chapter 11 - augmented feedback Flashcards
inherent feedback
information provided as a natural consequence of making an action
-proprioception, vestibular, visual
augmented feedback
- extrinsic feedback
- info form the measured performance outcome that is fed back to the learner by some artificial means
knowledge of results (KR) - def
- type of augmented feedback
- info about the success of the action with respect to the environmental goal
what are the two types of augmented feedback
1) KR
2) KP
why do learners NEED some form of KR?
if you don’t know whether you achieved desired state, you can’t modify movement (comparator)
knowledge of performance (KP) - def
- kinematic feedback
- augmented info about the movement pattern the learner has just made
what are the 3 similarities between KR and KP
1) verbal (or verbalized)
2) augmented
3) provided after movement (usually)
what are the 4 differences between KR and KP
1) KR - info about goal outcome; KP - info about movement pattern
2) KR - often redundant with inherent feedback; KP - usually distinct from inherent feedback
3) KR - usually provided as a score; KP - usually kinematic info
4) KR - often used in lab research; KP - provided in everyday activities
what are 4 functions of augmented feedback?
1) motivation
2) attentional focus
- external
3) information
- what learner doesn’t otherwise have
4) dependency
- not good
how does augmented feedback help motivation?
indirectly: relatively frequent feedback helps learner stay engaged
directly: providing feedback after a good trial may be more beneficial than after a bad trial
- telling them what not to do doesn’t tell them what they should do
augmented feedback: information
- feedback relays info
- helps direct learner’s focus
- modify future performance
augmented feedback: attentional focus
- external focus beneficial
- knowledge of results makes us focus externally
- KP makes us focus internally (using analogies can give KP while still promoting external focus)
augmented feedback: dependency
- learner can use info from instructor to keep errors to a minimum
- but we also need to develop our own error detecting mechanisms
guidance hypothesis - def
the learner can become dependent on augmented feedback, so that he uses this augmented source of info instead of internally generated processes to keep the movement on target
-on a retention test where feedback is removed, performance will decrease
what are 4 modalities of augmented feedback?
1) verbal
2) video replay
3) kinematic models
4) biofeedback
what are the two types of verbal KP
1) descriptive KP
- what happened
- enough info for most experts
2) prescriptive KP
- what happened AND what to do about it
- best for beginners
precision of feedback - def
the level of accuracy with which the feedback describes the movement or outcome
how much precision should you include in feedback?
- dependent on learner’s skill
- early practice - learner’s errors are so large that precise info doesn’t matter
- much more precise at higher skill level
biofeedback - def
- feedback about bodily processes
- ex: HR, EMG activity
video feedback is good for beginners
true or false?
false, might be too much info
-providing video feedback and giving cues is better (not for beginners)
absolute frequency of feedback vs relative frequency
- absolute: total number
- relative: percentage
what are 4 techniques used to reduce feedback frequency?
1) faded feedback
2) bandwidth feedback
3) summary/average augmented feedback
4) self-selected frequency
blank trials, aka trials without feedback, are ineffective for learning
true or false?
false
faded feedback - def
- learner is given feedback at high relative frequencies in early practice - guides learner strongly towards movement goal
- gradual decrease in relative frequency of feedback
bandwidth feedback - def
- decision to provide feedback is based on pre-set degree of acceptability of performance
- learner needs to be aware of the meaning of no feedback
- size of bandwidth can be adjusted
do performance bandwidths lead to better learning
yes
3 benefits of bandwidth feedback
1) faded frequency of feedback
2) indirect feedback about good trials
3) helps stabilize performance
summary feedback - def
-when feedback of an entire series of trials is summarized to give the most common error
in summary feedback, what is the optimal number of trials you should summarize?
5
how does summary feedback work? (3 ways)
1) decreases dependency on feedback
- helps develop own error detecting mechanisms
2) develop more stable movement pattern
3) learners are encouraged to focus on intrinsic feedback
average feedback - def
- variant of summary feedback
- average score of multiple trials instead of graphical summary
which is more effective? average or summary feedback?
average is slightly more effective
self-selected frequency feedback - def
learner decides when they want feedback
why allow self-selected frequency feedback?
1) allow learner to engage in problem solving - think and reflect on performance
2) source of motivation - enhance autonomy and independence
what do learners tend to do when being given self-selected frequency feedback?
1) choose relatively low frequency of feedback
2) choose to fade feedback
3) select feedback on good trials
concurrent feedback - def
feedback during the ongoing movement
feedback delay interval - def
interval of time after the completion of movement until feedback is presented
post-feedback delay - def
interval after the provision of feedback until the next movement starts
what are the two types of feedback that can be given during a movement
1) concurrent feedback
- verbal, visual, or auditory means
2) physical guidance techniques
- haptic or kinesthetic information is signaled to learner by means of physical restriction
- forced to produce the correct movement
what is the problem with concurrent feedback?
can lead to dependency
-performance good during practice but worse during retention
when is physical guidance feedback useful?
- when in a dangerous situation where error could cause harm
- when using expensive equipment
which perform better on a retention test? guidance, concurrent KP, or terminal KP?
terminal KP
what are the 3 types of feedback that can be provided after a movement?
1) instantaneous
2) empty feedback delay intervals
3) filled feedback delay intervals
empty feedback delay intervals
- lengthening time interval between movement and feedback
- can work well if something is being done during interval (ex: asking learner how they think they did)
- otherwise, no reason to delay
instantaneous feedback
- not the same as concurrent feedback
- not that helpful, can lead to too much guidance
- detrimental to learning
- blocks learner from processing inherent feedback
filled feedback-delay intervals
-when other attention demanding activities occur between a given moment and the feedback
what are the two types of filled feedback delay intervals
1) intervening activities of a different task
2) intervening activities of the same task
filled feedback delay interval: different task
- different motor task
- different cognitive task
-degrade learning on retention test
filled feedback delay interval: same task
- trials delay of feedback: other trials of a given action intervening between movement and its feedback
- more effective - raises awareness of inherent feedback; error detecting mechanisms
why does activity help during KR delay?
helps develop the ability to:
- interpret sensory feedback
- detect errors
negative effects of 100% KR feedback can be reversed if subjects perform an error-estimation procedure during the time interval between movement and KR
true or false?
true
