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Experimental Animal Research Techniques > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Is the CCAC a mandatory control program?

A

No

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2
Q

Is the CCAC under the supervision of the federal government?

A

No

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3
Q

Does the CCAC carries out its responsibility through education and its Assessment
program.

A

Yes

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4
Q

Does the CCAC carry out their assessment visits every 2 years

A

No, every 3

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5
Q

After a CCAC assessment, if the institution is in compliance it will receive a document called:

A

CERTIFICATE OF GOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE

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6
Q

Canada has no specific federal legislation relating to the care and use of experimental animals (T or F).

A

TRUE

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7
Q

How many animals are used per year in Canada for scientific purpose?

A

Approx. 3,000,000.

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8
Q

What committee reviews animal research protocols to be sure that the methods of care and use are appropriate and in compliance with CCAC guidelines?

A

The animal care committee

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9
Q

Name at least 4 advantages of an Anteroom in an animal facility.

A

USEFUL AIRLOCK, NOISE CONTAINMENT, EXTRA-LEVEL OF SECURITY, CHANGING STATION,DISINFECTION/WASHING STATION, PROCEDURE ROOM, STORAGE

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10
Q

(T/F) animal rooms need large windows to permit natural light

A

False

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11
Q

(T/F) ventilation requirements are minimum 15 room changes of air / hour

A

True

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12
Q

Describe positive air pressure

A

Positive air pressure pushes air out of a room or container by increasing the rate of flow. Fans create a steady flow of air out of the room, and an intake replaces it. The air, and any particles, are forced out of the room, keeping contaminants out for as long as the intake is properly filtered.

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13
Q

Describe negative air pressure

A

With negative room pressure, the ventilation system moves air out more quickly than air can move in. This creates negative pressure and encourages air from halls and neighboring rooms to flow into the negative pressure room, rather than allowing contaminated air out. Negative room pressure is an isolation technique hospitals and labs can use to control an environment where contaminants may be present.

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14
Q

Explain the double-corridor concept for animal facilities.

A

THERE IS TWO CORRIDORS (CLEAN & DIRTY) AND THE TRAFFIC IS UNIDIRECTIONNAL (FROM CLEAN TO DIRTY)

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15
Q

Which of the following features does not apply to a barrier facility? (a) Shower at the entrance

(b) Housing infectious animals
(c) Positive ventilation
(d) Autoclaving materials entering inside the facility

A

(b) Housing infectious animals

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16
Q

Which of the following statements is false concerning the environmental parameters for housing laboratory animals?

(a) Proper ventilation requirements are required to remove contaminants such as ammonia.
(b) Exposure to high light intensity should be avoided to prevent retinal damage to albino animals.
(c) Quarantine rooms should be kept under positive air pressure to prevent cross- contamination.
(d) Recommended environmental temperatures should be followed for each specie

A

(c) Quarantine rooms should be kept under positive air pressure to prevent cross- contamination.

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17
Q

Why do we need animal models?

A

To study disease, and biological function to be able to extrapolate the results to humans, since often we cannot study directly on humans.

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18
Q

What are the animal care factors (4) to consider when choosing an animal model?

A

COST AND AVAILABILITY, HOUSING AVAILABILITY, HUSBANDRY EXPERTISE, STRESS FACTORS

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19
Q

What is the difference between an isomorphic and a homologous model?

A

ISOMORPHIC: SAME SYMPTOMS BUT DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY; HOMOLOGOUS: SAME SYMPTOMS AND CAUSES

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20
Q

What are the types of models used to study biological end functional systems?

A

(a) EXPLORATORY (b) EXPLANATORY (c) PREDICTIVE

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21
Q

Explain what a Negative animal model is.

A

A MODEL (ANIMAL) THAT FAILS TO REACT TO A DISEASE/CHEMICAL STIMULUS. (USED TO STUDY MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE)

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22
Q

What is the difference between face validity and construct validity in an animal model?

A

FACE VALIDITY IS SAME PHENOTYPE WHILE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY IS SIMILAR GENETIC

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23
Q

True or False
(a) A “one-to-one” model is when each aspects of a condition are each analyzed by one
specific animal model.

A

False

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24
Q

True or False
(b) In some cases, the typical model in the field must be used and there is limited
flexibility to consider other models.

A

True

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25
Q

True or False
(c) An orphan animal model is composed of animals in which a particular disease is not
present.

A

False

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26
Q

Why is a literature search and statistical calculations recommended before choosing a
model?

A

LITERATURE: TO FIND OUT THE EXISTING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING POSSIBLE MODELS TO USE FOR A SPECIFIC DISEASE AND THEIR + AND - STATS: TO DETERMINE THE POWER OF THE STUDY (THE NUMBER OF ANIMAL NEEDED (IF WE NEED LARGE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS IT WILL IMPACT MODEL CHOICE).

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27
Q

What is called a biochemical test that measures the presence of a molecule in a solution through the use of an antibody?

A

ELISA: ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOASSAY

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28
Q

Hybridomas are produced by fusing

(a) T-cells and myeloma cells
(b) B-cells cells and melanoma cells
(c) T-cells and melanoma cells
(d) B-cells and myeloma cells

A

(d) B-cells and myeloma cells

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29
Q

Why is the chicken a good species for reduction and refinement in antibody production? (give 2 reasons)

A

CAN HARVEST ATB IN EGGS, PRODUCES 10X MORE THAN RABBIT, CAN DO ORAL IMMUNIZATION

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30
Q

Which is the least toxic adjuvant that we discussed in class

A

ALUMINIUM

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31
Q

Describe monoclonal antibodies

A

(a) Produced by one plasma cell clone.
(b) Often associated with neoplasia
(c) Very sensitive and specific
(d) Takes a long time (up to 3-6 months) to be produced

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32
Q

True or False:

(a) The production of antibodies relies on the presence of the innate immune system.

A

False

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33
Q

True or False:

(b) Antibody production can be done to use as a therapeutic option.

A

True

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34
Q

True or false:

(c) A large antigen is usually not very immunogenic

A

False

35
Q

True or false:

(d) A very foreign antigen often need a carrier to be recognized by the immune system

A

False

36
Q

True or false:

(e) A large number of a small species (eg mice) are used to produce large quantities of antibodies.

A

False

37
Q

True or false:

(f) The phage display technique is part of the 3Rs of antibody production

A

True

38
Q

Summarize the processes of monoclonal antibody production:

A
  1. IMMUNIZATION OF ANIMALS (IN-VIVO PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY PRODUCING CELLS
  2. HARVESTING OF THOSE CELLS (B LYMPHOCYTE) + PRODUCTION OF HYBRIDOMA (IN-VITRO)
  3. PROPAGATION OF SELECTED HYBRIDOMAS (IN-VIVO: IP INJECTION; IN-VITRO: DISH CULTURE)
  4. HARVESTING OF ANTIBODIES
39
Q

Freund’s incomplete adjuvant is less toxic since it does not contain what element?

A

MYCOBACTERIAL CELL WALL

40
Q

What is the main issue with recombinant methods of antibody production?

A

DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN TERTIARY STRUCTURE

41
Q

What is the difference between pain and nociception?

A

PAIN: FELT BY THE BRAIN (CNS)
NOCICEPTION: ACTIVATION OF NERVE PAIN RECEPTORS

42
Q

What is the difference between persistent pain and chronic pain?

A

PERSISTANT: LASTS FOR DAYS TO WEEKS;
CHRONIC: PERSISTS DAYS TO MONTH AND IS DIFFICULT TO MANAGE (TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH DEGENERATIVE DISEASE)

43
Q

An area of increased sensitivity surrounding the site of the injury is called what?

A

SECONDARY hyperalgesia

44
Q

Name and briefly describe two methods to assess pain discussed in class.

A
  1. DEMONSTRATE THE PRESENCE OF ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY (EG. DOES THE
    ANIMAL HAVE PAIN RECEPTORS) & INVESTIGATE IF IT SHOWS A RESPONSE TO
    NOXIOUS STIMULI (EG. SWIM AWAY FROM HEAT)
  2. MOUSE/HORSE GRIMACE SCALE, ROTAROD TEST, LAB ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
    OBSERVATION REGISTRATION AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM (LABORAS)
45
Q

True or False

(a) Pain receptors are the same throughout the body.

A

False

46
Q

True or False

(b) We now that inverterbrates do not feel pain

A

False

47
Q

True or False
(c) C-(nerve)fibers are unmyelinated and thus transmit quickly the feeling of fast, sharp
pain.

A

False

48
Q

True or False
(d) Pain medication administration should be handled by evaluating the patient at
regular intervals and administering the medication dose when slight signs of pain are
demonstrated.

A

False

49
Q

True or False

(e) Appropriate surgical technique is a form of pain management.

A

True

50
Q

What is a multimodal approach of pain prevention?

A

USING DIFFERENT PAIN MEDICATION TO TARGET DIFFERENT PAIN PATHWAYS, REDUCE THE SIDE-EFFECTS OF EACH DRUG AND ENHANCE THEIR TOTAL EFFECTS

51
Q

Fear and anxiety can have an influence on pain. Give two non-pharmacological ways to deal with this.

A

ACCLIMATATION, TRAINING TO WITHSTAND SOME PROCEDURES, SOCIALIZATION, ENRICHMENT

52
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

AN INCREASED RESPONSE TO A NOXIOUS STIMULI

53
Q

Signs of pain in a rodent include all of the following, except (a) Lack of appetite

(b) Ears moved backward
(c) Ruffled coat
(d) Malocclusion

A

(d) Malocclusion

54
Q

True or False?

(a) Immunodeficient animals are usually used for health monitoring programs.

A

False

55
Q

True or False?
(b) One quality assurance program for health monitoring is required per installation
(includes all species present).

A

False

56
Q

True or False?

(c) Opportunistic pathogens never need to be tested for.`

A

False

57
Q

True or False?

(d) An immunosuppressed animal does not always produce antibodies in reaction to an infection.

A

True

58
Q

True or False?

(e) The health monitoring report consists of compiled test results made available to interested parties

A

False

59
Q

Name two impacts diseases can have on laboratory animal pertaining to research.

A

CAN AFFECT BEHAVIOUR, GROWTH RATE, IMMUNE RESPONSE, PRODUCE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL LESIONS, CAN CONTAMINATE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

60
Q

Name two advantages of using health monitoring

A

MORE RELIABLE AND REPEATABLE RESULTS; DECREASED RISK OF ZOONOSIS; DECREASED RISK OF SPREADING INFECTIOUS AGENTS; REDUCTION IN THE # OF ANIMAL USED; PREVENT UNNECESSARY HARM TO THE ANIMALS

61
Q

What could cause a false-positive on a PCR test?

A

SAMPLE CONTAMINATION, NON-SPECIFIC AMPLIFICATION

62
Q

What is a sentinel animal?

A

IT’S AN ANIMAL EXPOSED TO ANIMALS OF THE SAME (OR ANOTHER) SPECIES TO EVALUATE THEIR MICROBIAL STATUS

63
Q

Why do we perform health monitoring in research facilities? Give the 2 goals.

A

PREVENT DISEASE, DETECT THE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENS

64
Q

FACILITY DESIGNS: GOALS

A

Minimizing the spread of diseases
Isolated from the rest of the institution
Maintain a constant and controlled environment

65
Q

Describe Animal rooms

A

Species must be separated
Easy to clean
Waterproof

66
Q

Describe Anteroom advantages

A 
Useful airlock
Noise containment
Extra level of security
Changing station
Disinfection/washing station
Procedure room
Storage
67
Q

Describe the Surgical suite

A

Pre and post-op rooms
Operative room
Aseptic techniques

68
Q

Describe the Cage-washing rooms

A

Separated area to ↓ cross-contamination and noise but accessible from animal rooms through corridors.
Clean and dirty sides
Ventilation

69
Q

Describe the Laboratories

A

Procedures performed on animals should be done outside the animal rooms to ↓ stress to other animals.
Radiography, treatment, necropsy, etc.

70
Q

Describe Personnel areas

A

Offices
Record keeping
Cafeteria
Changing and shower rooms

71
Q

Describe Receiving & storage areas

A 
Medications, supplies, animals
Animal feed & bedding
Equipments
Separated from animal rooms (↓ noise)
Feed: low humidity & temperature, stored away from the floor and the wall
72
Q

What are the TYPES OF FACILITIES

A

Conventional facility
Double-corridor
Barrier
Containment

73
Q

Describe a Conventional facility

A

Room with single doors & central corridor
Small facilities
System needed to ↓ cross-contamination

74
Q

Describe a Double-corridor facility

A

Clean/dirty corridor

Unidirectional traffic

75
Q

Describe a Barrier facility

A 
Similar to double corridor facility
Shower at entrance
Air lock
Autoclaving, UV light
Positive ventilation
Pathogen-free animals
76
Q

Describe a Containment facility

A 
Similar to barrier
Shower when leaving
Autoclaving of material before leaving
Treatment of air exiting
Infectious animals
77
Q

Describe CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

A

Waterproof and seamless
Wall protection against movement of large items such as cages
No exterior windows
Windows in the doors of animal rooms

78
Q

What is ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

A

Constant temperature, humidity, lighting and ventilation

Must be adjusted for the sp.

79
Q

Describe Temperature and humidity of a facility

A

Follow the guidelines

Temperature range within the thermoneutral zone.

80
Q

Describe Ventilation requirements

A

Supplies oxygen
Removes noxious odors and contaminants àAmmonia
Removes thermal loads caused by animal respiration, lights and equipment
15 room air changes/hour
Recirculation of air is not recommended

81
Q

What are the two types of Air pressure

A

Negative

Positive

82
Q

Describe Illumination in a facility

A

No windows
12 hours light/12 hours dark
Light intensity à retinal damage in albinos

83
Q

Describe Noise requirements in a facility

A

House noise sensitive animals away from noisy equipment and animals

Experimental Animal Research Techniques (8 decks)

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