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Animal Nutrition > MidTerm > Flashcards

MidTerm Flashcards

1
Q

What makes the GI Tract of Carnivores different?

A
  1. ) They have simple and short intestines
  2. ) They have small cecum with limited capacity
  3. ) Their large intestine is simple not sacculated
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2
Q

The middle segment of the small intestine is called ileum, where the bile and pancreas secretions are released to.

A

False

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3
Q

What is an example of a Hexose monosaccharide?

A

Fructose

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4
Q

Amylase is an enzyme that digests the disaccharides.

A

False

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5
Q

The __________ is storage form of carbohydrate in the liver and muscle and can be used a source of energy when animals are fasting.

A

Glycogen

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6
Q

Glycolipids are complex fats that are made of glycerol, fatty acids and_______

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Essential fatty acids are produced in sufficient amounts by animal body tissues and are not required to be added in the diet.

A

False

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8
Q

The mix of triglycerides (TG), proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol from ___________ in enterocytes (intestinal cells) that enters lacteal and then in circularly system.

A

Chylomicrons

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9
Q

What are examples of an essential amino acid?

A
  1. ) Leucine
  2. ) Histidine
  3. ) Phenyalanine
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10
Q

All of hormones are proteins, but not all of enzyme are proteins.

A

False

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11
Q

After removal of amino group of amino acids (deamination), the carbon skeleton of amino acids is used for making _______

A
  1. ) Fats
  2. ) Ketone bodies
  3. ) Glucose
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12
Q

The ___________ energy of feed is measure by complete combustion of fed samples in bomb calorimeter.

A

Gross

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13
Q

Net energy (NE) of feed samples can be measured by subtracting the heat increment and heat of fermentation from _________

A

Metabolizable energy

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14
Q

An example of a macro-mineral?

A

Potassium

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15
Q

Phosphorous is a structural component of the skeleton and its deficiency can cause “rickets” in young animals.

A

True

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16
Q

The simple fats are esters of ___________ with fatty acids.

A

Alcohols

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17
Q

The amylolytic enzymes digest ____________ while the proteolytic enzymes digest proteins.

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

The synthesis of ___________ from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids is called “gluconeogenesis”.

A

Glucose

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19
Q

The major bilateral pair of glands which produce saliva in all animals include _________ glands, parotid glands, and submaxillary glands.

A

Sublingual

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20
Q

The middle segment of small intestine, which is called _________ is responsible for absorption of fats.

A

Jejunum

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21
Q

The digestive enzyme of saliva is named __________, which digests soluble carbohydrates such as starch.

A

Amylase

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22
Q

The third compartment of stomach in ruminants is called __________, which is important for reducing the particle size of digesta and absorption of nutrients.

A

Omasum

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23
Q

The _____________ is the first segment of stomach mucosal lining after esophagus, which is responsible for secretion of mucus and protect the lining of stomach.

A

Cardiac

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24
Q

The starch molecules are digested by ____________ in the small intestine and produce maltose or isomaltose.

A

Amylase

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25
Q

Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide, which is made of ___________ and glucose.

A

Galactose

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26
Q

In “unsaturated fatty acids” double bonds are formed in their structure because of removal of H atoms.

A

True

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27
Q

The “body chief cells (peptic cells)” of stomach produce pepsin.

A

True

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28
Q

The cellulose is digested by enzymes synthesized in small intestine of animals.

A

False

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29
Q

Long-chain fatty acids are incorporated in the structure of triglycerides in mucosal cells of intestine and absorbed in the lymph system.

A

True

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30
Q

Linear chain of glucose molecules from amylose, while both linear and branched chain of glucose molecules make amylopectin.

A

True

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31
Q

“Glycogenesis” is defined as hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose, which can prevent hypoglycemia during fasting.

A

False

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32
Q

The active transport of glucose in the GI tract is carried-out by sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT) against the concentration gradient using ATP.

A

True

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33
Q

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with more than 10 sugar units such as starch.

A

False

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34
Q

Inorganic elements (minerals) and vitamins are energy-producing nutrients.

A

False

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35
Q

The “nonessential nutrients” are not synthesized in sufficient amount in anima’s body, so they are required in the diet.

A

False

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36
Q

In ruminants, saliva _________

A

Is the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium

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37
Q

What is an example of a sterol?

A

Ergosterol (Vitamin D2 precursor)

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38
Q

The products of digestion of cellulose in the digestive tract are _____________

A

Volatile fatty acids

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39
Q

Fats (lipids) are

A
  1. ) Source of energy in the diet
  2. ) Part of cell membrane
  3. ) As essential fatty acids, they are important for skin health
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40
Q

What intestinal digestive enzyme, which is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Maltase

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41
Q

Triglycerides are

A

The storage form of fat in animal’s body

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42
Q

The glucose is transported from epithelial cells of intestine to interstitial fluid by __________ mechanism.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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43
Q

The _________ is an essential fatty acid.

A
  1. ) Linoleic acid

2. ) Linolenic acid

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44
Q

The cecum of a horse is smaller than a sheep

A

False

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45
Q

Ruminants have 4-compartment stomach

A

True

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46
Q

The small intestine of ruminants is longer than horse

A

True

47
Q

The horse and rabbit have very large sacculated large intestine

A

True

48
Q

What is the most abundant component of plants cell wall?

A

Cellulose

49
Q

Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis of glucose and enter ___________ in mitochondria for production of ATP.

A

Krebs cycle & Respiratory transport chain

50
Q

The ______ is an associated digestive organ.

A

Liver

51
Q

What influences the animal’s nutrient requirements?

A

The level of production & age of the animal

52
Q

The small intestine of omnivores is longer than that in carnivores.

A

True

53
Q

The cecum of carnivores is larger than that in omnivores.

A

False

54
Q

Omnivores has sacculated large intestine.

A

True

55
Q

The large intestine of carnivores is simple and not sacculated.

A

True

56
Q

Emulsification of fats do what?

A

Dietary fats are emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine.

57
Q

In the small intestine, the nutrients are mainly absorbed in ____________ and ____________

A

Ileum and Jejunum

58
Q

Nutrients that are inorganic components of animal feed are?

A

Macro-elements & Micro-elements

59
Q

What organs synthesize the enzyme “rennin”?

A

Stomach

60
Q

Short-chain fatty acids (C 2-10) are directly absorbed to _________ in the small intestine.

A

Portal system

61
Q

The bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon results in production of __________

A

Some amino acids
Volatile fatty acids
Some vitamins

62
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Molecule made from proteins and fats (mucosal cell)

Micelle

63
Q

How are chylomicrons formed and absorbed?

A

Chylomicrons consist 80% triglycerides and 20% proteins

64
Q

What are chylomicrons target?

A

They transfer fats into the blood from the small intestine to other functioning organs.

65
Q

What are the sources of lipids in the blood plasma?

A

Chylomicrons

Lipids that are released from tissues and fats

66
Q

How are the lipids transported in the blood plasma?

A

Blood lipids are transported in the form of lipoproteins

Chylomicrons

67
Q

What are the 5 classes of lipoproteins?

A 
Chylomicrons
Very Low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
68
Q

How are the 5 classes of lipoproteins compared?

A 
By protein content
Highest Level: HDL
Lowest Level: Chylomicrons 
By how much triglycerides 
Highest Level: chylomicrons 
Lowest Level: HDL
69
Q

How is the depot fat composition of ruminants and non-ruminants influenced by dietary fat composition?

A

In non-ruminants their body fat represents what they eat and are considered straight chain.
In ruminants, their fats change by the microbes and are characterized by odd-length and branched-chain fatty acids.

70
Q

How many common amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

71
Q

How many essential amino acids are found in proteins?

A

9-10 depending on species

72
Q

What are the essential amino acids that are found in proteins?

A 
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
73
Q

What factors influence the amino acid composition of proteins?

A

Source of proteins

Gene mutations

74
Q

How does the collagen level change with age?

A

Collagen level in the body increases with age

75
Q

What is the collagen’s chief amino acid?

A

Proline

Hydroxyproline

76
Q

What are contractile proteins?

A

Actin
Tryopomyosin B
Myosin

77
Q

Which contractile protein has ATP activity?

A

Myosin for muscle contraction

78
Q

What are the structural differences between enzymes and hormones?

A

Enzymes have protein structures

Hormones are made with fats & mixed with carbohydrates. Not all hormones are made with proteins

79
Q

What are the functional differences between enzymes and hormones?

A

Enzymes are secreted in the gut and in the small intestine

Hormones travel in the blood from the site of release to the organ for function.

80
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Response of the body itself against the exposure of a pathogen.

81
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies from external sources

82
Q

What are the sites of amino acids synthesis?

A

Dietary ingestion
Made from bacteria
Microorganisms in the tissue and organs

83
Q

What are the sites of amino acids degradation?

A 
Liver is the main organ
Small intestine degrades the most
Muscle
Bacterial microbes 
Gut
84
Q

What are the major proteolytic enzymes in the stomach?

A

Pepsin & renum

85
Q

What are the major proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase

86
Q

What mechanism is used by amino acids for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Active transport

Sodium-dependent

87
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of the amino group from the carbon skeleton of the amino acid

88
Q

What is transamination?

A

The transfer of the amino group from one amino acid to the carbon skeleton to make new amino acids in a cell (glucose) & keytone bodies

89
Q

What is the urea cycle?

A

Making urea from an amino group that was taken out of a carbon skeleton.

90
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur?

A

Mainly the liver

Small amounts are in the kidneys & small intestine

91
Q

What are the common forms of nitrogen excreted by mammals, birds, and fish?

A

Urea
Uric acid
Ammonia

92
Q

How is Gross Energy (GE) produced?

A

It is the total of a feed sample and is measured by a bomb calorimeter

93
Q

How is Digestible Energy produced?

A

Gross Energy (GE) - Feces Energy (FE)

94
Q

How is Metabolizable Energy (ME) produced?

A

Gross Energy (GE) - Feces Energy (FE) - Urine Energy (UE) - Combustible gasses

95
Q

What is the main disadvantage of the GE system?

A

It measures the same value from low and high quality of feed samples

96
Q

How is true Digestible Energy measured?

A

Fasting
Feeding the animal with a diet
Feeding the animal intravenously

Measure the fecal excretions
Subtraction of the excretions from the total FE

97
Q

What factors do influence the methane production and hence ME in ruminants?

A

Low quality of feeds and decrease of food intake produces large amounts of Methane
Which makes the ME smaller

98
Q

How is the net energy (NE) system measured?

A

ME - heat increment (HI) - heat fermentation (HF)

99
Q

What is heat increment (HI)?

A

The heat production of the nutrient digestion

100
Q

What factors influence the heat increment?

A

Feed intake
The type and level of nutrients
How often the animal is fed
The balance of protein amino acids

101
Q

What is basal metabolism?

A

The amount of energy expended to maintain the body weight of an animal

102
Q

How is basal metabolism measured?

A

Post absorptive state
State of calm and no activity but not asleep
Thermonuetral environment

103
Q

What factors influence basal metabolism?

A

Age
Type of breed and species
Brain activity factors
Hormones

104
Q

What is maintenance energy?

A

Balance for body energy where you don’t lose but don’t gain weight

105
Q

How is maintenance energy determined?

A

The sum of basal metabolism
Nutrient metabolism
& physical activity

106
Q

What are the macro-minerals in animal nutrition?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium 
Sulfur
107
Q

How is the calcium concentration of blood regulated?

A

Parathyroid hormone when it is low

Calcitonin when the calcium level is high

108
Q

What bone diseases may occur due to calcium and phosphorus deficiency?

A 
Young animals is Rickets
Adult dogs is Osteomalacia 
Big head in horses 
Simian bone disease
Paralysis
109
Q

What factors are associated with calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D dependent
Lactose and Lysine
Phytic and oxalic acid

Active transport
Passive transport

110
Q

What factors are associated with phosphorus absorption?

A

Active transport
Passive diffusion
Sodium, Calcium, & Vitamin D

111
Q

What are the major signs of Magnesium deficiency in animals?

A

Anorexia
Hyperemia
Tetany
Reduced weight gain

112
Q

What is the function of Na/K pump?

A

To keep 90% of the Na on the outside of the cell & 90% of K in the cell.

113
Q

What is the chief common function of sodium, chlorine, and potassium in an animal’s body?

A

Maintaining acid-base balance
Nerve impulse
Maintaining osmotic pressure

114
Q

What are the main functions of Sulfur in the body?

A 
Methionine
Cystine
Cysteine 
Vitamin biotin
Vitamin thiamin

Animal Nutrition (3 decks)

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