Final Flashcards
Gilt
Female, no births
Barrow
Male, castrated- meat source
Sow
Female with young
Weaner age
~3 weeks, weaned
Shoat
Older pig- term not used often
Finisher/fat hog- age/size
6 months, 280 lb, ready for market
Wean to finish sizes
30 lb to 280 lb
Feedback
Inoculate all animas at same time with pig intestines/manure to get them all sick at once
Parity
Number of litters
Non-productive sow day
3-7 days of not pregnant, not lactating
SEW- define, what is it used for?
Segregated early weaning to control disease
MEW
Medicated early weaning
MMEW
Modified medicated early weaning
Farm:pig ratio trend
More pigs, less farms
Describe the pig pyramid
Nucleus- multipliers- producers- market
Spot- -type of pig
Dark
SPF- define
Specific pathogen free
Primary SPF
C section derived
Ideal # teats
14
Most cost effective way to tx disease/outbreak
H2O tx
Duroc, Poland, Hampshire, Berkshire- type of pigs
Dark
Type of pig with lean muscle for meat
Dark
Pigs that are better mothers, not meat
White
Yorkshire, Landrace, Pietran type of pig
White (pietran spotted)
Method of death- gunshot, captive bolt
Disrupt brainstem
What is a rotational cross
Several different breeds mixed to maintain hybrid vigor
White scours/wet tail scours/ETEC- agent
Colibacillosis E. Coli
Secondary SPF
from primary SPF
TGE- agent
Coronavirus serotype 1
Colibacillosis in neonates - pathogenesis
Pili attach to enterocytes and destroy crypts, toxin secreted into SI lead to acidosis, dehydration, death
MMA- dz source in growing/breeding sows
PEDv (coronavirus)
Colibacillosis- tx
Abx, fluids
TGE- transmission
Coronavirus in feces for 10 weeks, fecal oral, airborne to 1 mile
Diarrhea and septicemia in
Colibacillosis (white scours, ETEC)
Coronavirus- diseases
TGE, PEDv
Most common site for gastric ulceration of animals at slaughter
Pars esophagae- where esophagus attaches to stomach
Profuse watery D, milk curds, V- dz
TGE (with less V can be PEDv)
Causes of gastric ulceration
Copper, stress, gastric acidity, whey, corn starch, off feed, etc
Colibacillosis (white scours, ETEC)- control
Vax to sow, AI/AO
Peracute death from hemorrhage/peritonitis in older pigs or chronic melena, weight loss, anemia and abdominal pain can be due to - dz
Gastric ulcers
TGE replication, pathogenesis
Lung, all SI; Villi damage, malabsorption, D, dehydration
PEDv vax- when to use
Dont use in sows unless a problem is present
PEDv pathogenesis
Villi destruction from replication in enterocytes of SI, ulceration leads to fluid loss, dehydration
Describe TGE immunity; best control method
IgG initial (Ab in serum for 7 weeks), IgA in gut colostrum; Maternal Ab in 6-12w piglets; Best control: Feedback
Fever, coughing, respiratory thumping, naso-ocular d/c in any age from nursery to finishers- dz
PRDC- porcine respiratory disease complex (pneumonia)
Ileitis*, NPE, RI, PHE, and NE are all other names for
PIA- porcine intestinal adenomatosis
PRDC agents
M. hyorhinus, PRRSV, SIV, bacteria
PEDv vs TGE cs
PEDv V less common
4.5 d old, watery, pasty D with rough hair coat
Coccidiosis
Respiratory infection with chronic non-productive coughing, rough hair coat, body condition loss, but low mortality
Mycoplasma pneumonia from mycopasma pneumoniae (or occasionally m. hyo)
Transmission of myco pneumonia
Aerosol or direct contact most common, airborne possible; Sow to piglet or pig to pig
Coccidiosis agent, source of infection
Isospora suis; NOT the sow, oocytes in the environment sporulate
Edema of gut, nervous signs, CPD in weaned pigs- dz
Edema dz from colibacillosis
Most common age for myco. pneumonia
3-10 weeks
Coccidiosis- gross lesions
Thickened, turgid jejunum and ileum
Pathogenesis of myco pneumonia
Infection of cilia of URT causing clumping and shedding (likely due to a cytotoxin) affecting mucociliary apparatus
Name the dz via the lesion: Necropsy- thin walled SI
PEDv or TGE
Coccidiosis- control, Tx
Get rid of spores, quaternary ammonia compounds/chlorox, heat/steam; Tx: Amprolium or decoquinate (coccidiostats), sulfas
Rotovirus- transmission, replication, pathogenesis
Sow to piglet at farrowing; SI replication, villous damage leading to malabsorption, D
Agents associated with PIA
campylobacter, lawsonia
Pig less than 7 days, peracute to acute bloody diarrhea- dz
Clostridial enteritis (can also be chronic/subacute in older)
Name the dz from the lesion: Histo: peribronchilar lymphocytic hyperplasia
Myco pneumonia
Most common cause of salmonellosis
S. cholerasuis
Tx myco. pneumonia
Tetracyclines, tylan; Used to treat with quinolones but now illegal
Clostridial enteritis- tx
PPG (penicillin G) (gram +)
Clostridial enteritis- usefulness of vaccines
Vax all sows to help control, bacitracin may reduce shedding
Diarrhea, stunting, +/- fever in weaned pig- dz
PWD Colibacillosis
What causes and determines the severity of PWD Colibacillosis
Loss of lactogenic immunity at weaning; Pathogenicity and management determine severity
Diagnose dz via lesion: Histo: loss of villous tips, clumping of villi, peroxidase staining
Rotovirus
Sudden death of seemingly healthy pigs- dz
ED from colibacillosis
Clostridial enteritis- agent
C. perfringens Type C
Fever, restlessness, anorexia, cyanosis, yellow diarrhea- dz
Septicemic salmonellosis
PWD (post-weaning D) and ED (edema dz)- agent
Colibacillosis strains in weaned pigs
Merozoites, micro and macro gametes in SI indicate what infection
Coccidiosis
Explosive coughing outbreak, 106-107 fever, anorexia, conjunctivitis- dz
SIV- swine influenza
Pathogenesis of c. perfringens
Adheres to jejunal epithelium, damages villi- Beta toxin!!
Pathogenesis of PWD
High stomach pH, environmental e. coli overgrowth, enterotoxins leading to secretory diarrhea
Name the dz via the lesion: Gross: hemorrhagic SI, gas bubbles in serosa, bloody lumen; Histo- high # bacteria, villous damage
Clostridial enteritis (c. perfringens C)
Fever, dehydration, loss of body condition, fast spreading D- dz
Enteric form of salmonellosis
PWD- control methods
Creep feeding to intro solid food, split feedings, low #s per pen, complex diet, acidified H2O
Mucohemorrhagic colitis with decreased performance and death losses in any ages but most common in feeder pigs- dz
Serpulina (brachyspira) hyodysenteriae - (anaerobic sprirochete)
Serpulina (brachyspira) hyodysenteriae- pathogenesis
Entrance into colon via goblet cells, then into epithelial colon cells leading to destruction, inflammation, histamine release, and failure of fluid transport mechanisms
Where are the only lesions for Serpulina hyodysenteriae found?
Mucosa
7-14 day old pig, anorexia, V, D (can be profuse), dehydration- dz
Rotovirus
Name dz from lesions: Histo: button ulcers, enlarged mesenteric LN, fluid-filled cecum/colon, necrotic colitis/typhlitis
Enteric salmonellosis
PWD- tx
Feed or H2O gram negative Abx, +/- split feeding, acidified H2O/electrolytes in feed, change protein:fiber levels
Name the dz from lesion: parathyroid nodule in liver
Septicemic salmonellosis
Preferred/classic control of rotovirus
Feedback q 3-5 weeks
Dx salmonellosis
Culture
Tx salmonellosis
Early, aggressive Abx
Tx rotovirus
Fluids, supportive, +/- Abx
Vax plan for rotovirus
MLV/killed- in piglets and sows
Name dz from lesions: congested liver, watery material in SI but SI not damaged, dehydration
PWD Colibacillosis
Mouth breathing, thumping, early fever- dz
Pasteurella multocida
Dz with longest shedding (70 days) that can survive in lagoon water, dogs, mice, starlings, flies
Serpulina (brachyspira) Hyodysenteriae
Acute fever, anorexia, dyspnea leading to bloody nose, infarct and cyanosis –> death in 6 hours in grower/finisher pigs- dz
APP- actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (aka HPP)
What causes death in pasteurella multocida
Endotoxic shock
Best method of control for serpulina hyodysenteriae
depop/repop
P. multocida-most common etiology, pathogenesis
Type A; Immune suppression, secondary to disease causing mucociliary tract dysfunction
P. multocida- tx
Abx
What lesion is pathognomonic for salmonellosis; name 3 gross lesions that could be seen
Parathyroid nodule in the liver; skin discoloration, enlarged LN, enlarged spleen
Transmission of APP
Tonsil/lungs of carrier pig with nose-nose transmission of 10^4-10^6 orgs (fragile organism)
Tx APP
Parenteral Abx early and often, Chronic: low stress, ventilation, cross protection
Late term abortion, premature, mummified fetus- dz
PRRS
PRRS etiology, transmission
Viral (lelystad, togavirus, arterivirus); Aerosol pig to pig, semen transmission
PRRS- tx and control
Very expensive- control via proper strain vax
Control myco pneumonia
AI/AO, SEW/MEW/MMEW, SPF,
Depop/Repop
Control SIV
Vaccines!, ventilation, control birds
What type of disease will SPF pigs still have?
Strep. suis
TGE- tx
Fluids! (and prayer)
Limiting amino acid in swine
Lysine
Which agent is zoonotic: rotavirus, staph. hyacus, orisospora suis
Rotavirus
What is the most cost-effective lesion to reduce horizontal respiratory disease transmission- vax, sanitation, individual medication, AIAO, feed medication
AIAO
A minimal vaccination program for pre-breeding gilts should include vaccination against:
a. Pseudorabies, mycoplasmosis and atrophic rhinitis
b. Leptospirosis, parvovirus, and erysipelas
c. Parvovirus, colibacillosis, and TGE
d. Erysipelas, rotavirus, and hemophilus
e. Brucellosis, pseudorabies, and hog cholera
B- lepto, parvo, erysipelas
The most important reason to use antibiotics in the feed for pigs is to:
a. Decrease costs
b. Ease of administration
c. Prevent disease
d. Treat disease
e. Improve gain and feed efficiency
Improve grain and feed efficiency (From notes: week 6-8 Abx target specific disease, improve feed: grain ratio)
AIAO production will NOT do which of the following:
a. Increase usage of the facility
b. Ease management
c. Decrease death loss
d. Improve feed efficiency and ADG
e. Eliminate all respiratory disease
e- eliminate all respiratory dz
In taking a history when dealing with neonatal scours in pigs, what one of the following facts may help you the most? (most important factor when diagnosing piglet diarrhea)
a. Age of onset
b. Breed of sire
c. Time of year
d. Color of scour
Age of onset (From notes: dx from Hx (age and CS signs)
Prevention of colibacillosis in neonatal pigs is most economically & effectively prevented by:
a. Sanitation
b. Vaccination of the piglets
c. Vaccination of the dam [E. coli]
d. Management of the environment [Clostridium; All in/All out – Coccidiosis]
e. Feedback [TGE, rotavirus, E. coli, Clostridium]
c- vax of the dam (e. coli)
TGE in piglets less than 10 days of age is best treated with:
a. Oral electrolytes
b. IV fluids
c. Sow medication
d. Piglet vaccination
e. Sow vaccination
B- IV fluids
Which of the following neonatal diarrheas would feedback NOT work for?
a. Coccidiosis
b. TGE
c. Rotavirus
d. E. coli
e. Clostridium
a. coccidiosis
The best explanation for why SEW is so successful is
a. The new site is clean
b. The pigs were moved away from the source of disease
c. Medication in the feed reduces the incidence of disease
d. Vaccination for appropriate pathogens is more successful
b- pigs moved away from source of disease
Clostridium perfringens type C is best prevented by:
a. Vaccination of the sows and gilts with a killed bacterin/toxoid
b. Cleaning the farrowing house with a hot water high pressure sprayer
c. Administering antitoxin
d. A and B
e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following combinations of pathogens usually causes porcine respiratory disease complex?
a. Salmonella cholerasuis and mycoplasma hyosynoviae
b. Pasteurella multocida type D, PRRS, SIV, and APP
c. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, PRRSV, SIV, bacteria (Pasteurella, s. suis, etc.)
d. Pseudorabies and hemophilus parasuis
e. Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
c. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, PRRSV, SIV, bacteria (Pasteurella, s. suis, etc.)
Most pigs today are raised from:
a. Pure breeds
b. Breeding stock companies pigs
c. Three or four way rotational crosses
d. SPF herds
e. None of the above
B- breeding stock companies’ pigs
Two diseases that almost always should be vaccinated for are:
a. Salmonella and pasteurella
b. E. coli and Erysipelas
c. APP and PRRS
d. SIV and PRV
e. Coccidiosis and TGE
b. E. coli and Erysipelas
Euthanasia of pigs is best carried out by:
a. Lethal injection
b. Blow to the head
c. Electrocution and exsanguinations
d. Gunshot to the brain
e. All of the above [all are humane]
e. All of the above [all are humane]
When treating finisher pigs, the most important factor to take into account is:
a. Cost
b. Residues
c. Effectiveness of treatment
d. Ease of treatment
b. Residues
You are called out to a farm to investigate death loss in baby pigs. The farmers say that a number of pigs die within a day or so of birth and then they lose some on and off until 10 days or so of age. You post several affected piglets and see a hemorrhagic small intestine in the youngest pigs and a diptheritic membrane in the older piglets. What disease do you suspect?
a. Coccidiosis
b. E. coli
c. Strongyloides
d. Rotavirus
e. Clostridium perfringens type C
e. Clostridium perfringens type C
Which of the following swine etiologic agents can cause zoonotic disease
a. Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
b. Treponema hyodysenteriae
c. Streptococcus suis type II
d. Staph hyicus
e. Isospora suis
c. Streptococcus suis type II
Which of the following swine respiratory diseases is characterized by acute death, low morbidity, high mortality, and requires co-culture for identification?
a. Enzootic pneumonia [(Mycoplasma Pneumonia) – high morbidity, low mortality]
b. Atrophic rhinitis
c. Swine influenza [high morbidity, low mortality]
d. Pasteurella multocida type A
e. Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia/APP [aka Hemophilus/HPP]
e. Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia/APP [aka Hemophilus/HPP]
Mycoplasma pneumonia is characterized by:
a. Low morbidity and low mortality
b. Low morbidity and high mortality
c. High morbidity and low mortality
d. High morbidity and high mortality
e. Few or no clinical signs
c. High morbidity and low mortality
A basic fecal pH is typical of infection with:
a. Rotavirus
b. TGE
c. E.coli
d. Coccidiosis
e. Strongyloides
c. E.coli
Suckling piglets restricted to concrete with no access to dirt may develop anemia due to:
a. Parasitism
b. Iron deficiency
c. Stomach ulceration
d. Copper deficiency
e. Molybdenum toxicity
b. Iron deficiency
Neonatal pigs may have genetic resistance to the K88 strain of the following diarrheal disease agent:
a. Coronavirus
b. Clostridium perfringens type C
c. E. coli
d. Isospora suis
c. E. coli
. Age-segregated rearing succeeds in reducing disease by
a. Removing piglets from the infected site
b. Having a clean nursery for the piglets to go to
c. Vaccination programs aimed at proper age of vaccination
d. Having an old sow herd
e. Medications of the piglets
a. Removing piglets from the infected site
Two diseases that are always vaccinated for are:
a. Salmonella and Pasteurella
b. E. coli and Erysipelas
c. APP and PRRS
d. SIV and PRV
e. Coccidiosis and TGE
b. E. coli and Erysipelas
All in/All out: pigs moved through production facilities as groups and rooms are emptied of pigs and cleaned/disinfected between groups. Advantages include all of the following:
a. Increased usage of facility
b. Ease of management
c. Decreased death loss
d. Improved feed efficiency (FE) and average daily growth (ADG)
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
If a farmer had no money, but wanted to do one thing on days 1 – 3 to increase the swine herd health, which should he do?
a. Cut teeth, give iron, dip navel, cut tail, ear notch, antibiotics (coccidiostats), antiserums
b. Castrate, repeat C&D antitoxin, coccidiosis medication, gilt/boar selection, underline screening, vaccination (bordetella, pasteurella, erysipelas), creep feed (by day 7)
c. Give iron, wean, vaccination (mycoplasma, PRRSV), parasite control, split weaning, management considerations, parenteral antibiots (days 14 - 21)
d. Vaccination (erysipelas), targeted antibiotic therapy, parasite control, site-specific factors, management factors
a. Cut teeth, give iron, dip navel, cut tail, ear notch, antibiotics (coccidiostats), antiserums
Which of the following diseases cause vomiting in neonatal piglets?
a. Colibacillosis and TGE
b. TGE and coccidiosis
c. Coccidiosis and clostridial enteritis
d. Rotavirus and TGE
e. Clostridial enteritis and rotavirus
d. Rotavirus and TGE
Which pathogen causes edema disease?
a. Clostridia
b. E. coli
c. Rotavirus
d. Salmonella
e. Coccidia
b. E. coli [causes edema disease and colibacillosis in weaned pigs]
What is the typical market weight and age for pigs?
a. 6 months (~205 days) and 230 – 280 lbs
b. 21 days and 12 – 17 lbs
c. 8 weeks and 40 lbs
d. 3 months and 150 lbs
e. 6 months and 500 lbs
a. 6 months (~205 days) and 230 – 280 lbs
To do: Herd health day: 1-3
Castrate! Iron supplementation, clean naval, ear notch, +/- needle teeth, tail, Abx (coccidiostats), antiserums
To do: Herd health day: 7
Castrate if not done days 1-3, repeat antitoxin if necessary, make gilt/barrow selection via underline screening; VaxL bordetella, pasteurella, erysipelas; creep feed
To do: Herd health day: 14-21
Iron if needed, wean/split weaning, vax, parasite control, facility management decisions, Abx (feed/h2O, parenteral)
To do: Herd health week 6-8
Vax, Abx (target specific/improve feed:gain ratio), parasites, management decisions
