Final

Question 1

The simple fats are esters of _____________ with fatty acids.

Answer 1

Alcohols

Question 2

The amylolytic enzymes digest ____________ while the proteolytic enzymes digest proteins.

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

The synthesis of ____________ from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids is called “gluconeogenesis”.

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

The major bilateral pair of glands which produce saliva in all animals include _____________ glands, parotid glands and submaxillary glands.

Answer 4

Sublingual

Question 5

The middle segment of small intestine, which is called ____________ is responsible for absorption of fats.

Answer 5

Jejunum

Question 6

The digestive enzyme of saliva is named ___________, which digests soluble carbohydrates such as starch.

Answer 6

Amylase

Question 7

The third compartment of stomach in ruminants is called ____________, which is important for reducing the particle size of digest and absorption of nutrients.

Answer 7

Omasum

Question 8

The ________________ is the first segment of stomach mucosal lining after esophagus, which is responsible for secretion of mucus and protect the lining of stomach.

Answer 8

Cardiac

Question 9

The starch molecules are digested by______________ in the small intestine and produce maltose or isomaltose.

Answer 9

Maltase or Amylase

Question 10

Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide, which is made of ______________ and glucose.

Answer 10

Galactose

Question 11

In “unsaturated fatty acids” double bonds are formed in their structure because of removal of H atoms.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The “body chief cells (peptic cells)” of stomach produce pepsin.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

The cellulose is digested by enzymes synthesized in small intestine of animals.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

Long-chain fatty acids are incorporated in the structure of triglycerides in mucosal cells of intestine and absorbed in the lymph system.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Linear chain of glucose molecules form amylose, while both linear and branched chain of glucose molecules make amylopectin.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

“Glycogenesis” is defined as hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose, which can prevent hypoglycemia during fasting.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

The active transport of glucose in the GI tract is carried out by sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT) against the concentration gradient using ATP.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with more than 10 sugar units such as starch.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Inorganic elements (minerals) and vitamins are energy-producing nutrients.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

The “nonessential nutrients” are not synthesized in sufficient amount in animal’s body, so they are required in the diet.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

In ruminants, saliva

Answer 21

Is the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium

Question 22

Which is a sterol?

Answer 22

Ergosterol (Vitamin D2 precursor)

Question 23

The products of digestion of cellulose in the digestive tract are

Answer 23

Volatile fatty acids

Question 24

What are “fats (lipids)”?

Answer 24

They are source of energy in the diet
They are part of cell membrane
As essential fatty acids, they are important for skin health

Question 25

What is an intestinal digestive enzyme, which is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?

Answer 25

Maltase

Question 26

Triglycerides are?

Answer 26

They are the storage form of fat in animal’s body

Question 27

The glucose is transported from epithelial cells of intestine to interstitial fluid by ______________ mechanism.

Answer 27

Facilitated diffusion

Question 28

The ________________ is an essential fatty acid.

Answer 28

Linoleic acid | Linolenic acid

Question 29

The cecum of a horse is smaller than sheep

Answer 29

False

Question 30

The small intestine of ruminants is longer than horse

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Which is the most abundant component of plants cell wall?

Answer 31

Cellulose

Question 32

Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis of glucose and enter ______________ in mitochondria for production of ATP.

Answer 32

Krebs cycle | Respiratory transport chain

Question 33

The _____________ is an associated digestive organ.

Answer 33

Liver

Question 34

What influences the animal’s nutrient requirements?

Answer 34

The level of production | Age of the animal

Question 35

The cecum of carnivores is larger than that of omnivores

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The small intestine of omnivores is longer than that in carnivores

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Omnivores has sacculated large intestine

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Emulsification of fats is

Answer 38

Dietary fats are emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine

Question 39

In the small intestine, the nutrients are mainly absorbed in _____________ and ______________

Answer 39

Ileum | Jejunum

Question 40

What nutrients are inorganic components of animal feed?

Answer 40

Macro-elements | Micro-elements

Question 41

Which organs synthesize the enzyme “rennin”?

Answer 41

Stomach

Question 42

Short-chain fatty acids (C 2-10) are directly absorbed to ______________ in the small intestine.

Answer 42

Portal system

Question 43

The bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon results in production of

Answer 43

Some amino acids Volatile fatty acids Some vitamins

Question 44

The deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in young growing animals causes a disease called ___________, which is characterized by deformed bones.

Answer 44

Rickets

Question 45

The glandular stomach of ruminants is called ________________, which is the fourth compartment of the stomach.

Answer 45

Abomasum

Question 46

The contractile proteins of muscle include _____________, myosin and tropomyosin B.

Answer 46

Actin

Question 47

To measure the _______________ energy of animals, we should sum up the basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of food (TEF) and physical activity.

Answer 47

Maintenance

Question 48

The _____________ immunity is acquired by animals through synthesizing antibodies against the exposure to pathogens (antigens).

Answer 48

Active

Question 49

When the concentration of blood calcium is higher than normal levels, the thyroid gland secretes a hormone called _____________, which can decrease the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney and increases the loss of calcium through urine.

Answer 49

Calcitonin

Question 50

The three pair of glands that produce saliva include sublingual glands, parotid glands and ______________ glands.

Answer 50

Submaxillary

Question 51

The excretory form of nitrogen in fish is ___________________, while mammals mainly excrete urea.

Answer 51

Ammonia

Question 52

The pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that is made in peptic cells of _____________ and digests the large proteins.

Answer 52

Stomach

Question 53

The macro-minerals in animal’s feed include _________________, phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and sodium (Na).

Answer 53

Magnesium

Question 54

The level of collagen in the body of animals decreases as they get older.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

Among lipoproteins, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contain the highest amount of triglycerides and the lowest amount of proteins.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

The microorganisms (microbes) of gut produce an enzyme that can digest the cellulose in monogastrics and ruminants.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Chylomicrons are formed in the intestinal cells and mainly consist of triglycerides.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

The tetany and hyperemia of the extremities is a clinical sign for deficiency of dietary phosphorus.

Answer 58

False

Question 59

Short-chain fatty acids are absorbed into to the portal system in the small intestine and transferred to liver.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

To measure the “true digestible energy (DE)” the fecal energy should be measured in fasting animals and then subtracted from apparent DE.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of animals is a function of age and younger animals have higher BMR than older animals per unit of their metabolic size.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Urea cycle occurs mainly in kidney and small intestine.

Answer 62

False

Question 63

The higher concentrations of oxalic and phytic acids in the diet will increase the availability and absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

Answer 63

False

Question 64

Increasing the feed intake of ruminants will increase their methane production and that will decrease the metabolizable energy (ME).

Answer 64

False

Question 65

The “parietal cells (oxyntic cells)” of stomach produce hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Answer 65

True

Question 66

The main route of nitrogen (N) excretion in birds is uric acid.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

There are 40 common amino acids in most of the proteins and 20 of them are essential amino acids.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

The gross energy (GE) system is widely used in animal nutrition due to its accuracy in predicting the energy content of the variety of feeds.

Answer 68

False

Question 69

The main common function for sodium, chlorine and potassium in animal’s physiology is to

Answer 69

Maintain the osmotic pressure | Maintain the acid-base balance

Question 70

What are the organic components of animal feed?

Answer 70

Carbohydrates Vitamins Fats (lipids)

Question 71

What is the “methane production and metabolizable energy (ME)” in ruminants?

Answer 71

Low quality feeds increase the methane production and decrease ME

Question 72

The ________ is a pancreatic digestive enzyme, is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?

Answer 72

Amylase

Question 73

The blood lipids consist of

Answer 73

Chylomicrons made in intestinal cells Lipids made in adipose Lipids made in liver

Question 74

The amino acids composition of proteins is affected by

Answer 74

The protein source | Genetic mutation

Question 75

Which is the product of bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon?

Answer 75

Volatile fatty acids | Some of amino acids and vitamins

Question 76

The ___________ is a sulfur containing essential amino acid.

Answer 76

Methionine

Question 77

What are active forms of proteolytic enzymes that are made in pancreas and released into small intestine?

Answer 77

Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Trypsin

Question 78

When the concentration of calcium is low in blood, what mechanism will be activated?

Answer 78

Vitamin D will increase the release of Ca from the bones (resorption) into blood

Question 79

Amino acids absorbed to small intestine through

Answer 79

Active transport

Question 80

The net energy (NE) can be calculated by using the following equation

Answer 80

Metabolizable (ME) - heat increment (HI) - heat of fermentation (HF)

Question 81

Enzymes and hormones

Answer 81

Hormones may have both protein and fat structures Enzymes are synthesized by a group of cells and their site of action will be in their neighborhood Hormones travel to their target from the site of release through circulating in the blood

Question 82

Components of plant cell wall

Answer 82

Hemicellulose Cellulose Lignin

Question 83

The metabolizable energy (ME) can be calculated by using the following equation

Answer 83

Gross Energy (GE) - fecal energy (FE) - urine energy - methane (combustible gases) energy

Question 84

The Na/K ATPas pump, using ATP keeps the __________ at high concentration inside the cell.

Answer 84

Potassium

Question 85

The amino acids carbon skeleton formed after transamination and deamination can be used to produce

Answer 85

Amino acids Glucose Fat

Question 86

Ruminants depot fat is

Answer 86

Contains branched-chain fatty acids Made of odd-length chain of fatty acids Is not identical to depot fats of nonruminants

Question 87

Which is a lipoprotein?

Answer 87

Chylomicrons

Question 88

What can influence the “heat of increment (HI)” of animals?

Answer 88

Feed intake Feeding frequency The type and level of nutrients in the diet