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EPHE141 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Superficial Fascia / subcutaneous found?

A

Between skin and underlying organs

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2
Q

What is superficial fascia composed of

A

Areolar and adipose tissue

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3
Q

Where is subserous fascia found

A

Between serous membranes and deep fascia

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4
Q

What is subserous fascia composed of

A

areolar tissue

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5
Q

Function of deep fascia

A

forms strong, fibrous internal framework

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6
Q

What is deep fascia composed of

A

Dense irregular CT

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7
Q

Where is deep fascia found

A

bound to ligaments, tendons, capsules

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8
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

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9
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle cell

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10
Q

Role of melanocytes in the epidermis

A

produce pigment by absorbing UV

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11
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

large ligament on back on neck, covers spines C1-6

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12
Q

How does glenoid labrum contribute to stability of shoulder

A

acts as suction, deepens articulating surface for cavity to meet head of humerus, more stability

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13
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

-blood vessels, alveoli, high permeability need to control, quick O2 transfer

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14
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelial

A

absorption, secretion, excretion sites. Ovaries, kidney ducts, thyroid gland, sweat glands

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15
Q

where can you find simple columnar epithelial

A

Most organs of the digestive tract (stomach, intestines, uterus)

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16
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelial

A

Places of high abrasion, protection (anus, mouth)

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17
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelial

A

Secretion sites. Some sweat glands

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18
Q

Where can you find stratified columnar

A

Rare. Mammary glands, secretion sites

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19
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secretions are released onto an epithelial surface outside body thru a duct (eg. sweat gland, mammary gland)

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20
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Ductless. Release their hormones by exocytosis directly into interstitial fluid (blood stream)

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21
Q

3 types of secretions done by glandular epithelia

A

Serous, Mucous, Mixed exocrine

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22
Q

Serous secretion

A

watery substance, eg. saliva

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23
Q

mixed exocrine secretion

A

mixture of cells that secrete serous and mucous secretions

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24
Q

3 types of exocrine/gland cell secretions

A

Eccrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

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25
Q

Eccrine secretion

A

Gland cell releases thru exocytosis

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26
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Released by shedding of cytoplasm (mammary gland)

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27
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

entire cell bursts releasing secretion (acne, sebaceous gland)

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28
Q

Main components of CT

A

specialized cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts), protein fibres (collagen, reticular fibres, elastic fibres), ground substance

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29
Q

Fibroblasts

A

produce CT fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and extracellular matrix

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30
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Produce cartilage components

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31
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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32
Q

What are fixed cells

A

Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, etc. stuck in place

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33
Q

What are wandering cells

A

Float in and out, all immune cells (e.g.. macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes)

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34
Q

Fixed Macrophages

A

phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells

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35
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

CT stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types

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36
Q

Melanocytes

A

Provide melanin for pigmentation in skin

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37
Q

Free macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that get rid of dying, unwanted cells. Act like army when there is inflammation

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38
Q

Mast cells

A

Wandering cell, stimulate inflammatory response, attracts free macrophages and neutrophils

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39
Q

Lymphocytes

A

wandering cell, part of immune response, memory component

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40
Q

Neutrophils

A

wandering, small phagocytic cells that assist during infection and tissue damage (1st to arrive to virus)

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41
Q

3 types of Loose CT

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular tissue

42
Q

Protein fibers

A

Collagen, reticulin, elastic

43
Q

Functions of loose CT

A

Packing material, provides cushioning, stores energy, route for diffusion

44
Q

Function and Location of Loose CT Areolar

A

Supports and cushions organs. Found where support is needed around dermis, b/w muscles, around blood vessels

45
Q

Function and Location of Loose CT Adipose

A

Stores energy, absorbs shock, insulates. Subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and intermuscular

46
Q

Function and Location of Loose CT Reticular

A

Supporting framework for organs (scaffolding). Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

47
Q

3 types of Dense CT

A

Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic

48
Q

Function and Location of Dense Regular CT

A

Primary collagen, orderly, firm attachments, stabilize. Tendons, ligaments, connecting bone to bone, aponeuroses

49
Q

Function and Location of Dense Irregular CT

A

Primarily collagen fibers, all different directions, helps to prevent over expansion of organs. Found in dermis of skin, joint and organ capsules, periosteum

50
Q

Dense Elastic CT

A

Rare. Primarily elastin. Looks orderly like dense regular CT. Around blood vessels (stretch and return to shape), help in maintaining BP

51
Q

2 types of Supporting CT

A

Cartilage and Bone

52
Q

Is cartilage avascular

A

Yes

53
Q

Cartilage

A

Collagen found throughout, repair is very limited bc avascular

54
Q

Perichondrium

A

separates cartilage from other tissues, “around” “cartilage”, has blood supply

55
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

56
Q

Cartilage grows by:

A

Appositional or Inerstitial growth

57
Q

Function and Location of Hyaline

A

Strong, flexible, reduces friction b/w bones. Found b/w ribs & sternum, covering articulating bone surfaces (synovial joints), supports larynx, trachea

58
Q

Does hyaline in joints have a perichondrium lining?

A

No. So it gets its nutrition from synovial fluid

59
Q

Function and location of elastic cartilage

A

Supports and tolerates distortion, memory component. Found external flap of ear, epiglottis, auditory canal

60
Q

Function and location of fibrous cartilage

A

Resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement. Found in big areas that need support, pads of knee, b/w pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs

61
Q

Lacunae

A

found within bone & cartilage, chondrocytes/osteocytes reside in them. Help with growth

62
Q

Osteon

A

Concentric layers that form around central canal

63
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canals b/w lacunae of bones

64
Q

Is bone vascular

A

Yes, it has blood vessels. Tissue can repair easier and newly made RBC, WBC, and platelets in bone marrow can get out

65
Q

Is bone vascular

A

Yes, it has blood vessels. Tissue can repair easier and newly made RBC, WBC, and platelets in bone marrow can get out

66
Q

2 types of bone

A

Compact and spongy (trabecular)

67
Q

Compact bone

A

blood vessels trapped within matrix

68
Q

Spongy bone

A

doesn’t have blood vessels in matrix, tends to be more internal, reduces weight

69
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells, immature, lay down new bone

70
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone maintenance

71
Q

Osteoclasts

A

“chew up” old bone

72
Q

4 types of epithelial membranes

A

Mucous, Serous, Synovial, Cutaneous

73
Q

Mucous membrane

A

coated w/ secretions from mucous glands. Line most of dig tract, portions of urinary. Usually columnar or cuboidal

74
Q

Serous membrane

A

Mesothelium (lining of body cavities: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) & areolar CT. Has serous fluid between cavity and oral lining

75
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Areolar tissue and superficial layer of squamous, cuboidal. Has synovial fluid which lubricates cartilage in joints

76
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Epidermis, dermis. 1st line of defence against pathogens. **keratinized stratified squamous ET with areolar loose CT and then Dense irregular CT

77
Q

3 types of muscle cells

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

78
Q

the ____ the muscle fibre, the more ___ the individual

A

thicker, active

79
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

mono nucleated, striated, incapable of repair

80
Q

What kind of cells are cardiac muscles connected by

A

Intercalated discs, which creates branching b/w cardiac muscle fibres

81
Q

Where is smooth muscle found

A

Base of hair follicles, walls of blood vessels, lining the urinary bladder (sphincters)

82
Q

Can smooth muscle regenerate

A

Yes, it is capable of cell reproduction

83
Q

Smooth muscle

A

small w/ tapered ends, 1 nucleus in middle, not striated

84
Q

What does the cutaneous membrane consist of

A

Dermis & epidermis

85
Q

2 accessory glands

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

86
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

secrets sebum which coats hair shaft & epidermis, inhibits growth of bacteria, exocrine gland

87
Q

Sweat gland

A

can be apocrine (groin, nipples) or eccrine (thin secretion)

88
Q

2 forms of ossification

A

Intramembraneous and Endochondral

89
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

A

stem cells differentiate to form osteoblasts, osteoblasts secrete a matrix and get trapped, turn to osteocytes, blood vessels get trapped, bony plates fuse together`

90
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do

A

elevate ribs

91
Q

What do the internal intercostal muscles do

A

depress ribs

92
Q

Primary muscles of breathing

A

Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

93
Q

Muscles used for inhaling

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalene muscles, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

94
Q

Muscles used for expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles, transversus thoracis muscle

95
Q

Pectoralis major’s antagonist (flexion, add)

A

Deltoid

96
Q

Serratus anterior antagonist (protracts scapula)

A

Rhomboid major and minor

97
Q

Trapezius antagonists

A

Serratus anterior, Latissimus dorsi

98
Q

Where does biceps brachii originate

A

coracoid process of scapula

99
Q

Where does biceps brachii insert

A

radial tuberosity on radius bone

100
Q

3 joints in elbow

A

Proximal Radioulnar joint, humeroradial joint, Humeroulnar joint

101
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, Teres Minor. Subscapularis

102
Q

Joints in forearm

A

Proximal radioulnar, middle radioulnar, distal radioulnar

EPHE141 (6 decks)

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