midterm Flashcards

Question

Number of years for population age 65+ to increase from 7% to 14% OVERALL TRENDS

Answer 1

Developed countries took more time for population to age  Population aged a while ago – late 1800s, early 1900s Developing countries have their population age faster/ in shorter amount of time  Aging is more recent or is projected – started in 2000s o E.g. Columbia started 2017 When country goes through industrial revolution/ demographic transition it is considered an old country

Answer 2

Singapore – 19 yrs from 7% of population to 14% is 65+  In 19 yrs they’re doubling  They don’t have enough time to get country’s policies in check to serve the aging population

Answer 3

``` o 0-64 – lowest - less than 50% o 65+ - second - 100% o 85+ - third – 150% o 100+ - highest – more than 400% o Oldest old are fastest growing group of older adults ```

Answer 4

2002  Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions – 44%  Noncommunicable diseases – 44%  Injuries – 12% 2030  CMPN conditions – 32%  Noncommunicable diseases – 54%  Injuries – 14%

Answer 5

2002  CMPN conditions – 6%  Noncommunicable diseases – 85%  Injuries – 9% 2030  CMPN conditions – 3%  Noncommunicable diseases – 89%  Injuries – 7%

Answer 6

Low/ middle countries have higher rates of communicable diseases  High do not – more developed and available tech Rise of noncommunicable diseases is most depressing  E.g. Parkinson’s, dementia, cancer  Come with a lot of healthcare costs  New pandemic

Answer 7

``` o Russia → -18 mil o Japan → -11.1 mil o Ukraine → -7.1 mil o South Africa → -5.8 mil o Germany → -2.9 mil ``` Trends • Not enough young people to care for older adults • People having less kids → lower fertility rates

Answer 8

Changing family structure • Fewer children, fewer family supports • What policies need to be in place to support older adults without family? Changes in work and retirement • More time spent in retirement – need more money • Pensions Social insurance programs

Answer 9

2011 • 14.8% of Canadians were 65+ • Highest part – between 40 – 50 2016 • 16.9% of Canadians were 65+ • Highest part – 50 - 55 Trends • Large cohort that is aging • No longer pyramids

Answer 10

influenced by 3 demographic processes fertility mortality migration

Answer 11

Low birth rates – more people are choosing to delay childbirth o Main force behind population aging Baby boom followed by low fertility rates

Answer 12

Urbanization  Declining value + increased costs of children in cities Decline of family wage and consequent increase in women’s labour force participation Increasing levels of educations, particularly for women Women’s movement Increasingly available and effective means to control reproduction

Answer 13

Low death rates – more people survive into old age - Compression of morbidity hypothesis - gender

Answer 14

More people can postpone the age of onset of chronic disability ``` Compress the number of years we are sick • Present morbidity – 55 (morbidity) – 76 (death) • Life extension – 55 – 80 • Shift to the right – 60 – 81 • Compression of morbidity – 65 - 78 ```

Answer 15

Older women will spend proportionately more of the remaining years of their lives (32.4%) in poor health than will men (21.1%)

Answer 16

 Small role in aging of a population |  People move here and bring their parents

Answer 17

Advancements in tech, medicine Advancements in sanitation, housing, overall cleanliness Live longer so survival curve looks like a rectangular

Answer 18

Ancient times - 1900 - improved housing, sanitation, antiseptics 1900 - 1935 - public health, hygiene, immunization 1935 - 1950-1960 - antibiotics, improved medical practice, nutrition, health edication 1950-1960 - 1970-1980 - recent biomedical breakthroughs

Answer 19

Bad diet makes you worse, good diet makes you better • Smoking is bad, not smoking does nothing Add scores, divide by 5, add 84

Answer 20

risk factors - make you worse + more likely to get sick | buffers - prevent + help u live a longer life

Answer 21

* Smoking * Previous history of heart attack or stroke * Family history of poor health in later years * Overweight * Excessive alcohol consumption * Air pollution * Excessive sun exposure * Excessive coffee consumption * Irregular bowel movements * Charred food

Answer 22

* Family history of longevity * Positive coping skills – stress * Social support – family that lives close enough to drop by spontaneously * Exercise * Health diet * Vitamins * Tea * Moderate alcohol consumption * Dental care – flossing daily

Answer 23

1) Malignant neoplasms (cancer) – 29.6% - 79 084 2) Diabetes mellitus – 19.2% - 51 396 3) Alzheimer’s – 5.1% - 13 551 4) Heart diseases – 4.7% - 12 524 5) Cerebrovascular diseases – 4.6% - 12 293 6) Influenza + pneumonia – 2.6% - 6838 Accidents are 10th – 1.3%

Answer 24

Increasing health promo behaviours → influences health in older adulthood

Answer 25

- Andrew Jenks, rm 335

Answer 26

Ideas about what is true • Based on systematic knowledge • Assumed to be true (because that’s what we’ve been told) Our cultural beliefs can turn out to be inaccurate or misleading Beliefs can be used to make interferences and draw conclusions that may or may not be true

Answer 27

Cognition • Stereotypes are composites of beliefs that we attribute to categories of people Culture specific Categorize people to reflect the value hierarchies within culture Can be positive, negative, neutral

Answer 28

 Patriotism  Wise  Generous  Story-teller

Answer 29

```  Forgetful  Poor drivers  Dependent on family  Inflexible  Old fashioned ```

Answer 30

o Televisions – most important o Feature films o Print journalism

Answer 31

Cognition and emotion ``` Negative attitudes toward older adults based on belief that aging makes people: • Unattractive • Unintelligent • Asexual • Unemployable • Mentally incompetent ```

Answer 32

Behaviour Treating people in an unjustly negative manner because of their chronological age (or appearance of age) and for no other reason

Answer 33

– Gendron et al, 2016 Tweet about what you learned from your older adult mentor, then analyzed the tweets Found that tweets were great opportunity to examine subtle language-based discrimination that captures age bias

Answer 34

``` Assumptions/ judgements Older ppl as different Uncharacteristic characteristics "Old" as a negative "Young" as a positive Infantilizing Internalized ageism Internalized microaggression ```

Answer 35

Generalizations about older people based on assumptions and judgements E.g. older patients don’t have many opportunities for touch, so give hugs!  Assuming that older adults are socially isolated

Answer 36

Characterizes older people are thought of as different from other people E.g. made me realize the importance of treating the elderly with the same attitude and approach as treating younger patients  That we treat people differently based on age

Answer 37

Characterizes certain behaviour as unusual or outside the norm for an older person E.g. 94 years old and still sharp as a tack! “Honey, you take Plavix”  Age bias, wow you’re 94

Answer 38

Describes “old” as bad or a negative place or state E.g. Just had an intriguing convo with a new friend, who just happens to be 80 years young  Made it to 80 is an achievement, not something bad

Answer 39

Describes looking and acting “young” as a positive attribute E.g. It’s all about attitude. Her infectiously positive outlook is what keeps her looking younger every day  Desire to look young  Always searching for fountain of youth – ads for anti-aging

Answer 40

Expresses childlike attributes E.g. What a sweet woman! I especially love her little winks  As if talking to a baby or pet – elder speak, secondary baby talk

Answer 41

Described ingroup discrimination Older adults made judgements, assumptions, or denied commonality with other group members E.g. There is still so much to learn, even at my age!  Older adults are saying negative things  Not wise yet

Answer 42

Described ingroup discrimination that communicated hostility, derogatory, or negative slights and insults E.g. Hang in there. We need people who are interested in someone older than themselves. I do not say the elderly, for that’s a naughty word. O-L-D and F-A-T are worse than four letter words  Older adults are saying negative things  Talks about insults, very subtle microaggressions o Has subtle impact on one’s sense of self

Answer 43

1) Healthcare professionals were ill-prepared to adequately care for older adults 2) Older adults rarely received preventative care 3) Older adults did not receive appropriate screening or preventative measures 4) Older adults, because of their age, were excluded from proven medical interventions 5) Older adults were excluded from clinical trials

Answer 44

Process (slowly happens) through which society loses interest in and no longer seeks older individuals’ efforts or involvement • Older people no longer considered for leadership in organizations  E.g. tell them you’re retiring, they won’t really ask you for help or your input after • Employers may no longer want their labour • Unions many not be interested in their financial problems • Government may not be responsive to needs of OA

Answer 45

Population is divided intro age strata such as youth, adulthood, and old age Inequalities, differences, segregation, or conflict between age strata influence age relations • No longer integrated Age grading sorts people into age strata and channels them through age-graded roles and opportunity structures

Answer 46

Riley & Riley, 1989 Mismatch between role opportunities and capacities/ strength Rebuttal to model of successful aging • Model says our older adults look different – they’re doing things + excited about life + active  But they don’t have enough opportunities – role opportunities  Mismatch between their abilities/ strengths and the opportunities age differentiated + age integrated states

Answer 47

* Young – education * Middle-aged – work * Old – leisure

Answer 48

• Have education, work, and leisure spread across life Do all three at same time

Answer 49

Encounter older adult → recognition of old age cues → stereotyped expectations

Answer 50

* Physical signs * Clothing/ aids * Social roles * Social context * Communication

Answer 51

* Incompetence & dependency * Emotional instaibiltiy * Cognitive decline * Hearing defecit * Focus on negative stereotypes only

Answer 52

o Encounter older adult → recognition of old age cues → steroetyped expectations → modified speech behaviour o Modified speech behaviour (patronizing communication)

Answer 53

Over-accommodation to older adults Based on stereotypes of incompetence and dependence Paradox of over-accommodation  Come in with good intentions, but by over-accommodating our good intentions, they have negative impacts

Answer 54

verbal | non-verbal

Answer 55

Vocabulary  E.g. over-inclusive “we” (shall we get our shirt on?) Grammar  Repetitions, orders, low grammatical complexity Forms of address  Nicknames, 1st names, terms of endearment Topic management  Restricted, exaggerated praise – good girl/ good job

Answer 56

* Voice → slow, high pitch, exaggerated intonation * Gaze → little eye contact, look down * Proximity → too close * Facial expression → raised eyebrows * Gestures → shake head, shrug shoulders, hands on hit, cross arms * Touch → pat head

Answer 57

Exists in nursing homes (for all residents, regardless of cognitive ability) Used by staff with more negative attitudes toward aging • Low expectations of older adults and lower functional status  Staff view baby talk as positive  Assume older adults prefer baby talk and that it is effective

Answer 58

Evaluations of nurse → less respectful, less nurturing, satisfied with encounter Evaluations of OA → less satisfied with encounter

Answer 59

Stereotyped expectations can create a self-fulfilling prophecy of older adults (reinforce dependecy) • Self-fulling prophecy – someone tells you something and you start to believe it and at that way → results in the thing happening Internalizing negative stereotypes and self-perception More exposure to elderspeak → lower self-esteem

Answer 60

* Complex sentences * Short sentences * High pitch * Slow speech

Answer 61

* Repitions * Paraphrasing * Simple sentences

Answer 62

Stereotypes affect cognitive and physical functioning of older adults (Subliminal) exposure to negative stereotypes  Poor performance on memory tests  Higher blood pressure and heart rates  Decline in handwriting ability

Answer 63

3 groups of middle-aged men and women (aged 48 – 62) 1) Told they were part of a study including people over 70  Indirect reminder of link between age and memory loss 2) Told they were competing against people in their 20s 3) Told nothing (control group) Evaluated performance on a word-recall memory test • Study a list of 30 words for 2 min, then recall words

Answer 64

Worst group was # 1 – linked to 70+ • Stereotype threat • Group w 70+ → made them feel connected to them that threat, power of suggestion that they’re associated with older people • Ones with 20s → made them feel young

Answer 65

descriptive model - encounter old person - recognize old age cues - stereotyped expectations - modified speech beh Outcomes: reinforce stereotypes, less self esteem, negative

Answer 66

prescriptive model – how healthcare providers should care for OA o Health promo perspective o Individuals needs vs stereotypic expectations - encounter old person - recognize cues on individual basis - modify communication to meet individual needs - individual assessment for multi-focused interventions Outcomes: empowerment, max. communication, overall effective + good

Answer 67

* Appropriate speech accommodation * Supportive physical environment * Positive social environment

Answer 68

Positive self-perceptions • Better functional health • Lived almost 8 years longer Subliminal exposure to positive age stereotypes • Improvement in motor function

Answer 69

Long-term care home Target person → older adult Social partner → nursing staff E.g. resident tries to start card game with other (independent prosocial act), and a staff member applauds his effort (an engagement supportive act)

Answer 70

* Sleeping * Constructiveley engaged behaviour * Destructiven engaged behaviour * Nonengaged behaviour * Independent self-care behaviour * Dependent self-care behaviour

Answer 71

* Engagement-supportive behaviour * Non-engagement-supportive behaviour * Independence-supportive behaviour * Dependence-supportive behaviour * No response * Leaving

Answer 72

``` • Suggestion, command, request  Most common among social partners (nursing staff) • Intention • Compliance, cooperation  Most common among older adults • Refusal, resistance • Conversation • Miscellaneous other ```

Answer 73

Dependent behaviours → supported/ attended with imemdiate positive reactions Independent behaviours  Ignored in nursing home settings  Followed by both independence-supportive behaviours (private dwellings) Makes OA unsure about consequences of independent behaviour Mixed messages • OA complied with requests the most and these requests were often aimes at the exhibition of dependent behaviours  E.g. Oh, I’ll do that for you → even though OA is capable of doing it

Answer 74

Goals of intervention (training program)  Change behaviour of social partners (staff) o Increase responsivity to independent behaviours  Evaluate consequences of such a change ``` Intervention  Participants had to design, conduct, and evaluate a behaviour modification program  Taught nursing home staff: o Communication skills o Information about aging o Behaviour management skills ``` Design and results  Pre-post control group design to examine the change in behaviour  Observed an increase in independent-supportive behaviours among staff → increase in independent behaviour among older adults  Intervention was focused on the “social environment” (i.e. nurses) and not on the older adults

Answer 75

o Communication predicament of aging model o Social context – long-term care (LTC) facility o Communication enhancing strategies • Personhood • Simple sentences/ repitition o Participants – 71 staff members o Method – vignette evaluation

Answer 76

Staff rated positively o Verbal/ nonverbal characteristics o Competent, respectful, satisfied Resident rated positively o Competent, satisfied with conversation o More likely to actively engage, more able to participate in daily activities

Answer 77

Strengthened effect of personhood o Staff – less patronizing o Resident – more competent

Answer 78

Communication matters  Include “person”  Learn their individual preferences Simple does not mean short  Short sentences are not helpful  Simple = easy to understand/ process Paraphrase/ repeat  When residents with dementia do not understand Using communication enhancing strategies  Helpful to both staff and residents  Enhances quality of care

Answer 79

Pre and post-training recordings 3 – one-hour communication training sessions • Limited lecture, group discussion, and role play to practice new skills • Goal → reduce elderspeak in nursing home Measures • Diminutives (honey, good girl, etc.), inappropriate collective pronouns (our shirt, are we going to take a shower) • Mean length of utterance

Answer 80

Pretraining  Lots of diminutives  Lots of collective pronouns  Higher mean length in words – saying more words Post-training  Use almost no diminutives  Less collective pronouns  Smaller mean length in words – more concise

Answer 81

Age cues elicit stereotyped expectations Speech is inappropriately modified as a result stereotypes  Patronizing speech Patronizing speech has negative health outcomes for older adults Goal → monitor and adjust communication with older adults to reflect actual needs Outcomes → enahnced interactions and relationships

Answer 82

Controversial model Successful aging • Maximize physical + mental abilities • Minimize risk + disability • Engage in active life

Answer 83

``` Data from health & retirement study from US • No major disease • No limitation in ADL • Ability to perform variety of tasks • Telephone-based cognitive assessment ```

Answer 84

1) What’s left out Doesn’t account for people who have impairments/ disabilities & how they adapted  E.g. visual impairment – adapt by using glasses Can you be successful ager if you have Parkinson’s? 2) Matilda Riley was upset about this model Key predictor of successful aging is childhood social class + income  Not captured by Rowe and Kahn Doesn’t talk about psychological aspects of aging

Answer 85

All of these contribute to active aging: - gender - culture - economic det - social det - personal det - behavioural det - physical environment - health + social services

Answer 86

WHO uses more social determinants + other determinants Rowe and Kahn too individualistic • Blames victim if they have disability • WHO model is more holistic

Answer 87

primary aging | secondary aging

Answer 88

“Normal” aging Senescence  Has negative connotation Progressive decline in physical function due to increasing age  E.g. decline in cardiac function

Answer 89

Deterioration that is mediated by : Disease (e.g. diabetes) Harmful environment / lifestyle factors o E.g. smoking, or life time sun exposure → skin cancer Smoking & sun top 2 ways to look older

Answer 90

Universal Intrinsic  Decline not due to environmental – due to age or genetics Progressive (e.g. dementia – gradual, getting worse) Irreversible Deleterious - leads to loss of function Important to understand what changes are age-associated and what might be treatable • E.g. take it easy, it’s normal aging

Answer 91

Cumulative effects of gravity in the spine – especially disks Musculoskeletal changes  Loss of bone material in vertebrae → weakening of vertebrae → spine collapses and shortens Osteoporosis Poor posture

Answer 92

o Fat-free mass (FFM) decreases o Body mass index (BMI) increases o Muscle strength diminishes, but exercise can help o Loss of muscle mass with age o Loss of muscles → greater proportion of fat

Answer 93

Basal metabolic (number of calories body burns at rest) slows with age Fewer calories are needed Sarcopenia – loss of skeletal muscle mass  May be due to age or factors like decreased activity  Major risk factor for falls

Answer 94

Weight loss in older adults can be due to loss of muscle, not loss of fat Loss of activity level

Answer 95

* Concentric * Isometric – no major age-related changes * Eccentric – no major age-related changes

Answer 96

Reduction in bone strength and mass make bones more susceptible to fractures Rate of bone building (formation) is not keeping up the pace with rate of bone breakdown (re absorption)

Answer 97

Normal bone Osteopenia Osteoporosis

Answer 98

Supports the skeleton Surfaces become rougher in joint areas  → decreased flexibility and cushioning of normal cartilage → bones rub against each other → pain and restriction of joint movement Water content in cartilage decreases → restrict flexibility

Answer 99

Wear-and-tear Internal process – sedentary people also have problems (couch potatoes) Normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal system

Answer 100

- decreased height - decreased range of motion in some joints - increase in postural sway - difficulty w balance - shrinking of vertebral discs - loss of bone mass - altered bone remodeling - decreases in lean body mass - muscle atrophy esp w disuse - joint degeneration w arthiritic changes - foot problems (bunions, corns, callouses) -> falls, gait problems

Answer 101

Heart size =/= change with age * Increase in fatty tissues * Decreased efficiency in heart muscle’s ability to contract * ↓ maximum heart rate – during heavy exercise * ↓ stroke volume - amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in single contraction (per beat) * ↓ ejection fraction - % of blood leaving heart during contraction * ↓ oxygen uptake (or consumption)

Answer 102

Longer recovery – heart needs longer rest period between beats Decline in cardiac output - ↓ Changes in arteries and veins - ↑ rigidity • Heart works harder to move blood to body – increase bp • Slower returns of venous blood to heart – stagnation of venous blood, varicose veins, clots in veins

Answer 103

Loss of strength in muscles involved in inhaling/ exhaling Increased stiffness of chest wall Implications  Less blood flow in the lungs  More pressure in pulmonary artery

Answer 104

* Smaller * Flabbier * Decrease in weight * Lungs have less elastic recoil * Decrease in vital capacity (volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled) * Increase in residual volume (amount of air remaining in lungs after max expiration) * Blood vessels – more fibrous, less elastic * Pulmonary artery – thicker, larger

Answer 105

Walls get thinner Fewer blood capillaries available for O2 – CO2 exchange Surface area decreases by up to 20%

Answer 106

Reduces maximal O2 uptake by as much as 55% by age 85 o O2 uptake – volume of air that can be moved in/ out by forced voluntary breathing Implications o Increased levels of CO2 and decreased levels of O2 in blood → less oxygen to vital organs → respiratory conditions, sleep disorders

Answer 107

Basic unit of kidney 1 million nephrons in kidney Parts • Small blood vessel (brings in unfiltered blood) • Glomerulus (filters blood) • Tubule (carries filtered waste in urine) • Small blood vessel (returns filtered blood of body)

Answer 108

Blood vessels • Smaller, thicker • Reduce blood flow through kidneys and decrease glomerular filtration rate Ureter, bladder, urethra = lose elasticity and muscle tone → incomplete emptying of bladder → increased post-void residual Decline in bladder capacity → less urine stored in bladder

Answer 109

More frequent urination (esp at night) Signal to urinate might be delayed until bladder is almost full → incontinence Incontinence – one of major reasons people go into nursing homes o Loss of dignity, shame, brings images of babies who can’t control their bladder o Demoralizing event

Answer 110

Non-malignant (non-cancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland May compress the urethra which goes through center of prostate • Impedes urine flow from bladder through urethra to the outside • Urine – backs up in the bladder (retention) – need to urinate frequently during the day and night

Answer 111

Involuntary passing of urine in quantities that constitute a social and/ or health problem Major reasons for nursing home relocation Older adults – not likely to report problems Not part of normal aging • Having to pee a lot is normal part of aging, incontinence is not 2 types: chronic, urge incontinence

Answer 112

Stress incontinence Involuntary passage of urine – laugh, cough, sneeze, during exercise Cause – weakened muscles in external sphincter/ pelvic floor - Increased intra-abdominal pressure Affects women under age 60; men after prostate surgery

Answer 113

Can’t delay voiding after the perception that bladder is full o Sudden need to urinate and may even leak urine Overactive bladder and loses large amounts of urine o Accidents happen – day + night More urine passed compared to stress incontinence Causes o May be due to urinary tract infection or to CNS impairment following a stroke o Detrusor instability, internal sphincter weakness

Answer 114

Occurrence of the climacteric → menopause • Ovulation gradually stops Vaginal walls – thinner, drier, less elastic, shrink Sexual intercourse can be uncomfortable Increased time to arousal – takes longer Decreased secretion of estrogen Loss of elasticity

Answer 115

* Decrease in blood flow | * Decrease in amount of vaginal lubrication produced

Answer 116

• Ovaries decrease in size (by 50%) and weight • Uterus decreases in size and weight  Becomes more fibrous • Contributes to bone weakening → osteoporosis

Answer 117

Ligaments supporting ovaries and uterus Skin  Loses elasticity, amount of fat tissue in breasts decrease → loss of firmness and sagging of breasts and other body tissues Muscle and glandular tone diminish

Answer 118

Fewer viable sperm are produced and motility of sperm decreases Amount and consistency of semen changes Andropause • Decrease in testosterone levels occur with age Testes – less firm and smaller Fertility still possible in older men

Answer 119

• May experience decreased libido • Erection less firm  Often need direct stimulation to retain rigidity  Erectile dysfunction is not normal part of aging • Longer time to ejaculation • Difficult or delayed ejaculation • Ejaculatory force is diminished • Lengthening refractory period • Prostate enlargement  May compress urethra and inhibit or prevent flow of urine

Answer 120

Lack of ability to achieve or maintain and erection adequate for satisfactory sexual functioning Erection is:  Too soft for intercourse  Too brief  Cannot achieve at all Increases with age Main cause of men withdrawing from sexual activity

Answer 121

Physical/ mental stimulation → nerves in brain send messages to genital nerves → penile blood vessels dilate → pressure of blood flow traps blood within corpora cavernosa → penis expands → erection

Answer 122

Not due to aging, but due to physiological conditions • Diabetes • Hypertension • Artherosclerosis • Kidney and liver disease • Medication • Other conditions (e.g. alcoholism, smoking, recreational drugs) Psychological factors • Depression, anxiety • Relationship problems • Fear of failure, self-esteem

Answer 123

Visual accommodation – lens change shape (flatten or bulge) for sharp vision Accommodation declines – ability to change shape declines

Answer 124

Light rays from close objects diverge and require more refraction for focusing Ciliary muscles contract, lens bulges to focus light rays from near object so they fall on retina

Answer 125

Light rays from distant objects are early parallel and don’t need as much refraction to bring them to focus Ciliary muscles relax, lens flattens

Answer 126

* Width of lens increases by approx. 50% by age 80 * Thicker, less elastic * Denser (and more opaque, yellow) * Farsightedness (see far, but not close e.g. reading) – increases with age – called presbyopia * Reduced pliability of lens

Answer 127

Refractive ability is impaired – changes in colour vision - Can’t discriminate between darker colours (dark blues/ greens) - Compensate by using bright colours - Caution – problems with discriminating colours can be misconstrued as problem w self-care or dementia (wearing mismatched or dirty clothes) Cloudy/ opaque lens → cataract - Cataract very common, but not normal part of aging - Most common age-related disorder of the eye

Answer 128

 Hard to focus, hard to see objects up close |  Contributes to presbyopia

Answer 129

o Most common age-related disorder of the eye o Cloudy, yellow, or opaque lens o Interferes with light rays passing through lens

Answer 130

o Destroys sharp, central vision o AMD affects the macula • Damage to photoreceptors in macula • Part of eye that allows you to see fine detail • Located in center of retina o AMD causes no pain

Answer 131

o Cause – buildup of intraocular eye pressure → damages retina and optic nerve → blindness o Slow progression; symptoms not noticeable o Contributing factors • Family history • Diabetes • Some medications

Answer 132

Presbycusis affects ability to understand speech Can hear sounds, but can’t discriminate words or comprehend what is being said Hearing loss esp for high pitched sounds - Normal aspect of aging Cochlea and auditory nerve creates sound distortion Common form of sensorineural impairment  Possible causes – repeated exposure to daily traffic sounds or construction work, noisy offices, equipment that produces noise, and loud music

Answer 133

o Socal withdrawal o Mental health – isolated, depressed o Safety – cat hear warning sounds/ alarms o Misunderstood conversations → suspiciousness, paranoia, alienation, frequent disagreements with others o Labeled as confused/ demented o Paranoid behaviour due t inappropriate actions based on missed info • E.g. everyone laughs at joke but OA thinks that everyone is laughing at him/ her o Fatigue

Answer 134

``` o Talk loudly o Turn head so best ear is towards a sound o Eyes focus on speaker’s lips (lip reading) o Ask people to repeat what w said o Blank look o Withdrawal from social events o Increased impatience in convo o Respond inappropriately during a convo o Not reacting to a loud noise ```

Answer 135

o Some loss of skin receptors (esp hands and feet) o Higher threshold of stimulation (less sensitive) in remaining receptors o Safety implications • Burns – problems perceiving temp • Falls – receptors on soles of feet don’t function well • Difficulty assessing how much pressure to exert  E.g. hold glass or fork without dropping it  Worried about being clumsy → avoid social situations o Touch = mode of communication (esp of feelings) • Can improve communcaiton with OA, esp those with verbal communication problems

Answer 136

o Withdrawal or avoidance of acitivies usually enjoyed – e.g. sewing, playing with pet o Extremes in feeling pain - either not feeling pain or overreacting to slight pain o Showing no response to pressure o Grasping objects tightly

Answer 137

- Exposure to excess noises is main cause of hearing loss - Going to a concert is ok bc u don’t go every day, working in construction w jackhammer is bad ``` raindrops normal convo busy city traffic hair dryers rock concerts chainsaws iPod at peak volume jack hammers gunshot/ fireworks ```

Answer 138

In 2006, almost 500 million people worldwide were 65+ By 2030, that total is projected to increase to 1 billion—1/ 8 of the earth’s inhabitants