

A

verbal

non-verbal

79
Q

Psycholinguistic features of patronizing speech/ elderspeak/ secondary baby talk

VERBAL

A

Vocabulary
 E.g. over-inclusive “we” (shall we get our shirt on?)
Grammar
 Repetitions, orders, low grammatical complexity
Forms of address
 Nicknames, 1st names, terms of endearment
Topic management
 Restricted, exaggerated praise – good girl/ good job

80
Q

Psycholinguistic features of patronizing speech/ elderspeak/ secondary baby talk

NON VERBAL

A
  • Voice → slow, high pitch, exaggerated intonation
  • Gaze → little eye contact, look down
  • Proximity → too close
  • Facial expression → raised eyebrows
  • Gestures → shake head, shrug shoulders, hands on hit, cross arms
  • Touch → pat head
81
Q

patronizing communication

A

Exists in nursing homes (for all residents, regardless of cognitive ability)
Used by staff with more negative attitudes toward aging
• Low expectations of older adults and lower functional status
 Staff view baby talk as positive
 Assume older adults prefer baby talk and that it is effective

82
Q

Nurse (patronizing vs neutral) – OA interactions

A

Evaluations of nurse → less respectful, less nurturing, satisfied with encounter

Evaluations of OA → less satisfied with encounter

83
Q

outcomes of modified speech beh

A

Stereotyped expectations can create a self-fulfilling prophecy of older adults (reinforce dependecy)
• Self-fulling prophecy – someone tells you something and you start to believe it and at that way → results in the thing happening

Internalizing negative stereotypes and self-perception

More exposure to elderspeak → lower self-esteem

84
Q

modified speech beh - what’s not helpful

A
  • Complex sentences
  • Short sentences
  • High pitch
  • Slow speech
85
Q

modified speech beh - what’s helpful

A
  • Repitions
  • Paraphrasing
  • Simple sentences
86
Q

Implications of stereotypes on health of older adults – self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Stereotypes affect cognitive and physical functioning of older adults

(Subliminal) exposure to negative stereotypes
 Poor performance on memory tests
 Higher blood pressure and heart rates
 Decline in handwriting ability

87
Q

Impact of stereotypes on middle-aged adults – self-fulfilling prophecy

A

3 groups of middle-aged men and women (aged 48 – 62)

1) Told they were part of a study including people over 70
 Indirect reminder of link between age and memory loss

2) Told they were competing against people in their 20s
3) Told nothing (control group)

Evaluated performance on a word-recall memory test
• Study a list of 30 words for 2 min, then recall words

88
Q

middle-aged adults self-fulfilling prophecy results

A

Worst group was # 1 – linked to 70+
• Stereotype threat
• Group w 70+ → made them feel connected to them that threat, power of suggestion that they’re associated with older people
• Ones with 20s → made them feel young

89
Q

Communication predicament of aging (CPA)

A

descriptive model

  • encounter old person
  • recognize old age cues
  • stereotyped expectations
  • modified speech beh

Outcomes: reinforce stereotypes, less self esteem, negative

90
Q

communication enhancement model (CEM)

A

prescriptive model – how healthcare providers should care for OA
o Health promo perspective
o Individuals needs vs stereotypic expectations

  • encounter old person
  • recognize cues on individual basis
  • modify communication to meet individual needs
  • individual assessment for multi-focused interventions

Outcomes: empowerment, max. communication, overall effective + good

91
Q

3 key areas of CEM

A
  • Appropriate speech accommodation
  • Supportive physical environment
  • Positive social environment
92
Q

impact of positive self-perceptions

A

Positive self-perceptions
• Better functional health
• Lived almost 8 years longer

Subliminal exposure to positive age stereotypes
• Improvement in motor function

93
Q

Patterns of communication in old age – Baltes & Wahl study

A

Long-term care home
Target person → older adult
Social partner → nursing staff

E.g. resident tries to start card game with other (independent prosocial act), and a staff member applauds his effort (an engagement supportive act)

94
Q

Patterns of communication in old age – Baltes & Wahl study

BEH OF TARGET PERSON

A
  • Sleeping
  • Constructiveley engaged behaviour
  • Destructiven engaged behaviour
  • Nonengaged behaviour
  • Independent self-care behaviour
  • Dependent self-care behaviour
95
Q

Patterns of communication in old age – Baltes & Wahl study

BEH OF SOCIAL PARTNER

A
  • Engagement-supportive behaviour
  • Non-engagement-supportive behaviour
  • Independence-supportive behaviour
  • Dependence-supportive behaviour
  • No response
  • Leaving
96
Q

Patterns of communication in old age – Baltes & Wahl study

DYADIC FORM OF BEH

A 
•	Suggestion, command, request
            	Most common among social partners (nursing 
                 staff)
•	Intention
•	Compliance, cooperation
           	Most common among older adults
•	Refusal, resistance
•	Conversation
•	Miscellaneous other
97
Q

Patterns of communication in old age – Baltes & Wahl study

Social behavioural analyses of the dependence-support script

A

Dependent behaviours → supported/ attended with imemdiate positive reactions

Independent behaviours
 Ignored in nursing home settings
 Followed by both independence-supportive behaviours (private dwellings)

Makes OA unsure about consequences of independent behaviour
Mixed messages
• OA complied with requests the most and these requests were often aimes at the exhibition of dependent behaviours
 E.g. Oh, I’ll do that for you → even though OA is capable of doing it

98
Q

Patterns of communication in old age – Baltes & Wahl study

Modification of dependency-support script

A

Goals of intervention (training program)
 Change behaviour of social partners (staff)
o Increase responsivity to independent behaviours
 Evaluate consequences of such a change

Intervention
	Participants had to design, conduct, and evaluate a behaviour modification program
	Taught nursing home staff:
           o	Communication skills
           o	Information about aging
           o	Behaviour management skills

Design and results
 Pre-post control group design to examine the change in behaviour
 Observed an increase in independent-supportive behaviours among staff → increase in independent behaviour among older adults
 Intervention was focused on the “social environment” (i.e. nurses) and not on the older adults

99
Q

personhood and dementia

A

o Communication predicament of aging model
o Social context – long-term care (LTC) facility
o Communication enhancing strategies
• Personhood
• Simple sentences/ repitition
o Participants – 71 staff members
o Method – vignette evaluation

100
Q

personhood condition results

A

Staff rated positively
o Verbal/ nonverbal characteristics
o Competent, respectful, satisfied

Resident rated positively
o Competent, satisfied with conversation
o More likely to actively engage, more able to participate in daily activities

101
Q

Personhood + simple sentences/ repitition

A

Strengthened effect of personhood
o Staff – less patronizing
o Resident – more competent

102
Q

person hood + dementia results meaning

A

Communication matters
 Include “person”
 Learn their individual preferences

Simple does not mean short
 Short sentences are not helpful
 Simple = easy to understand/ process

Paraphrase/ repeat
 When residents with dementia do not understand

Using communication enhancing strategies
 Helpful to both staff and residents
 Enhances quality of care

103
Q

intervention using CEM model

A

Pre and post-training recordings
3 – one-hour communication training sessions
• Limited lecture, group discussion, and role play to practice new skills
• Goal → reduce elderspeak in nursing home
Measures
• Diminutives (honey, good girl, etc.), inappropriate collective pronouns (our shirt, are we going to take a shower)
• Mean length of utterance

104
Q

CEM model intervention effects

A

Pretraining
 Lots of diminutives
 Lots of collective pronouns
 Higher mean length in words – saying more words

Post-training
 Use almost no diminutives
 Less collective pronouns
 Smaller mean length in words – more concise

105
Q

CEM model intervention take home messages

A

Age cues elicit stereotyped expectations
Speech is inappropriately modified as a result stereotypes
 Patronizing speech
Patronizing speech has negative health outcomes for older adults
Goal → monitor and adjust communication with older adults to reflect actual needs
Outcomes → enahnced interactions and relationships

106
Q

Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging

A

Controversial model

Successful aging
• Maximize physical + mental abilities
• Minimize risk + disability
• Engage in active life

107
Q

Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging

WHERE THEY GOT THE DATA

A 
Data from health &amp; retirement study from US
•	No major disease
•	No limitation in ADL
•	Ability to perform variety of tasks
•	Telephone-based cognitive assessment
108
Q

Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging

CRITIQUES

A

1) What’s left out

Doesn’t account for people who have impairments/ disabilities & how they adapted
 E.g. visual impairment – adapt by using glasses
Can you be successful ager if you have Parkinson’s?

2) Matilda Riley was upset about this model

Key predictor of successful aging is childhood social class + income
 Not captured by Rowe and Kahn
Doesn’t talk about psychological aspects of aging

109
Q

WHO definition of active aging

A

All of these contribute to active aging:

  • gender
  • culture
  • economic det
  • social det
  • personal det
  • behavioural det
  • physical environment
  • health + social services
110
Q

WHO vs Rowe + Kahn

A

WHO uses more social determinants + other determinants

Rowe and Kahn too individualistic
• Blames victim if they have disability
• WHO model is more holistic

111
Q

2 types of physical aging

A

primary aging

secondary aging

112
Q

primary aging

A

“Normal” aging

Senescence
 Has negative connotation

Progressive decline in physical function due to increasing age
 E.g. decline in cardiac function

113
Q

secondary aging

A

Deterioration that is mediated by :

Disease (e.g. diabetes)
Harmful environment / lifestyle factors
o E.g. smoking, or life time sun exposure → skin
cancer
Smoking & sun top 2 ways to look older

114
Q

age changes must be

A

Universal
Intrinsic
 Decline not due to environmental – due to age or
genetics
Progressive (e.g. dementia – gradual, getting worse)
Irreversible
Deleterious - leads to loss of function

Important to understand what changes are age-associated and what might be treatable
• E.g. take it easy, it’s normal aging

115
Q

we become shorter w age because:

A

Cumulative effects of gravity in the spine – especially disks

Musculoskeletal changes
 Loss of bone material in vertebrae → weakening of vertebrae → spine collapses and shortens

Osteoporosis

Poor posture

116
Q

age-related changes in the muscle

A

o Fat-free mass (FFM) decreases
o Body mass index (BMI) increases
o Muscle strength diminishes, but exercise can help
o Loss of muscle mass with age
o Loss of muscles → greater proportion of fat

117
Q

Loss of muscle mass with age

A

Basal metabolic (number of calories body burns at rest) slows with age

Fewer calories are needed

Sarcopenia – loss of skeletal muscle mass
 May be due to age or factors like decreased activity
 Major risk factor for falls

118
Q

Loss of muscles → greater proportion of fat

A

Weight loss in older adults can be due to loss of muscle, not loss of fat

Loss of activity level

119
Q

Isometric vs Isotonic contractions

Energy requirements (from most energy to least)

A
  • Concentric
  • Isometric – no major age-related changes
  • Eccentric – no major age-related changes
120
Q

bone building/ bone breakdown

A

Reduction in bone strength and mass make bones more susceptible to fractures

Rate of bone building (formation) is not keeping up the pace with rate of bone breakdown (re absorption)

121
Q

bone density pictures

basically bone diseases + strength (strongest/ healthiest) to least

A

Normal bone
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis

122
Q

cartilage

A

Supports the skeleton

Surfaces become rougher in joint areas
 → decreased flexibility and cushioning of normal cartilage → bones rub against each other → pain and restriction of joint movement

Water content in cartilage decreases → restrict flexibility

123
Q

change in cartilage may be due to

A

Wear-and-tear

Internal process – sedentary people also have problems (couch potatoes)

Normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal system

124
Q

physical changes of aging summary

A
  • decreased height
  • decreased range of motion in some joints
  • increase in postural sway - difficulty w balance
  • shrinking of vertebral discs
  • loss of bone mass
  • altered bone remodeling
  • decreases in lean body mass
  • muscle atrophy esp w disuse
  • joint degeneration w arthiritic changes
  • foot problems (bunions, corns, callouses) -> falls, gait problems
125
Q

Age-related structural changes

cardiovascular

A

Heart size =/= change with age

  • Increase in fatty tissues
  • Decreased efficiency in heart muscle’s ability to contract
  • ↓ maximum heart rate – during heavy exercise
  • ↓ stroke volume - amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in single contraction (per beat)
  • ↓ ejection fraction - % of blood leaving heart during contraction
  • ↓ oxygen uptake (or consumption)
126
Q

age-related functional changes

cardiovascular

A

Longer recovery – heart needs longer rest period between beats

Decline in cardiac output - ↓

Changes in arteries and veins - ↑ rigidity
• Heart works harder to move blood to body – increase bp
• Slower returns of venous blood to heart – stagnation of venous blood, varicose veins, clots in veins

127
Q

Age-related changes in respiratory system

A

Loss of strength in muscles involved in inhaling/ exhaling

Increased stiffness of chest wall

Implications
 Less blood flow in the lungs
 More pressure in pulmonary artery

128
Q

lungs - age-related changes

A
  • Smaller
  • Flabbier
  • Decrease in weight
  • Lungs have less elastic recoil
  • Decrease in vital capacity (volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled)
  • Increase in residual volume (amount of air remaining in lungs after max expiration)
  • Blood vessels – more fibrous, less elastic
  • Pulmonary artery – thicker, larger
129
Q

structure of alveoli changes w age

A

Walls get thinner

Fewer blood capillaries available for O2 – CO2 exchange

Surface area decreases by up to 20%

130
Q

structure of alveoli changes w age - Surface area decreases by up to 20%

A

Reduces maximal O2 uptake by as much as 55% by age 85

o	O2 uptake – volume of air that can be moved in/ out by forced voluntary breathing

Implications

o Increased levels of CO2 and decreased levels of O2 in blood → less oxygen to vital organs → respiratory conditions, sleep disorders

131
Q

nephron

A

Basic unit of kidney
1 million nephrons in kidney

Parts
• Small blood vessel (brings in unfiltered blood)
• Glomerulus (filters blood)
• Tubule (carries filtered waste in urine)
• Small blood vessel (returns filtered blood of body)

132
Q

structural changes in kidneys

A

Blood vessels
• Smaller, thicker
• Reduce blood flow through kidneys and decrease glomerular filtration rate

Ureter, bladder, urethra = lose elasticity and muscle tone → incomplete emptying of bladder → increased post-void residual

Decline in bladder capacity → less urine stored in bladder

133
Q

Decline in bladder capacity → less urine stored in bladder

A

More frequent urination (esp at night)

Signal to urinate might be delayed until bladder is almost full → incontinence

Incontinence – one of major reasons people go into nursing homes
o Loss of dignity, shame, brings images of babies who can’t control their bladder
o Demoralizing event

134
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Non-malignant (non-cancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland

May compress the urethra which goes through center of prostate
• Impedes urine flow from bladder through urethra to the outside
• Urine – backs up in the bladder (retention) – need to urinate frequently during the day and night

135
Q

urinary incontinence

A

Involuntary passing of urine in quantities that constitute a social and/ or health problem

Major reasons for nursing home relocation

Older adults – not likely to report problems

Not part of normal aging
• Having to pee a lot is normal part of aging, incontinence is not

2 types: chronic, urge incontinence

136
Q

chronic incontinence

A

Stress incontinence

Involuntary passage of urine – laugh, cough, sneeze, during exercise

Cause – weakened muscles in external sphincter/ pelvic floor
- Increased intra-abdominal pressure

Affects women under age 60; men after prostate surgery

137
Q

urge incontinence

A

Can’t delay voiding after the perception that bladder is full
o Sudden need to urinate and may even leak urine

Overactive bladder and loses large amounts of urine
o Accidents happen – day + night

More urine passed compared to stress incontinence

Causes
o May be due to urinary tract infection or to CNS impairment following a stroke
o Detrusor instability, internal sphincter weakness

138
Q

age-related reproductive changes - females

A

Occurrence of the climacteric → menopause
• Ovulation gradually stops

Vaginal walls – thinner, drier, less elastic, shrink

Sexual intercourse can be uncomfortable

Increased time to arousal – takes longer

Decreased secretion of estrogen

Loss of elasticity

139
Q

age-related reproductive changes - females

Sexual intercourse can be uncomfortable

A
  • Decrease in blood flow

* Decrease in amount of vaginal lubrication produced

140
Q

age-related reproductive changes - females

Decreased secretion of estrogen

A

• Ovaries decrease in size (by 50%) and weight
• Uterus decreases in size and weight
 Becomes more fibrous
• Contributes to bone weakening → osteoporosis

141
Q

age-related reproductive changes - females

loss of elasticity

A

Ligaments supporting ovaries and uterus

Skin
 Loses elasticity, amount of fat tissue in breasts decrease → loss of firmness and sagging of breasts and other body tissues

Muscle and glandular tone diminish

142
Q

age-related reproductive changes - males

A

Fewer viable sperm are produced and motility of sperm decreases

Amount and consistency of semen changes

Andropause
• Decrease in testosterone levels occur with age

Testes – less firm and smaller

Fertility still possible in older men

143
Q

Fertility still possible in older men

A

• May experience decreased libido
• Erection less firm
 Often need direct stimulation to retain rigidity
 Erectile dysfunction is not normal part of aging
• Longer time to ejaculation
• Difficult or delayed ejaculation
• Ejaculatory force is diminished
• Lengthening refractory period
• Prostate enlargement
 May compress urethra and inhibit or prevent flow of urine

144
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

Lack of ability to achieve or maintain and erection adequate for satisfactory sexual functioning

Erection is:
 Too soft for intercourse
 Too brief
 Cannot achieve at all

Increases with age

Main cause of men withdrawing from sexual activity

145
Q

how an erection happens

A

Physical/ mental stimulation
→ nerves in brain send messages to genital nerves
→ penile blood vessels dilate
→ pressure of blood flow traps blood within corpora cavernosa
→ penis expands
→ erection

146
Q

erectile dysfunction happens because:

A

Not due to aging, but due to physiological conditions
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Artherosclerosis
• Kidney and liver disease
• Medication
• Other conditions (e.g. alcoholism, smoking, recreational drugs)

Psychological factors
• Depression, anxiety
• Relationship problems
• Fear of failure, self-esteem

147
Q

Lens

A

Visual accommodation – lens change shape (flatten or bulge) for sharp vision

Accommodation declines – ability to change shape declines

148
Q

close vision

A

Light rays from close objects diverge and require more refraction for focusing

Ciliary muscles contract, lens bulges to focus light rays from near object so they fall on retina

149
Q

distant vision

A

Light rays from distant objects are early parallel and don’t need as much refraction to bring them to focus

Ciliary muscles relax, lens flattens

150
Q

age changes in lens

A
  • Width of lens increases by approx. 50% by age 80
  • Thicker, less elastic
  • Denser (and more opaque, yellow)
  • Farsightedness (see far, but not close e.g. reading) – increases with age – called presbyopia
  • Reduced pliability of lens
151
Q

lens becomes denser / cloudier

A

Refractive ability is impaired – changes in colour vision

  • Can’t discriminate between darker colours (dark blues/ greens)
  • Compensate by using bright colours
  • Caution – problems with discriminating colours can be misconstrued as problem w self-care or dementia (wearing mismatched or dirty clothes)

Cloudy/ opaque lens → cataract

  • Cataract very common, but not normal part of aging
  • Most common age-related disorder of the eye
152
Q

reduced pliability of lens

A

 Hard to focus, hard to see objects up close

 Contributes to presbyopia

153
Q

cataracts

A

o Most common age-related disorder of the eye
o Cloudy, yellow, or opaque lens
o Interferes with light rays passing through lens

154
Q

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

A

o Destroys sharp, central vision

o AMD affects the macula
• Damage to photoreceptors in macula
• Part of eye that allows you to see fine detail
• Located in center of retina

o AMD causes no pain

155
Q

glaucoma

A

o Cause – buildup of intraocular eye pressure → damages retina and optic nerve → blindness

o Slow progression; symptoms not noticeable

o Contributing factors
• Family history
• Diabetes
• Some medications

156
Q

age-related changes in hearing

A

Presbycusis affects ability to understand speech

Can hear sounds, but can’t discriminate words or comprehend what is being said

Hearing loss esp for high pitched sounds
- Normal aspect of aging

Cochlea and auditory nerve creates sound distortion

Common form of sensorineural impairment
 Possible causes – repeated exposure to daily traffic sounds or construction work, noisy offices, equipment that produces noise, and loud music

157
Q

consequences of hearing problems

A

o Socal withdrawal
o Mental health – isolated, depressed
o Safety – cat hear warning sounds/ alarms
o Misunderstood conversations → suspiciousness, paranoia, alienation, frequent disagreements with others
o Labeled as confused/ demented
o Paranoid behaviour due t inappropriate actions based on missed info
• E.g. everyone laughs at joke but OA thinks that everyone is laughing at him/ her
o Fatigue

158
Q

how to recognize if someone cannot hear well

A 
o	Talk loudly
o	Turn head so best ear is towards a sound
o	Eyes focus on speaker’s lips (lip reading)
o	Ask people to repeat what w said
o	Blank look
o	Withdrawal from social events
o	Increased impatience in convo
o	Respond inappropriately during a convo
o	Not reacting to a loud noise
159
Q

age-related changes to skin senses

A

o Some loss of skin receptors (esp hands and feet)
o Higher threshold of stimulation (less sensitive) in remaining receptors
o Safety implications
• Burns – problems perceiving temp
• Falls – receptors on soles of feet don’t function well
• Difficulty assessing how much pressure to exert
 E.g. hold glass or fork without dropping it
 Worried about being clumsy → avoid social
situations
o Touch = mode of communication (esp of feelings)
• Can improve communcaiton with OA, esp those with verbal communication problems

160
Q

how to tell if person has poor sense of touch

A

o Withdrawal or avoidance of acitivies usually enjoyed – e.g. sewing, playing with pet
o Extremes in feeling pain - either not feeling pain or overreacting to slight pain
o Showing no response to pressure
o Grasping objects tightly

161
Q

garry’s glasses in class demonstration

A

cataracts

162
Q

how loud is too loud?

A
  • Exposure to excess noises is main cause of hearing loss
  • Going to a concert is ok bc u don’t go every day, working in construction w jackhammer is bad
raindrops
normal convo
busy city traffic
hair dryers
rock concerts
chainsaws
iPod at peak volume
jack hammers
gunshot/ fireworks
163
Q

stats on how many ppl are 65+

A

In 2006, almost 500 million people worldwide
were 65+

By 2030, that total is projected to
increase to 1 billion—1/ 8 of the earth’s inhabitants

hs 2711 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions