Final

Question 1

Name the 3Rs and give a brief definition.

Answer 1

Replacement: methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used. Reduction: any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used. Refinement: modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress.

Question 2

What is relative replacement?

Answer 2

Replacing more sentient animals such as vertebrates, with animals that current scientific evidence indicates have a significantly lower potential for pain perception, such as some invertebrates. Using Early stage embryo or abattoir material.

Question 3

What is an organ on a chip?

Answer 3

A device (cell culture chip) that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems.

Question 4

What is microdosing?

Answer 4

It is a technique for studying the behaviour of compounds in humans through the administration of sub-therapeutic that are unlikely to produce whole-body effects, but high enough to allow the cellular response to be studied.

Question 5

Define replacement and give two examples.

Answer 5

Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise have been used. Bioengineering, using human volunteers, organ on a chip, using zebra fish, etc.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a method of reduction?

a) using genetically homozygous animals
(b) using analgesia (Refinement
(c) using statistics
(d) using cell culture

Answer 6

(b) using analgesia (Refinement)

Question 7

Which of the following is a responsibility of your employer?

(a) Maintain a safe working environment.
(b) Train you properly in the safe use of chemicals and equipment.
(c) Take action to correct unsafe working conditions immediately.
(d) All of the above

Answer 7

(d)All of the above

Question 8

Up to 50% of people who handle laboratory animals develop allergies. T or F

Answer 8

FALSE

Question 9

The classification used to categorize the relative hazards of infective organisms is
called the containment level. T or F risk group

Answer 9

F risk group

Question 10

List the 3 general methods to limit exposure to allergies. Give an example of each.

Answer 10

Engineering: e.g. cage dumping station with HEPA filter; Administrative controls e.g. strict protocols, training; Personal protective measures e.g. gloves, lab-coat, mask

Question 11

Which of the following factors is not used to determine which risk group an organism falls into?

(a) pathogenicity
(b) infectious dose
(c) mode of transmission
(d) type of genetic mutation
(e) availability of effective preventive measures

Answer 11

(d) type of genetic mutation

Question 12

Give an example of a chemical hazard.

Answer 12

Flammable material, corrosiveness, reactivity, explosivity, toxicity… Formaldehyde, oxygen, mercury, etc

Question 13

What is the role of WHMIS?

Answer 13

To provide relevant safety and health information to Canadian workers so that they can take the necessary precautions to avoid injury, illness and premature death.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a key component of WHMIS?

(a) Worker education and training program
(b) Put in place legislation
(c) MSDS
(d) Cautionary labeling

Answer 14

(b) Put in place legislation

Question 15

What is particular in the PPE when working with squealing pigs?

Answer 15

Hearing protection

Question 16

What can you do to decrease the chance of animal related hazard (give 3 examples)

Answer 16

understand basic animal behaviour in relation to their interactions with people during handling; appreciate the “flight zones” typical of a species; understand how to communicate with the animal; use appropriate restraint techniques; use restraint equipment properly; identify any animals that may be unpredictable; wear appropriate; protective clothing and equipment; maintain appropriate vaccination status

Question 17

List 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of CO2 as a means of euthanasia.

Answer 17

Advantage: can permit euthanasia of large numbers of animals, animals can stay in their home cages. Disadvantage: is aversive to rodents (less when given at a precise and controlled rate, animal needs to not hold its breath

Question 18

Personnel must be adequately trained to ensure that euthanasia is carried out in the most humane manner. Training should include the following (list two):

Answer 18

recognition of animal pain and distress using behavioural measures; proper methods of handling and restraining the animal; proper application of the method of euthanasia and; use of equipment; recognition and assessment of unconsciousness; methods of ensuring the death of the animal; recognition and confirmation of death.

Question 19

What is the definition of an acceptable method of euthanasia?

Answer 19

should result in rapid loss of consciousness, followed by respiratory and cardiac arrest and ultimate loss of all brain function.

Question 20

Give two reasons for producing transgenic animals.

Answer 20

in the basic biological study of regulatory gene elements; in medical research, to identify the functions of specific factors in complex homeostatic systems through over- or under-expression, as models of human disease; in toxicology as responsive test animals; in biotechnology as producers of specific proteins; in agriculture and aquaculture to improve yields of meat and other animal products.

Question 21

What is the major advantage of the pronuclear DNA microinjection to produce transgenic animals?

Answer 21

Applicable to a wide range of species

Question 22

Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for producing knock-out mice. True or F

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is a chimeric animal?

Answer 23

A genetically modified single organism composed of two or more cell lines containing a different genetic background (DNA)

Question 24

What is a stem cell?

Answer 24

undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell and therefore to give rise to a complete organism.

Question 25

What is lacking in SCID animals?

Answer 25

Functional lymphocytes

Question 26

What are the 3 general characteristics that define the nude mouse?

Answer 26

“hairless”, no normal thymus, defective immune system

Question 27

Germ-free conditions must be provided to nude and scid mouse. Name 3 ways to provide germ-free conditions:

Answer 27

PVI Caging System (pressurized individually ventilated), Filter-top Caging System Combined With a Laminar Flow Work, Animal isolators

Question 28

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 28

Ensure the maturation of T lymphocytes, ensure the induction of central tolerance

Question 29

Why do we call the nude mutation semi-dominant?

Answer 29

Because heterozygotes are not phenotypically normal (Also have reduced numbers of bone marrow stem cells, lower thymus weights)

Question 30

The SCID mice is a transgenic animal. T or False

Answer 30

False

Question 31

What are the manifestations of the SCID anomaly? (name 2 out of 3)

Answer 31

Lymphopenia, Lack of serum immunoglobulin, They have lymph nodes and a thymus which are abnormally small, but present with severe lymphopenia in all lymphoid tissues.