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KPER 2700 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

motor behaviour - def

A

the overt, observable production of skilled movements (as opposed to measuring brain activity)

divided into

  • motor control (performance)
  • motor learning
  • motor development
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2
Q

what are the three classes of movement?

A

1) reflexive
- involuntary
- given a particular stimulus, always have the same response
- no modification
2) learned
- learn to perform different actions
- ex: reach and pick up an object
3) skilled

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3
Q

what are the three things that skilled performers have?

A

1) benefited (or learned) from their experiences
2) learned what features of their environment they should attend to
3) learned what to ignore

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4
Q

motor skill - def

A

the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of every, or of time and energy

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5
Q

what are the 4 characteristics that define skills

A

1) environmental goal - has to require some sort of movement
2) achieve the goal with “certainty”
- can perform it reliably
3) minimize energy consumption: physical and psychological
4) minimum time
- with speed and accuracy

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6
Q

what are the 3 components of a skill

A

performer needs to know:

1) what to do
2) how to do it
- skill and strength standpoint
3) when to do it
- changing environments
- conceptual understanding

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7
Q

classification of motor skills: size of primary musculature

A

1) gross motor skill - large muscle groups

2) fine motor skills - small muscle groups

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8
Q

which is innervated by more motor neurons? the quads or the eye muscles?

A
  • In quads, one motor neuron innervates 300 muscle fibers easily, because we need a lot of force
  • 1 motor unit to one muscle fiber in eyes for example or hands which require more control
  • Also relates to how much area of your brain is associated with it
    Ex: more area in brain dedicated to hands than to quads
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9
Q

classifying motor skills: environment; closed skill

A
  • you have control over the skill and when you initiate it

- environment is not changing

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10
Q

classifying motor skills: environment; open skill

A
  • environment is changing, you have to time your movements with what’s going on in the environment; may have to select different responses
  • ex: soccer game, driving
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11
Q

classifying motor skills: movement type; discrete skill

A

clearly defined beginning and end

-ex: typing a single letter on a keyboard

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12
Q

classifying motor skills: movement type; serial skill

A

-ex: typing - multiple letters but you can easily define each discrete motion

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13
Q

classifying motor skills: movement type; continuous skill

A

ex: riding a bike
- repeats in a more continuous fashion
- walking can be continuous or discrete depending on how it’s done

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14
Q

absolute error - def

A

consider the absolute value of the error on each trial, and take the average of those error scores for the various trials
-aka the magnitude of error

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15
Q

constant error

A
  • performance bias
  • ex: throwing darts and always landing on the right side of the target
  • tells us about overall bias
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16
Q

variable error

A
  • performance consistency
  • variability in results
  • ex: throwing darts and being all over the grid
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17
Q

how do we measure error scores for continuous actions?

A
  • root mean square error (RMSE)
  • error between desired pathway and the actual pathway
  • ex: driving a car
  • represents both bias and consistency
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18
Q

what’s the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A

theory:

  • explains how things occur
  • man-made
  • makes predictions

hypothesis:

  • if…then…
  • helpful when not true
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19
Q

information processing approach

A
  • started when computers were invented
  • takes input, black box processes, and then a response happens, response happens
  • processing happens without being aware, when we are aware, we often do the action differently
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20
Q

what are the three stages of reaction time?

A

1) stimulus identification
2) response selection
3) movement programming

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21
Q

reaction time - def

A

time it takes to begin moving after the stimulus first appears (does not include time it takes to perform the movement)

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22
Q

describe the stimulus identification stage of RT

A

-could be one sensory modality or combination

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23
Q

describe the response selection stage of RT

A
  • answers the question: what should I do?
  • transition point between sensory and motor processes
  • moving and perceiving information to organizing movement
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24
Q

describe the movement programming stage

A
  • voluntary actions require our brain at some level

- travels down synapse and begin movement

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25
Q

what is movement time?

A

movement time comes after reaction time, it is the time it takes to move
-together, both reaction time and movement time are known as response time

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26
Q

hick’s law

A

RT = a + bLog2 (N)

  • choice RT increases as a constant amount of every time the number of stimulus response alternatives is doubled
  • related to the amount of uncertainty
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27
Q

what influences reaction time?

A

1) population stereotypes
- even if a stop sign doesn’t have the word stop on it, you’d still stop
- defined by the population - ex: driving on the right vs driving on the left
2) spatial compatibility
3) number of choices
4) expertise/anticipation/

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28
Q

what are three ways in which practice can help decrease reaction time?

A

1) anticipation: one way performers try to overcome delays
2) preparation: organize movements in advance
3) expertise: experts have a large advantage over novices in perceptual anticipation

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29
Q

spatial compatibility - def

A

whether a response is compatible in space

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30
Q

what are the two types of anticipation?

A

1) spatial anticipation
- ex: knowing cues from a kicker in soccer to try and make a decision as a goalie before the ball is in flight
2) temporal anticipation
- knowing when something is going to occur

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31
Q

simple reaction time

A

A-type task

  • requires one stage
  • stimulus detection - 1 stimulus, one response
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32
Q

discrimination reaction time

A

-C-type task
-go/no-go task
-ex: only respond if the circle is green
two stages:
-stimulus detection and stimulus identification - do not need to select the response, already know what it is, it’s just whether you respond that you need to decide

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33
Q

choice reaction time

A
  • requires three things
  • stimulus detection
  • stimulus identification
  • response selection
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34
Q

startle effect

A
  • happens when you have stimuli about 100 dB
  • reaction time is less than 100 ms
  • fastest human voluntary reaction to a stimulus without anticipating a response
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35
Q

memories for how you move are primarily related to the ___ and the _____

A

goal, sensory information

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36
Q

what are the three types of memory

A

1) short term sensory store
2) rshort term memory
3) long term memory

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37
Q

short term sensory store (STSS)

A

-very brief, lots of information

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38
Q

STM

A

7 +/- 2

  • if we choose to pay attention to something, can enter STM
  • temporary, requires rehearsal
  • also referred to as working memory
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39
Q

LTM

A
  • with practice, STM can transfer to LTM
  • long lasting, lots of information
  • if something makes it to LTM, never truly forget it but can forget how to retrieve it
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40
Q

procedural memory

A
  • something you do

- ex: riding a bike

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41
Q

semantic memory

A

ex: cat, blue

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42
Q

episodic memory

A

-playing outside in the snow when you were a kid

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43
Q

When a skill is produced reliably and on demand, where luck plays a minimal role, the goal is to achieve this with:

a) Minimum energy expenditure
b) Minimum movement time
c) Max certainty
d) Max energy expenditure

A

c) max certainty

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44
Q

A “________” skill occurs in a stable and predictable environment

a. Closed
b. Discrete
c. Serial
d. Open

A

closed

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45
Q

According to hick’s law, choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives is _______

a. Doubled
b. Halved
c. Squared
d. Tripled

A

doubled

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46
Q

The extent to which a stimulus and response are connected in a natural way is called ________

a. Stimulus-response compatibility
b. Population stereotype
c. Spatial compatibility (this is an example of a)
d. Stimulus-response adaptability

A

stimulus-response compatibility

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47
Q

what are three different definitions/applications of attention?

A

1) perceptual - external sensory stimuli (environment)
2) cognitive - internal mental operations (ex: studying)
3) motor - internal sensory (motor tasks)

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48
Q

attention is needed for which 4 types of tasks?

A

1) multitasking
2) attention to detail (forming memories)
3) respond rapidly to stimuli
4) sustain attention
- vigilance

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49
Q

what are the three ways in which we can interpret attention?

A

1) a pool
- ex: multitasking
2) allocated
- spotlight; attention to detail
3) limited
- how many tasks we can do and how long we can maintain attention

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50
Q

as we practice tasks, we learn how to shift our attention in an efficient manner in which 4 ways?

A

1) events in the environment
2) monitoring and correcting our actions
3) planning future actions
4) doing many other processes that complete for the limited resources of attentional capacity

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51
Q

stroop effect

A

phenomenon that occurs when you must say the color of a word but not the name of the word
-For example, blue might be printed in red and you must say the color rather than the word

-limitations in the stimulus identification stage

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52
Q

cocktail party effect

A
  • Hearing your name in a noisy room
    ○ Even though you didn’t hear the rest of the information in the conversation
    We filter a lot of information but we are not consciously processing it

-limitations in the stimulus identification stage

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53
Q

parallel processing

A

-some sensory info in the stimulus identification stage can be processed in parallel

1) parts of the visual display
- ex: saying colour while looking at words where you don’t read that language
2) sensory signals posture and locomotion
- a lot are processed in parallel
3) salient information - cocktail
- relevant to you

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54
Q

inattention blindness

A
  • we can miss obvious features in our environment when we are engaged in attentive visual search
  • could consciously miss something but that doesn’t mean we don’t unconsciously process it
  • ex: magicians
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55
Q

sustained attention

A
  • vigilance
  • driving
  • working in security situations when people are having to look for an unknown stimulus
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56
Q

what are four things that affect our ability to sustain attention?

A

1) motivation
2) arousal
- how awake and interested you are
3) fatigue
- being tired - you are as impaired as if you were drunk
4) environmental factors
- can make it harder or easier to maintain attention for a period of time

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57
Q

automaticity

A
  • can do something very quickly when environmental features help
  • number of distractors and similarity of distractors
  • way environment is constructed will determine whether you’ll need to do a focused search or whether you’ll be able to automatically find it

-limitation of response selection phase

58
Q

what are the differences between automatic processing and controlled processing?

A

automatic

  • fast
  • smaller part of our pool of attention
  • can be done in parallel
  • involuntary

controlled

  • slow
  • large portion of our pool
  • serially organized
  • volitional
59
Q

what are the pros and cons of automaticity?

A

1) defending penalty shots
- only good if you’re correct
2) down hill skiing
- if something unexpected happens, can slow us down
3) gymnastics
- closed skill
- automatic processing is good here
4) stages of processing
- stimulus identification
- response selection

60
Q

which stage of processing is affected by using a cell phone while driving?

A
  • stimulus identification can happen in parallel
  • response selection phase is what’s affected
  • in a closed environment, can perform response selection automatically
  • not the same case for driving (open environment)
61
Q

double stimulation paradigm

A
  • stimulus onset asynchrony (not together in one time)
  • delay due to interference with movement programming
  • the second reaction time is longer when stimulus paired with asynchrony
  • SOA has to be long enough so that you don’t group responses together (when SOA is around 50 ms, especially)
62
Q

where is the bottleneck in information processing?

A
  • response selection is a mixture of parallel and serial processing
  • programming - can only do one thing at a time
  • have to learn where to do things together, this is where the bottleneck is
63
Q

what is the probe task?

A
  • another method for studying how attention demanding a task is
  • add another task to see how automatic the primary task is
  • RT quantifies the processing delay
  • primary and secondary task
64
Q

dual task performance is dependent on what?

A

whether two tasks share a common resource (output modality)

  • “resource specific view of attention”
  • cell phone laws based on this idea but this is false, response selection phase is the problem
65
Q

what are the two types of focus of attention?

A

1) internal

2) external

66
Q

which is best? internal or external focus of attention?

A

external

67
Q

decision making under stress: what is the inverted U principle?

A
  • based on emotional arousal, there’s a point where we perform optimally
  • if we’re super relaxed, or very nervous, will not perform optimally
68
Q

decision making under stress: what is the updated inverted U principle?

A
  • for some tasks, might be better to have a lower level of arousal, some tasks are the opposite
  • some people find they perform better under pressure, some are opposite
69
Q

tunnel vision - def

A

i. e. perceptual narrowing
- allows the performer to devote more attention to those stimuli that are immediately most likely and relevant
- can be responsible for inattention blindness
- allows you to focus attention on a small area

70
Q

what is the cause of “choking”?

A
  • occurs when performers change their normal routine, or fail to adapt to a changing situation = failed performance
  • when performing closed skills in Olympics and screwing up when they’ve been practicing for years
  • when people are stressed, focus on different things (using different movement pathways, thinking too much about what body is doing)
71
Q

what are our three sources of sensory information?

A
  • vision
  • auditory
  • hands
72
Q

exteroception

A

where the signal has to travel through the environment

-ex: light, sound

73
Q

proprioception

A

information available to you that happens in your body

74
Q

somatosensory proprioception

A

sense of your body and where it is in space

75
Q

proprioception vestibular apparatus

A

in your ears; works relative to gravity - where your head is in space, how quickly you’re moving in space, how you’re oriented relative to gravity

76
Q

what is the homonculus?

A

refers to the amount of cortical representation

  • more sensitive it is, more cortical area is related to it (ex: hands take up large part in brain)
  • sensory receptors are more dense in these regions
77
Q

what are the 5 cutaneous receptors?

A

1) tactile - Meissner’s corpuscles
2) tactile - Merkle’s corpuscles
3) free nerve ending
4) pacinian corpuscles
5) ruffini corpusscle

78
Q

what are our three different types of proprioceptors?

A

1) joint receptors
2) muscle spindles
3) golgi tendon organs

79
Q

what do muscle spindles detect?

A

changes in length and velocity of contraction
-may assist in movement planning

key info about limb’s position, direction, velocity, and sense of effort

80
Q

intrafusal muscle fiber - def

A

skeletal muscle fibers that serve as specialized sensory organs (proprioceptors) that detect the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle. They constitute the muscle spindle and are innervated by two axons, one sensory and one motor

81
Q

golgi tendon organ

A
  • sensitive to increased tension at musculo-tendinous junction (where muscle starts to become tendon)
  • inhibition of the agonist
  • excitation of the antagonist
82
Q

joint receptor

A
  • located in joint capsule and ligaments = joint receptors
  • inert tissue
  • includes ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles, golgi like
  • most information about our movements as we’re functioning at an end ROM
83
Q

joint receptors detect changes in what?

A

1) force
2) rotation
3) joint position

-detect changes especially at extreme ROM

84
Q

closed loop system

A

1) executive
- actual workings
2) effector
- what’s doing the thing
3) reference
- to know if you’re correct
4) error signal
- change in environment

85
Q

limitations of closed loop control

A

slow:

1) tracking tasks
2) rapid, discrete tasks
- not enough time

-useful and allows us to adjust our movement, but there’s just not a lot of time

86
Q

what type of neurons control muscle spindles?

A

gamma neurons

87
Q

proprioceptive closed loop control

A

1) conscious, voluntary control
2) monosynaptic stretch reflex
3) multisynaptic reflex

88
Q

mono-synaptic stretch reflex (M1)

A
  • fastest reflex we have
  • 30-50 ms
  • direct connection between sensory and motor neurons without any neurons in between
89
Q

how long is the M2 reflex?

A

50-80 ms

90
Q

M1+M2 reflex

A
  • when we need to sustain the response for a stretch
  • initially get the M1 response, sustained contraction afterwards
  • M2 goes back to motor program, or brain stem, not all the way to cortex
  • after 80 ms, voluntary control can take effect
91
Q

what is the flow of information in the visual stream?

A

1) cornea
2) lens
3) retina
4) optic nerve

92
Q

what are the two visual streams

A

1) ventral

2) dorsal

93
Q

what does the ventral visual stream tell us

A
  • “what”?
  • helps us know what we are looking at
  • central vision (aka foveal vision)
  • colour and detail (more cones, less rods)
94
Q

what does the dorsal visual stream tell us?

A
  • “where”
  • where things are in space
  • central and peripheral vision
  • less cones, more rods - sense movement but not colour and detail
95
Q

blindsight

A

○ Can have damage to temporal lobe - ventral stream affected - difficulty naming objects but can still move and interact with objects (visual agnosia)
-As you reach for something, make big conscious corrections because not using dorsal visual pathway, using conscious corrections that are visible to the naked eye (optic ataxia)

96
Q

_____ visual stream is to night driving like ______ visual stream is to optical flow

A

ventral, dorsal

97
Q

how do you calculate tau?

A

tau = retinal image size/image’s rate of change in size

-we can interpret when an object is going to hit us

98
Q

_______ is the size of the image on the retina

A

visual angle

99
Q

optic flow - def

A

information flows on the retina

-refers to the movement

100
Q

optic array - def

A
  • the light coming from objects around you

- can process who and where people are

101
Q

how do we know that dorsal stream and postural control are linked?

A
  • moving walls experiment; when walls move in, you fall back, when walls move out, you fall forward
  • optical flow allows us to make responses quickly
102
Q

which visual stream is used for movement planning?

A
  • ventral stream and action goal

- defining objects and deciding how you’re going to interact with it

103
Q

is visual feedback always useful to make movement corrections?

A

no, you can often use visual feedback, but at 200 ms, probability is the same (in lights on lights off experiment) of hitting the target whether lights are on or off
-can’t use visual feedback to make any corrections

104
Q

what does our ventral stream information provide?

A

-info about object and conscious decision about what action goal is going to be

105
Q

what does our dorsal stream information provide?

A

how movements are occurring and non-conscious processes

-dorsal stream connects to non-conscious level - faster and doesn’t require frontal lobes

106
Q

contrast dorsal vs ventral visual systems

A

dorsal system

  • vision for action
  • unconscious
  • tells us spatial characteristics and guides movement

ventral stream

  • vision for perception
  • conscious
  • tells us form, colour, key features
107
Q

damage to the ____ stream is referred to as optic ataxia

A

dorsal

108
Q

damage to the _____ stream is referred to as visual agnosia

A

ventral

109
Q

extrafusal muscle fibers are supplied by _____ motor neurons

A

alpha

110
Q

intrafusal muscle fibers are supplied by _____ motor neurons

A

gamma

111
Q

muscle spindles, ______; golgi tendon organ, ______; joint receptors, ________

A

tells us about length and velocity of muscles, info about force production, abnormal ROM

112
Q

degrees of freedom problem

A
  • elbow has two degrees of freedom
  • shoulder has many more
  • how does our body control all our muscles and when to move them
113
Q

what is one solution to the degrees of freedom problem?

A
  • motor program: pre-structured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement
  • pattern or neural activity that tells the muscles how to achieve their goal
114
Q

theory of a motor program: why do we need a motor program?

A
  • some movements happen so fast that sensory feedback is too slow for us to be able to move efficiently
  • need anticipation; stable environment
115
Q

give an example of an open loop system

A

traffic lights

  • some have sensors (closed loop)
  • most are open loop, they run a specific program and duration, regardless of environmental feedback
  • happens without feedback, loop is left often
116
Q

with practice, how do our motor programs change?

A

1) learn to modulate reflexes
2) more stable
- movements are more reliable
3) precise
4) longer period of time
- can remember it

117
Q

what does the CNS need to organize before a movement can begin?

A

1) figure out the degrees of freedom (i.e. which solution)
2) commands to the muscles
3) any postural adjustments
4) modulate reflex pathways

118
Q

what does the CNS need to organize before a movement can begin?: commands to muscles

A

program consists of:

1) which muscles
2) order they need to be activated
3) forces needed
4) relative timing
5) duration of each contraction

119
Q

central pattern generator - def

A
  • collection of neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem that allows us to carry on tasks such as walking without conscious control (attention)
  • helps modulate reflex pathway responses
120
Q

what is the reflex reversal phenomenon

A

same reflex can have an opposite reaction depending on where we are in a movement

121
Q

what are 5 things that provide evidence for the motor program theory

A

1) reaction time
2) startle stimuli
3) cases where sensory feedback is removed
4) what happens when humans attempt to stop
5) muscle response patterns when movement is blocked

122
Q

evidence for the motor program theory: reaction time

A

more complex tasks result in a longer reaction time because you need to program what you’re doing - motor program is bigger
-even if all tasks are simple reaction time

123
Q

evidence for the motor program theory: startle responses

A
  • can ask if processing is sped up or if central executive is bypassed?
  • likely that processing is sped up - motor program because you still have to program response, response is just initiated faster
124
Q

evidence for the motor program theory: sensory feedback is removed

A
  • even without sensory feedback, we are capable of learning how to move
  • removing sensory feedback in spinal cord
  • deafferentation experiments
  • if all movement depended on sensory input, wouldn’t be able to do this
  • moving quickly is similar - when there isn’t time for sensory info to be processed

-central pattern generator - motor program is learned

125
Q

evidence for the motor program theory: inhibiting actions

A

slater hammel - “stop signal”

  • we believe we move about 100-120 ms before we actually move
  • feeling of when we pressed a button lets say is more related to motor program awareness than when we actually move it
126
Q

evidence for the motor program theory: muscle response patterns

A
  • EMG patterns
  • when movement is blocked, we see the same pattern of activity
  • if you already sent the motor program out, even if the movement is blocked and you don’t have sensory feedback of limb moving, still have agonist/antagonist response
127
Q

what are 2 problems with the motor program theory?

A

1) how do you try something for the first time
2) how many motor programs can we have
- variations of movements we perform
- ways we can do things
- program stored in NS

128
Q

what makes up a generalized motor program?

A

1) invariant features
- what defines the equation
2) parameters
- details specific to each situation

129
Q

how does the generalized motor program work?

A
  • when selecting response, go into LTM and select correct motor program
  • once it’s selected, in response programming stage, you add parameters in (details)
  • program is sent off to effectors - have a hard time inhibiting movement after this
130
Q

relative timing or rhythm, relative forces, and order that muscles are activated are all examples of what? invariant features or parameters?

A

invariant features

131
Q

movement time, movement amplitude, and specific effects are all examples of what? invariant features or parameters?

A

parameters

132
Q

what is the stereo system analogy?

A
  • generalized motor program
  • record player - can change the speed
  • record is the generalized motor program
  • relative timing, order of notes, relative forces
  • can turn up the volume, speed, still the same record
  • can change which speakers it’s coming from
133
Q

how do the dynamic systems theory and motor program theories differ from one another?

A

1) role and function of the CNS
- in dynamic systems theory, no such thing as a motor program, move in ways in which makes most sense according to the environment
- a lot more emphasis on the CNS in motor program theory
2) influence of the environment
- environmental features are given more weight in dynamic system approach
3) how these two systems interact
- dynamic systems are a bottom up approach and motor program is top down

134
Q

who created the central processing approach to motor control?

A

Schmitt

  • generalized motor program
  • mostly described discrete skills
135
Q

who created the environmental influence of motor control theories?

A

Kelsow

  • dynamic systems theory
  • continuous coordination tasks
136
Q

the ______ does not exist in the dynamic system theory of motor control

A

central executive

-aka stim id, response selection, and response programming

137
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

focused on self organization

  • specific environmental conditions + limb dynamics
  • the system will self organize into the most stable behaviour
  • don’t need to select a response, add parameters, or make any conscious decisions
  • i.e. coordination pattern - how your limbs are moving relative to one another
138
Q

according to dynamic systems theory, stable coordination happens due to the complex dynamics between which three things?

A

1) environment
2) nervous system
3) tasks/limb

139
Q

what are some other names for dynamic systems theory?

A
  • dynamical systems theory
  • coordination dynamics theory
  • ecological theory
  • action theory
140
Q

what are the invariant features in the generalized motor program theory? parameters?

A

invariant: order muscles are activated, relative forces, relative timing
parameters: effector, amplitude of movement, speed of movement

141
Q

open loop control system

A
  • based on stimuli, select correct GMP
  • programs it (adding parameters)
  • send movement instructions to muscle (open loop) - really fast movements (ex: dart throw)
142
Q

closed loop control system

A
  • most of the time you can make movement corrections
  • feedback goes to CNS (closes loop)
  • movement instructions are sent, feedback initiates correction to motor program that was selected
  • can make adjustments during movements or for next time the movement is performed

KPER 2700 (4 decks)

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