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Animal Nutrition > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

The simple fats are esters of _____________ with fatty acids.

A

Alcohols

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2
Q

The amylolytic enzymes digest ____________ while the proteolytic enzymes digest proteins.

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

The synthesis of ____________ from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids is called “gluconeogenesis”.

A

Glucose

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4
Q

The major bilateral pair of glands which produce saliva in all animals include _____________ glands, parotid glands and submaxillary glands.

A

Sublingual

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5
Q

The middle segment of small intestine, which is called ____________ is responsible for absorption of fats.

A

Jejunum

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6
Q

The digestive enzyme of saliva is named ___________, which digests soluble carbohydrates such as starch.

A

Amylase

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7
Q

The third compartment of stomach in ruminants is called ____________, which is important for reducing the particle size of digest and absorption of nutrients.

A

Omasum

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8
Q

The ________________ is the first segment of stomach mucosal lining after esophagus, which is responsible for secretion of mucus and protect the lining of stomach.

A

Cardiac

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9
Q

The starch molecules are digested by______________ in the small intestine and produce maltose or isomaltose.

A

Maltase or Amylase

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10
Q

Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide, which is made of ______________ and glucose.

A

Galactose

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11
Q

In “unsaturated fatty acids” double bonds are formed in their structure because of removal of H atoms.

A

True

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12
Q

The “body chief cells (peptic cells)” of stomach produce pepsin.

A

True

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13
Q

The cellulose is digested by enzymes synthesized in small intestine of animals.

A

False

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14
Q

Long-chain fatty acids are incorporated in the structure of triglycerides in mucosal cells of intestine and absorbed in the lymph system.

A

True

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15
Q

Linear chain of glucose molecules form amylose, while both linear and branched chain of glucose molecules make amylopectin.

A

True

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16
Q

“Glycogenesis” is defined as hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose, which can prevent hypoglycemia during fasting.

A

False

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17
Q

The active transport of glucose in the GI tract is carried out by sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT) against the concentration gradient using ATP.

A

True

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18
Q

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with more than 10 sugar units such as starch.

A

False

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19
Q

Inorganic elements (minerals) and vitamins are energy-producing nutrients.

A

False

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20
Q

The “nonessential nutrients” are not synthesized in sufficient amount in animal’s body, so they are required in the diet.

A

False

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21
Q

In ruminants, saliva

A

Is the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium

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22
Q

Which is a sterol?

A

Ergosterol (Vitamin D2 precursor)

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23
Q

The products of digestion of cellulose in the digestive tract are

A

Volatile fatty acids

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24
Q

What are “fats (lipids)”?

A

They are source of energy in the diet
They are part of cell membrane
As essential fatty acids, they are important for skin health

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25
Q

What is an intestinal digestive enzyme, which is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Maltase

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26
Q

Triglycerides are?

A

They are the storage form of fat in animal’s body

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27
Q

The glucose is transported from epithelial cells of intestine to interstitial fluid by ______________ mechanism.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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28
Q

The ________________ is an essential fatty acid.

A

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

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29
Q

The cecum of a horse is smaller than sheep

A

False

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30
Q

The small intestine of ruminants is longer than horse

A

True

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31
Q

Which is the most abundant component of plants cell wall?

A

Cellulose

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32
Q

Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis of glucose and enter ______________ in mitochondria for production of ATP.

A

Krebs cycle

Respiratory transport chain

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33
Q

The _____________ is an associated digestive organ.

A

Liver

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34
Q

What influences the animal’s nutrient requirements?

A

The level of production

Age of the animal

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35
Q

The cecum of carnivores is larger than that of omnivores

A

False

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36
Q

The small intestine of omnivores is longer than that in carnivores

A

True

37
Q

Omnivores has sacculated large intestine

A

True

38
Q

Emulsification of fats is

A

Dietary fats are emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine

39
Q

In the small intestine, the nutrients are mainly absorbed in _____________ and ______________

A

Ileum

Jejunum

40
Q

What nutrients are inorganic components of animal feed?

A

Macro-elements

Micro-elements

41
Q

Which organs synthesize the enzyme “rennin”?

A

Stomach

42
Q

Short-chain fatty acids (C 2-10) are directly absorbed to ______________ in the small intestine.

A

Portal system

43
Q

The bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon results in production of

A

Some amino acids
Volatile fatty acids
Some vitamins

44
Q

The deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in young growing animals causes a disease called ___________, which is characterized by deformed bones.

A

Rickets

45
Q

The glandular stomach of ruminants is called ________________, which is the fourth compartment of the stomach.

A

Abomasum

46
Q

The contractile proteins of muscle include _____________, myosin and tropomyosin B.

A

Actin

47
Q

To measure the _______________ energy of animals, we should sum up the basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of food (TEF) and physical activity.

A

Maintenance

48
Q

The _____________ immunity is acquired by animals through synthesizing antibodies against the exposure to pathogens (antigens).

A

Active

49
Q

When the concentration of blood calcium is higher than normal levels, the thyroid gland secretes a hormone called _____________, which can decrease the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney and increases the loss of calcium through urine.

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

The three pair of glands that produce saliva include sublingual glands, parotid glands and ______________ glands.

A

Submaxillary

51
Q

The excretory form of nitrogen in fish is ___________________, while mammals mainly excrete urea.

A

Ammonia

52
Q

The pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that is made in peptic cells of _____________ and digests the large proteins.

A

Stomach

53
Q

The macro-minerals in animal’s feed include _________________, phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and sodium (Na).

A

Magnesium

54
Q

The level of collagen in the body of animals decreases as they get older.

A

False

55
Q

Among lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contain the highest amount of triglycerides and the lowest amount of proteins.

A

False

56
Q

The microorganisms (microbes) of gut produce an enzyme that can digest the cellulose in monogastrics and ruminants.

A

True

57
Q

Chylomicrons are formed in the intestinal cells and mainly consist of triglycerides.

A

True

58
Q

The tetany and hyperemia of the extremities is a clinical sign for deficiency of dietary phosphorus.

A

False

59
Q

Short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into to the portal system in the small intestine and transferred to liver.

A

True

60
Q

To measure the “true digestible energy (DE)” the fecal energy should be measured in fasting animals and then subtracted from apparent DE.

A

True

61
Q

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of animals is a function of age and younger animals have higher BMR than older animals per unit of their metabolic size.

A

True

62
Q

Urea cycle occurs mainly in kidney and small intestine.

A

False

63
Q

The higher concentrations of oxalic and phytic acids in the diet will increase the availability and absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

A

False

64
Q

Increasing the feed intake of ruminants will increase their methane production and that will decrease the metabolizable energy (ME).

A

False

65
Q

The “parietal cells (oxyntic cells)” of stomach produce hydrochloric acid (HCl).

A

True

66
Q

The main route of nitrogen (N) excretion in birds is uric acid.

A

True

67
Q

There are 40 common amino acids in most of the proteins and 20 of them are essential amino acids.

A

False

68
Q

The gross energy (GE) system is widely used in animal nutrition due to its accuracy in predicting the energy content of the variety of feeds.

A

False

69
Q

The main common function for sodium, chlorine and potassium in animal’s physiology is to

A

Maintain the osmotic pressure

Maintain the acid-base balance

70
Q

What are the organic components of animal feed?

A

Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Fats (lipids)

71
Q

What is the “methane production and metabolizable energy (ME)” in ruminants?

A

Low quality feeds increase the methane production and decrease ME

72
Q

The ________ is a pancreatic digestive enzyme, is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

73
Q

The blood lipids consist of

A

Chylomicrons made in intestinal cells
Lipids made in adipose
Lipids made in liver

74
Q

The amino acids composition of proteins is affected by

A

The protein source

Genetic mutation

75
Q

Which is the product of bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon?

A

Volatile fatty acids

Some of amino acids and vitamins

76
Q

The ___________ is a sulfur containing essential amino acid.

A

Methionine

77
Q

What are active forms of proteolytic enzymes that are made in pancreas and released into small intestine?

A

Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Trypsin

78
Q

When the concentration of calcium is low in blood, what mechanism will be activated?

A

Vitamin D will increase the release of Ca from the bones (resorption) into blood

79
Q

Amino acids absorbed to small intestine through

A

Active transport

80
Q

The net energy (NE) can be calculated by using the following equation

A

Metabolizable (ME) - heat increment (HI) - heat of fermentation (HF)

81
Q

Enzymes and hormones

A

Hormones may have both protein and fat structures
Enzymes are synthesized by a group of cells and their site of action will be in their neighborhood
Hormones travel to their target from the site of release through circulating in the blood

82
Q

Components of plant cell wall

A

Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin

83
Q

The metabolizable energy (ME) can be calculated by using the following equation

A

Gross Energy (GE) - fecal energy (FE) - urine energy - methane (combustible gases) energy

84
Q

The Na/K ATPas pump, using ATP keeps the __________ at high concentration inside the cell.

A

Potassium

85
Q

The amino acids carbon skeleton formed after transamination and deamination can be used to produce

A

Amino acids
Glucose
Fat

86
Q

Ruminants depot fat is

A

Contains branched-chain fatty acids
Made of odd-length chain of fatty acids
Is not identical to depot fats of nonruminants

87
Q

Which is a lipoprotein?

A

Chylomicrons

88
Q

What can influence the “heat of increment (HI)” of animals?

A

Feed intake
Feeding frequency
The type and level of nutrients in the diet

Animal Nutrition (3 decks)

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