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Prevention and Production Medicine > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Dairy- calf concerns birth to 2-4 hours

A

colostrum, naval health

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2
Q

Dairy- offer grain to calves

A

day 3

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3
Q

Beef- Considerations for IM site choice

A

Most effective and least apt to damage muscle

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4
Q

Dairy- cell makeup of teat canal

A

Squamous epithelium and thick layer of keratin

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5
Q

Beef- 10 factors of calf survival

A

Maternal traits, GI dz, resp dz, other dz, dam lactation, udder status, milk production, trauma, climate, congenital defects

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6
Q

Why avoid liner slips

A

Causes milk droplets and air to rush toward another teat and if there is an organism, it can penetrate far enough into teat canal to cause mastitis

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7
Q

Dairy- qty of coliforms shed in milk

A

Low numbers

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8
Q

2 types of vax

A

Modified live/attenuated and inactivated/non-infectious/killed

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9
Q

Beef- public health goals

A

Food chain quality assurance, drug residue avoidance, microbial contamination avoidance. Health livestock=wholesome product

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10
Q

Beef- Determining factors of degree of parasitism

A

age, weather, environment, stocking rate, pasture management, parasite type

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11
Q

Dairy- 6 steps of mastitis control

A

Proper milking management, environmental control, dry cow therapy, milking machine maintenance, treatment protocols, vax

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12
Q

Beef- what are non-fed cattle

A

Cattle not raised directly for beef- beef and dairy dams

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13
Q

Dairy- abx for strep ag

A

Penicillin and others

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14
Q

Dairy- 3 criteria for calf housing

A

clean/dry, good natural ventilation, prevent calf-calf contact

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15
Q

Dairy- when do calves eat grain

A

21-28 days

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16
Q

Beef- how long to reach dinner table

A

14-22 months

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17
Q

Poultry- Coronavirus- describe

A

Enveloped

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18
Q

Dairy- how often move hutches in wet weather? dry?

A

3-4 days, up to 10 days

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19
Q

Advantages inactivated/non-infectious/killed vax

A

No replication in host, no change to virulence, safer

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20
Q

What is immunoprophylaxis

A

Enhancement of an immune response to protect from disease

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21
Q

Characteristics of coliform mastitis

A

sudden marked affected quarter swelling, fever, tremor, rumen stasis, dehydration, diarrhea; udder secretion starts serous with no leukocytes (pus) or fibrin- later have outpouring of fibrin and leukocytes

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22
Q

2 forms of immunoprophylaxis

A

Vaccination and passive transfer

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23
Q

What is the window of susceptibility

A

Critical period where maternal Ab go away and not enough acquired immunity has been produced to mount an appropriate immune response from 7-11 weeks

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24
Q

Dairy- 5 signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, less function

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25
Q

Dairy- herds with low somatic cell counts are at increased risk of what type of infection

A

Coliform due to the protective effect of elevated SCC

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26
Q

Dairy- 5 environmental pathogens causing mastitis

A

strep uberis, strep dysgalactia, staph coag neg, coliforms, t. pyogenes

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27
Q

What are inactivated/non-infectious/killed vax

A

Whole agent, purified subunit or recombinant protein

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28
Q

Dairy- What organism causes a coffee ground appearance to milk

A

Mycoplasma

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29
Q

Dairy- colostrum when

A

ASAP- within 2 hours (2-3L) and again within 4-6

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30
Q

When should heifers be moved to calving area

A

10-14 days prior

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31
Q

Beef- 3 risks of processing growing calves

A

Castration, dehorning, immunizing

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32
Q

Dairy- frequency of feeding calf in individual housing under 4-8 weeks

A

2x/day out of open faced bucket

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33
Q

Modified live/attenuated vax

A

Contain whole agent or recombinant vector

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34
Q

Poultry- What causes ascites

A

Metabolic causes - not bacteria or virus

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35
Q

Poultry- What virus causes infectious bronchitis

A

Variants of coronavirus

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36
Q

Beef- goals for animal well being

A

Good production practices, quality handling facilities, clean environment, nutrition

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37
Q

Dairy- most severe form of mastitis

A

Peracute- CS develop over 4-12 hours and have systemic portion

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38
Q

Dairy- What vax prevent mastitis

A

e. coli (also, but not recommended: staph aureus, mycoplasma bovis)

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39
Q

Dairy- Bacterial cause of mastitis that does not actively invade tissue

A

Strep agalactiae

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40
Q

What 4 factors affect the offspring’s Ab level

A

Maternal Ab titer, amount of colostrum received, parasitism, environment

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41
Q

Pathogenesis of strep ag

A

Subclinical inflammatory reaction blocks milk collection/prevents drainage, Involution of mammary tissue, irritant accumulates/intensifies, secretory tissue –> scar tissue –> atrophying the mammary gland

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42
Q

Dairy- What environmental strep infection is easily mistaken for strep ag

A

strep uberis

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43
Q

Dairy- how many calves in a group under 21 days

A
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44
Q

Beef- 4 components of post-breeding bull managment

A

determine breeding season success, PE, repro exam, vax, parasite control

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45
Q

Dairy- 4 coliforms that cause mastitis

A

e. coli, klebsiella, serratia, aeromonas

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46
Q

Dairy- weaning vax

A

NONE! no extra stress for one week surrounding

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47
Q

What program is more complex, breeder or layer

A

Breeder

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48
Q

Beef- procedures to be done at calving

A

ID tag, birth weight, naval care, castration, vitamin E/A/D/selenium, records

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49
Q

Dairy- california mastitis test

A

Indirect SCC in milk good screening for subclinical mastitis in a herd

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50
Q

Dairy- idea heifer weight 11-13 months

A

>750 lb

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51
Q

Dairy- post-weaning pen numbers

A
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52
Q

Beef- when are calves weaned

A

7-9 months

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53
Q

Beef- 3 factors that affect time to conception

A

cyclicity, uterine health, nutrition

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54
Q

Beef- What is the preferred place for IM injection in beef cow

A

Hands-width in front of scapula

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55
Q

Dairy- 2 orgs controlled by dry cow therapy

A

Strep ag, staph aureus

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56
Q

Beef- age when reach market weight

A

90-150 days

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57
Q

Who makes up the management team

A

Vet, shelter manager, others that control population size and animal movement

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58
Q

Dairy- target heifer BCS for calving

A

3-3.5

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59
Q

Why does DHIA report SCC as a natural log transformation

A

Eliminates extreme values from changing mean, allows direct estimation of milk production losses at each SCC level

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60
Q

Dairy- deworm schedule

A

4m, 5m, 8-9m, 11-13m

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61
Q

Advantages of modified live/attenuated

A

Replicates in host, longer lasting, fewer reactions, stimulates cell mediated immunity better

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62
Q

Colony immunity

A

Resistance of the group of animals to invasion and spread of infectious disease

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63
Q

Dairy- 4 month vax

A

IBR/PI3/BRSV/BVD, lepto 5 way, (+/- pink eye, deworm)

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64
Q

Dairy- 2 options for milk delivery in group housing

A

ad lib (nipple bar) or mechanized

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65
Q

Dairy- preliminary incubation count

A

number of bacteria growing after refrigerated incubation- tells how many grow at cold temps

66
Q

Dairy- recovery time for mastitis from coliforms- what causes it

A

1-2 weeks, inflammatory process stops further multiplication of the org

67
Q

Disadvantages inactivated/non-infectious/killed vax

A

Require more vax, more allergenic, need adjuvant, shorter immunity duration

68
Q

Dairy- 5 procedures at 5 months

A

brucella abortis option vax, deworm, weigh, extra teat removal, lepto 5 way

69
Q

Dairy- How much strep ag is excreted in milk

A

large numbers of bacteria

70
Q

Beef- what are fed cattle

A

Cattle raised for the beef industry

71
Q

Dairy- when should heifer calve, what are the advantages

A

24 months- better lifetime production, decreased 1st parturition health issues, decreased raising cost

72
Q

Beef- how can you avoid hide defects

A

Dehorning, safe enclosures

73
Q

Dairy- rate of calf growth at one month

A

1.8 lb/day

74
Q

Dairy- 1 month calf vax

A

7 way clostridium, IBR/PI3/BRSV/BVD (2x, 3 weeks apart)

75
Q

Dairy- How much s. aureus is shed in milk

A

Low numbers

76
Q

Beef- goals of success for food animal

A

Efficient livestock production, marketability, quality assured

77
Q

2 post milking steps

A

dip all 4 with post-milking disinfectant, send cow to feed bunk full of fresh feed and water

78
Q

Dairy- First and most important line of defense against invasion by bacteria to the mammary gland

A

Teat canal

79
Q

Beef- Time period for mixing lg qty of vaccines

A

1 hour at a time

80
Q

Dairy- vax/injections for newbords

A

Vitamin E/selenium, Vit A and D, IBR/PI3/BRSV IN

81
Q

Dairy- test calves for colostral intake, preferred result

A

2-8 days, >5.5 g/dL

82
Q

Dairy- IBR/PI3/BRSV/BVD vax schedule

A

1, 4, 11-13

83
Q

Beef- when should calf be dehorned

A

4-6 months

84
Q

Beef- Selection criteria for breeding bulls

A

13-15 months old, virgin/disease free, herd of origin dz free, performance train assessment

85
Q

What is a liner slip

A

Milking unit slides down teat and seal between liner and teat is broken- causes air to go into unit and cause vacuum differential between slip liner and other intact liners and teats

86
Q

Dairy- dirty environment causes what in calves

A

naval infection or septicemia

87
Q

Dairy- What hemolysin is associated with gangrenous mastitis

88
Q

Disadvantages of IN/oral vax

A

Revert to virulence, reactions

89
Q

Dairy- subacute mastitis

A

Subdued classic mastitis signs and no systemic effects- cow fine, teat inflamed

90
Q

Can coronavirus invade other tissues besides respiratory

A

Yes, some strains do

91
Q

Dairy- 4 primary udder pathogens causing mastitis

A

S. aureus, strep agalactiae, mycoplasma, strep. dysgalactia

92
Q

Dairy- Control mycoplasma infections in the herd

A

Control stress

93
Q

Beef- 2 risk factors for maintaining pregnancy

A

disease, toxins

94
Q

Dairy- how are endotxins released in coliform mastitis

A

Leukocytes destroy bacteria releasing toxins

95
Q

Cor vax for cats

A

Panleukopenia, herpes, calici, rabies

96
Q

List in order of priority each group of animals that are handled in the shelter

A

Puppies/kittens - pregnant females - young adults - adults- quarantined animals - isolation/sick animals

97
Q

Dairy- 99% of mastitis is due to what 5 orgs

A

strep ag, staph aureus, strep uberis, strep dysgalactia, coliforms

98
Q

Poultry- Most to least aggressive vaccine routes

A

fine spray, coarse spray, eye drops, drinking water

99
Q

Response time for modified live/attenuated parenteral vax

100
Q

Dairy- control strep ag in a herd

A

post-milk teat disinfection, treat dry cows, Blitz treatment

101
Q

Dairy- calves most susceptible to dz

A

birth and weaning

102
Q

Non-core vax for cats

A

FeLV (core in kittens), FIV, FIP, chamydophila, bordetella

103
Q

High lab pasteurize count indicates?

A

How well milking equipment is being cleaned- water to clean equipment must be hot enough

104
Q

Beef- 6 risk factors for growing calf survival

A

GI or muscle, dz, parasitism, resp dz, other dz, toxin, trauma

105
Q

Dairy- standard plate count

A

Count of all bacteria in the milk- pathogenic and non

106
Q

Dairy- determine success of passive transfer

A

serum total protein

107
Q

Beef- 7 major concerns of cow health in calving season

A

External parasites, internal parasites, trauma, nutrition, GI dz, toxicosis, misc disease

108
Q

Beef- stocker grower phase?

A

8-15 months

109
Q

Dairy- tx teat before milking

A

clean and dry before entering parlor, predip all 4 with premilking disinfectant and allow sufficient contact time, draw off severa streams looking for mastitis, remove predip with papertowels or clean disinfected towels, hang milking unit on cow and adjust (dip- strip- wipe- hang)

110
Q

Dairy- when to tag and remove calves for individual housing

A

less than 12 hours of life

111
Q

Dairy- importance of keratin layer of teat canal

A

Bacteriostatic properties

112
Q

Why control flies?

113
Q

Dairy- What environmental strep follows teat injury or is enhanced by teat lesions

A

Strep dysgalactia

114
Q

What does the lab pasteurized count tell you

A

number of bacteria growing after pasteurization- thermophiles

115
Q

Dairy- how long should heifers be left alone before breeding

116
Q

Dairy- group housing after weaning- when

117
Q

Non core vax for dogs

A

Coronavirus, parainfluenza, lepto, bordetella, lyme, influenza

118
Q

Dairy- 6-13 months, calves per pen

119
Q

Beef- what should be on the record for a group of cattle

A

Date, time, place; product info; routes and doses; placement of product; withdrawal times, warnings

120
Q

Dairy- Most common clinical form of mastitis, most common form of mastitis

A

Subacute, Subclinical

121
Q

Beef- 3 bull factors that affect conception and pregnancy

A

Repro soundness, nutritional state, disease risk

122
Q

Dairy- clinical presentation of mycoplasma

A

Mastitis in one quarter that spreads to the other quarters in 1-3 days

123
Q

Dairy- 3 major components to control mastitis

A

Milk only dry teats, post milking teat dip, dry cow therapy

124
Q

Dairy- What is dry cow therapy

A

All functional quarters of all cows should be tx with long acting intramammary abx at dry off time following aseptic technique

125
Q

Dairy- what peracute infection can lead to gangrenous quarters

A

Staph aureus

126
Q

Beef- 7 hazards of beef- ranch to table

A

Biological (bacterial/parasitic), natural toxins, physical, chemical residues, feed additives, feed decomposition, microbial contaminants

127
Q

Poultry- Popularity of meat in US most to least

A

Chicken, beef, pork, fish

128
Q

Goal of preventative medicing

A

Maximize health and production by minimizing stress, provide best housing, good nutrition, parasite control, disease prevention

129
Q

Advantages for modified live/attenuated parenteral vax vs IN/oral

A

Virulence not as common, fewer reactions

130
Q

Dairy- what type of s. aureus is most common

A

Subclinical and chronic

131
Q

Beef- benefit of proper restraint

A

Avoid bruising, injury of personnel, facilitate vax technique

132
Q

Dairy- dehorn calves when

A

Cautery- 1 month, paste: 12-24 hours

133
Q

Dairy- qty of colostrum needed of good/excellent

134
Q

5 Cs of dairy calf raising

A

Cleanliness, comfort, calories, colostrum, consistency

135
Q

Dairy- instruments to test colostrum

A

colostrometer, brix total solids refractometer

136
Q

Dairy- dx subclinical

A

Tests applied to milk to demonstrate inflammation products like leukocytes, fibrin clots and serum

137
Q

Dairy- What % of mature body size should a heifer be at first calving (what weight)

A

85% - 1200 lb

138
Q

Beef- 5 components of pre-breeding managment for the bull

A

BSE, immunization, parasite control, nutrition, trim hooves

139
Q

Disadvantage of california mastitis test

A

Not good for differntiating between infected and non-infected (> or

140
Q

Dairy- offer water to calves?

141
Q

Poultry- ideal feed conversion

142
Q

Beef- 7 principles of HACCP risk assessment

A

Hazard analysis, critical control points, critical limits, system to monitor control of CCP, determine corrective actions when CCP not met, procedure for verification that HACCP program is working, document all procedures

143
Q

Why milk out a cow

A

Let over milk predisposes to mastitis

144
Q

Beef- 4 components of emergency prep

A

Assess potential problems, client education, availability of supplies and drugs, establish protocols

145
Q

Dairy- subclinical mastitis

A

Inflammation present but no gross signs

146
Q

Dairy- Why cant you treat s. aureus with penicillins of beta lactams

A

Bacteria produce penicillinase and beta-lactamas- abx cant penetrate the connective tissue of the abcesses

147
Q

Advantages of IN/oral vax

A

Quick response time, higher IgA levels

148
Q

Disadvantages of modified live/attenuated

A

Can become virulent again, immune suppression

149
Q

Dairy- why avoid stress on way to parlor

A

Adrenaline overcomes let-down hormone action

150
Q

Dairy- control fly strike in wet/hot/humid weather

A

calves on sand or clipped grass

151
Q

Dairy- how many calves in a group 21-56 days

152
Q

Dairy- Benefit of eval bulk tank milk

A

Good for herd trends

153
Q

Core vax for dogs

A

Distemper, parvo, infectious hepatitis, rabies

154
Q

Dairy- 4 methods of monitoring herd mastitis status

A

clinical cases, bulk milk eval, california mastitis test, individual SCC (somatic cell count)

155
Q

Dairy- 4 general steps of premilking management

A

Strip, dip, wipe, hang (dip optional and can come after strip)

156
Q

Dairy- what is the only form of mastitis where blitz tx is effective

A

Strep Ag ***

157
Q

Beef- How man times can a needle be used before changing

A

10-15 times or when its burred, dulled or contaminated

158
Q

How long is the response time for IN or oral modified live/attenuated vax

159
Q

Beef- 3 parasite control strategies

A

Minimize contamination via deworm when grazing season starts (before egg shedding occurs) and time therapy to seasonal grazing patterns; Balance stocking rates; Rotate pastures

160
Q

Poultry- When should you vax

A

Before the immune system develops

Prevention and Production Medicine (4 decks)

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